Tag: What are

  • What is the Self-Efficacy? Meaning, Definition, and Source

    What is the Self-Efficacy? Meaning, Definition, and Source

    Self-Efficacy Meaning, Definition, and Source; Self-efficacy, also referred to as personal efficacy, is the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals. Psychologists have studied self-efficacy from several perspectives, noting various paths in the development of self-efficacy; the dynamics of self-efficacy, and lack thereof, in many different settings; interactions between self-efficacy and self-concept; and habits of attribution that contribute to, or detract from, self-efficacy.

    What is Self-Efficacy? also explain their topic Meaning, Definition, and Source.

    Self-efficacy affects every area of human endeavor. By determining the beliefs, a person holds regarding his or her power to affect situations, strongly influences both the power a person actually has to face challenges competently and the choices a person is most likely to make. These effects are particularly apparent, and compelling, concerning behaviors affecting health.

    Meaning and Definition of Self-Efficacy?

    Perceived self-efficacy define as people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective, and selection processes.

    A strong sense of efficacy enhances human accomplishment and personal well-being in many ways. People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to master rather than as threats to avoid. Such an efficacious outlook fosters intrinsic interest and deep engrossment in activities. They set themselves challenging goals and maintain a strong commitment to them. They heighten and sustain their efforts in the face of failure. Also, They quickly recover their sense of efficacy after failures or setbacks.

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    They attribute failure to insufficient effort or deficient knowledge and skills which are acquirable. They approach threatening situations with assurance that they can exercise control over them. Such an efficacious outlook produces personal accomplishments, reduces stress, and lowers vulnerability to depression.

    In contrast, people who doubt their capabilities shy away from difficult tasks which they view as personal threats. Also, They have low aspirations and weak commitment to the goals they choose to pursue. When faced with difficult tasks, they dwell on their personal deficiencies, on the obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes rather than concentrate on how to perform successfully. They slacken their efforts and give up quickly in the face of difficulties. They are slow to recover their sense of efficacy following failure or setbacks. Because they view insufficient performance as deficient aptitude it does not require much failure for them to lose faith in their capabilities. They fall easy victim to stress and depression.

    Source of Self-Efficacy

    People’s beliefs about their efficacy can develop by four main sources of influence. The most effective way of creating a strong sense of efficacy is through mastery experiences. Successes build a robust belief in one’s personal efficacy. Failures undermine it, especially if failures occur before a sense of efficacy firmly establish.

    If people experience only easy successes, they come to expect quick results and easily discourage by failure. A resilient sense of efficacy requires experience in overcoming obstacles through perseverant effort. Some setbacks and difficulties in human pursuits serve a useful purpose in teaching that success usually requires sustained effort. After people become convinced they have what it takes to succeed, they persevere in the face of adversity and quickly rebound from setbacks. By sticking it out through tough times, they emerge stronger from adversity.

    Second way

    The second way of creating and strengthening self-beliefs of efficacy is through the vicarious experiences provided by social models. Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises observers’ beliefs that they too possess the capabilities to master comparable activities required to succeed. By the same token, observing others’ fail despite high effort lowers observers’ judgments of their own efficacy and undermines their efforts. The impact of modeling on perceived self-efficacy strongly influences by perceived similarity to the models. The greater the assumed similarity the more persuasive are the models’ successes and failures. If people, see the models as very different from themselves their perceived self-efficacy is not much influenced by the models’ behavior and the results it produces.

    Modeling influences do more than provide a social standard against which to judge one’s own capabilities. People seek proficient models who possess the competencies to which they aspire. Through their behavior and expressed ways of thinking, competent models transmit knowledge and teach observers effective skills and strategies for managing environmental demands. Acquisition of better means raises perceived self-efficacy.

    Third way

    Social persuasion is a third way of strengthening people’s beliefs that they have what it takes to succeed. People who persuade verbally that they possess the capabilities to master gives activities are likely to mobilize greater effort and sustain it than if they harbor self-doubts and dwell on personal deficiencies when problems arise. To the extent that persuasive boosts in perceived self-efficacy lead people to try hard enough to succeed, they promote the development of skills and a sense of personal efficacy.

    It is more difficult to instill high beliefs of personal efficacy by social persuasion alone than to undermine it. Unrealistic boosts in efficacy quickly dis-confirm by disappointing results of one’s efforts. But people who have been persuaded that they lack capabilities tend to avoid challenging activities that cultivate potentialities and give up quickly in the face of difficulties. By constricting activities and undermining motivation, disbelief in one’s capabilities creates its own behavioral validation.

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    Successful efficacy builders do more than convey positive appraisals. In addition to raising people’s beliefs in their capabilities, they structure situations for them in ways that bring success and avoid placing people in situations prematurely where they are likely to fail often. They measure success in terms of self-improvement rather than by triumphs over others.

    People also rely partly on their somatic and emotional states in judging their capabilities. They interpret their stress reactions and tension as signs of vulnerability to poor performance. In activities involving strength and stamina, people judge their fatigue, aches, and pains as signs of physical debility. Mood also affects people’s judgments of their personal efficacy. A positive mood enhances perceived self-efficacy, a despondent mood diminishes it. The fourth way of modifying self-beliefs of efficacy is to reduce people’s stress reactions and alter their negative emotional proclivities and is-interpretations of their physical states.

    It is not the sheer intensity of emotional and physical reactions that is important but rather how they perceive and interpret. People who have a high sense of efficacy are likely to view their state of affective arousal as an energizing facilitator of performance, whereas those who are beset by self-doubts regard their arousal as a debilitator. Physiological indicators of efficacy play an especially influential role in health functioning and athletic and other physical activities.

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    What is the Self-Efficacy? Meaning, Definition, and Source; Image from Pixabay.
  • Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy

    Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy

    Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy; There is a growing body of evidence that human accomplishments and positive well-being require an optimistic sense of personal efficacy. This is because ordinary social realities strew with difficulties. They are full of impediments, adversities, setbacks, frustrations, and inequities. People must have a robust sense of personal efficacy to sustain the perseverant effort needed to succeed. In pursuits strewn with obstacles, realists either forsake them, abort their efforts prematurely when difficulties arise, or become cynical about the prospects of effecting significant changes.

    Here is the article to explain, What are the Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy?

    It widely believes that misjudgment breeds personal problems. Certainly, gross miscalculation can get one into trouble. However, the functional value of accurate self-appraisal depends on the nature of the activity. Activities in which mistakes can produce costly or injurious consequences call for accurate self-appraisal of capabilities. It is a different matter where difficult accomplishments can produce substantial personal and social benefits and the costs involve one’s time, effort, and expendable resources. People with a high sense of efficacy have the staying power to endure the obstacles and setbacks that characterize difficult undertakings.

    When people err in their self-appraisal they tend to overestimate their capabilities. This is a benefit rather than a cognitive failing to eradicate. If efficacy beliefs always reflected only what people can do routinely they would rarely fail but they would not set aspirations beyond their immediate reach nor mount the extra effort needed to surpass their ordinary performances.

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    People who experience much distress have been comparing in their skills and beliefs in their capabilities with those who do not suffer from such problems. The findings show that it is often the normal people who are distorters of reality. But they display self-enhancing biases and distort in the positive direction. People who are socially anxious or prone to depression are often just as socially skill as those who do not suffer from such problems. But the normal ones believe they are much more adept than they really are. The no depressed people also have a stronger belief that they exercise some control over situations.

    Social reformers strongly believe that they can mobilize the collective effort needed to bring social change. Although their beliefs rarely fully realize they sustain reform efforts that achieve important gains. Were social reformers to be entirely realistic about the prospects of transforming social systems they would either forego the endeavor or fall easy victim to discouragement. Realists may adapt well to existing realities. But those with a tenacious self-efficacy are likely to change those realities.

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    Innovative achievements also require a resilient sense of efficacy. Innovations require heavy investment of effort over a long period with uncertain results. Moreover, innovations that clash with existing preferences and practices meet with negative social reactions. It is, therefore, not surprising that one rarely finds realists in the ranks of innovators and great achievers.

    In his delightful book, titled, Rejection, John White provides vivid testimony, that the striking characteristic of people who have achieved eminence in their fields is an inextinguishable sense of personal efficacy and a firm belief in the worth of what they are doing. This resilient self-belief system enabled them to override repeated early rejections of their work.

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    Many of our literary classics brought their author’s countless rejections. James Joyce’s, The Dubliners, was canceled by 22 publishers. Gertrude Stein continues to submit poems to editors for 20 years before one was finally accepting. Over a dozen publishers rejected a manuscript by e. e. cummings. When he finally got it to publish, by his mother, the dedication read, in upper case: With no thanks to . . . follows by the list of 16 publishers who had rejected his manuscript.

    Early rejection is the rule, rather than the exception, in other creative endeavors. The Impressionists had to arrange their own exhibitions because their works go to routinely cancel by the Paris Salon. Van Gogh sold only one painting during his lifetime. Rodin was rejected three times for admission to the ‘cole des Beaux-Arts.

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    The musical works of most renowned composers were initially greeted with derision. Stravinsky was run out of town by enraging Parisians and critics when he first serves them the Rite of Spring. Entertainers in contemporary pop culture have not fared any better. Decca records rejected a recording contract with the Beatles with the non-prophetic evaluation, “We don’t like their sound.

    Groups of guitars are on the way out.” Columbia Records was next to turn them down. Theories and technologies that are ahead of their time usually suffer repeat rejections. The rocket pioneer, Robert Goddard, was bitterly rejected by his scientific peers because rocket propulsion would not work in the rarefies atmosphere of outer space. Because of the cold reception given to innovations, the time between conception and technical realization is discouragingly long.

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    The moral of the Book of Rejections is that rejections should not accept too readily as indicants of personal failings. To do so is self-limiting.

    In sum, the successful, the venturesome, the sociable, the no anxious, the no depressed, the social reformers, and the innovators take an optimistic view of their personal capabilities to exercise influence over events that affect their lives. If not unrealistically exaggerated, such self-beliefs foster positive well-being and human accomplishments.

    Many of the challenges of life are group problems requiring collective effort to produce significant change. The strength of groups, organizations and even nations lies partly in people’s sense of collective efficacy that they can solve the problems they face and improve their lives through unified effort. People’s beliefs in their collective efficacy influence what they choose to do as a group, how much effort they put into it, their endurance when collective efforts fail to produce quick results, and their likelihood of success.

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    Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy; Image from Pixabay.
  • Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy

    Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy

    What knows about strengthening self-efficacy? A range of strategies that can use by teachers to enhance self-efficacy has been identified. Strategies that teachers can use to influence self-efficacy include (a) goals and feedback, (b) rewards, (c) self-instruction for verbalization of strategies, (d) participant modeling, and (e) various combinations of these strategies.

    How to Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy? Here is the article to explain.

    Keep in mind that self-efficacy, skill development, and strategy use go hand in hand; whether it be math problem solving, soccer skills, or expository writing. Students learn strategies that enable them to develop skills resulting in increased self-efficacy strengthening.

    Goals, Feedback, Rewards, and Verbalization

    Because task accomplishment is the most powerful source of self-efficacy information; an important approach is to use strategies that can strengthen task accomplishment. The strategies of goal setting, feedback, rewards, and self-talk or verbalization were used in various combinations to help students categorized as LD or remedial to strengthen self-efficacy.

    Schunk and Cox (1986) investigated the combination of strategy verbalization; and, effort feedback on the performance and self-efficacy of students with LD. While solving subtraction problems, students verbalized or said the task steps aloud to themselves; they were then given feedback that their successes were due to their effort. The combination of verbalization and effort feedback led to problem-solving successes, higher self-efficacy, and subtraction skills. The authors believed that the two strategies verbalization and effort feedback serve different purposes. Verbalization was useful for training students to systematically use the task strategy.

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    Giving students feedback that effort is responsible for success communicated that they are developing skills and that they can continue to perform well with hard work. The importance of feedback for enhancing self-efficacy may sometimes overlook by a teacher. Pajares and Johnson (1994) conducted a study in a language arts course for preservice teachers. The students received feedback from their teacher on attempting and completing writing tasks; but, they did not receive feedback on their specific writing skills.

    The end-of-course assessment revealed that, although the students improved on writing skills; their self-efficacy judgments about their skills did not increase. The authors concluded that when teachers note a growth or decline in skills (in this case, writing); they must give the students feedback about their specific skill development. As emphasized earlier, students will make future judgments not just on their actual skills; but, also on their perception of their competence in using the skill. These perceptions of self-efficacy are more likely to increase with specific teacher feedback.

    Participant Modeling

    Vicarious experience is the second most powerful source of self-efficacy. The most frequent form of vicarious experience for students is seeing a model (another student or teacher) perform a skill they are attempting to learn. Who is a more effective model, a peer or teacher, or a mastery or coping model?

    Peer or Teacher Model?

    Schunk and Hanson (1985) had students, ages 8 to 10, observe either a peer or teacher model solving fractions on a videotape. Children who had observed a peer model had higher self-efficacy and achievement scores on the math assessment than did students who had observed the teacher model. The authors concluded that the increase may have been because the children saw themselves as more similar to the peer model. The use of peer models is especially recommended for enhancement of self-efficacy among low-achieving students who are more doubtful about attaining the level of competence demonstrated by the teacher.

    Mastery or Coping Model?

    Which model do you think will be more effective in strengthening self-efficacy; an expert who demonstrates a high level of expertise or one who is competent, but demonstrates the strategies they used to acquire the skill? Previous research found that observer’s beliefs about competence influence by their perceived similarity incompetence to the model. Models can reflect either mastery or coping behaviors. A mastery model demonstrates a task at a high level of expertise with a high level of confidence. In contrast, a coping model demonstrates the task along with the difficulties students experienced and the strategies (e.g., effort) they used to overcome the difficulties. The effectiveness of coping versus mastery peer models was compared by Schunk et al.

    Types of models

    The two types of models demonstrated strategies as follows:

    1. Peer coping model; Made errors at first and verbalized negative statements that reflected self-efficacy (e.g., “I’m not sure I can do this”). The teacher then gave a prompt (e.g., “What do you do when denominators are the same?”). Next, the coping model made statements about how they overcame failure (e.g., “I need to pay attention to what I’m doing”) and eventually performed at a mastery level.
    2. Peer mastery models; Performed all problems correctly while working at the average rate. Verbalized high self-efficacy and ability (e.g., “I’m good at this.” “That was easy”).

    The findings indicated that the subjects judged themselves as more similar to the peer coping model. Students who observed the peer coping model demonstrated higher self-efficacy for learning, greater post-test self-efficacy, and skill development compared with those who observed a peer mastery model.

    Modeling is a resource that is readily available in the classroom. This is a case of positive social comparisons with others (Schunk, 2001). The important implication for teachers is to use caution in choosing peer models. An alert, the sensitive teacher can identify peer coping models in their classrooms and use them to strengthen the self-efficacy of many students.

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    Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy; Image from Pixabay.
  • Do you Know What are Employee Relations?

    Do you Know What are Employee Relations?

    Learn and Understand, Do you Know What are Employee Relations?

    Employee Relations, An organization can’t perform only with the help of chairs, tables, fans or other non-living entities. It needs human beings who work together and perform to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. The human beings working together towards a common goal at a commonplace (organization) are called employees. In fact, the employees are the major assets of an organization. Also learn, Employee and Industrial Relations, Do you Know What are Employee Relations?

    “The success and failure of any organization are directly proportional to the labor put by each and every employee.” The employees must share a good rapport with each other and strive hard to realize the goal of the organization. They should complement each other and work together as a single unit. For the employees, the organization must come first and all their personal interests should take a back seat.

    Definition of Employee Relations:

    “Communications between management and employees concerning workplace decisions, grievances, conflicts, problem resolutions, unions, and issues of collective bargaining.”

    According to the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development, the use of industrial relations to describe workplace relations is no longer as prevalent, due to the widespread deindustrialization of developed economies and declining union membership. Instead, employers now use the term “employee relations,” which refers to relationships that exist in both unionized and nonunionized workplaces. Employers hope to manage employee relations successfully with each respective individual, as a means to raise morale and productivity.

    Employee relations is your company’s structure of managing the rapport between the bosses and the staff. “Well in that case, what is the difference between HR and employee relations?”

    That’s an easy one, employee relations are just one facet of the role of HR. HR is an umbrella term which includes tasks such as payroll, updating employee databases and many more responsibilities – one of these being managing ER.

    Our knowledge of how important ER is has helped us shape how we make our HR software. Features such as letting an employee clearly keep track of their staff benefits and tools to let their workers get to know more about them are all in place to create a happier workplace.

    Better Understand, What are Employee Relations?

    Every individual shares a certain relationship with his colleagues at the workplace. The relationship is either warm, so-so or bad. The relationship can be between anyone in the organization – between co-workers, between an employee and his superior, between two members in the management and so on. It is important that the employees share a healthy relationship with each other to deliver their best performances.

    An individual spends his maximum time at the workplace and his fellow workers are the ones with whom he spends the maximum hours in a day. No way can he afford to fight with his colleagues. Conflicts and misunderstandings only add to tensions and in turn, decrease the productivity of the individual. One needs to discuss so many things at work and needs the advice and suggestions of all to reach a solution which would benefit the individual as well as the organization.

    No individual can work alone. He needs the support and guidance of his fellow workers to come out with a brilliant idea and deliver his level best.

    Employee relations refer to the relationship shared among the employees in an organization.

    The employees must be comfortable with each other for a healthy environment at work. It is the prime duty of the superiors and team leaders to discourage conflicts in the team and encourage a healthy relationship among employees.

    Life is really short and it is important that one enjoys each and every moment of it. Remember in an organization you are paid for your hard work and not for cribbing or fighting with each other. Don’t assume that the person sitting next to you is your enemy or will do any harm to you. Who says you can’t make friends at work, in fact, one can make the best of friends in the office. There is so much more to life than fighting with each other.

    Observation says that a healthy relationship among the employees goes a long way in motivating the employees and increasing their confidence and morale. One starts enjoying his office and does not take his work as a burden. He feels charged and fresh the whole day and takes each day at work as a new challenge. If you have a good relationship with your team members you feel going to office daily. Go out with your team members for a get together once in a while or have your lunch together. These activities help in strengthening the bond among the employees and improve the relations among them.

    An employee must try his level best to adjust to each other and compromise to his best extent possible.

    If you do not agree with any of your fellow worker’s ideas, there are several other ways to convince him. Sit with him and probably discuss with him where he is going wrong and needs a correction. This way he would definitely look up to you for your advice and guidance in future. He would trust you and would definitely come to your help whenever you need him. One should never spoil his relations with his colleagues because you never know when you need the other person.

    Avoid using foul words or derogatory sentences against anyone. Don’t depend on lose talk in office as it spoils the ambiance of the place and also the relationships among the employees. Blame games are a strict no-in office.

    One needs to enter his office with a positive frame of mind and should not unnecessarily make issues out of small things.

    It is natural that every human being cannot think the way you think, or behave the way you behave. If you also behave in the similar way the other person is behaving, there is hardly any difference between you and him. Counsel the other person and correct him wherever he is wrong.

    It is of utmost importance that employees behave with each other in a cultured way, respect each other and learn to trust each other. An individual however hardworking he is, cannot do wonders alone. It is essential that all the employees share a cordial relation with each other, understand each other’s needs and expectations and work together to accomplish the goals and targets of the organization.

    Do you Know What are Employee Relations - ilearnlot

  • What are the Strategies for Management Conflict in Organizations?

    What are the Strategies for Management Conflict in Organizations?

    Learn, the Strategies for Management Conflict in Organizations!

    What is conflict management? Conflict Management is the process of limiting the negative aspects of the conflict while increasing the positive aspects of the conflict. The purpose of conflict management is to learn, including the effectiveness or performance in an organizational setting and to increase the results of the group. Properly managed conflict groups can improve the results. Also learn, the Conflict in Organizations or Organizational, What are the Strategies for Management Conflict in Organizations?

    The Strategies for managing conflict, Mainly three different strategies are used for handling conflict in organizations:

    1. Stimulation of Conflicts!

    The following methods may use the management to stimulate conflict.

    Reorganization!

    Changing the structure of an organization is an effective method of stimulating conflict. When work groups and departments are reorganized, new relations and responsibilities arise. Members try to readjust themselves and in this process, improved methods of operations may develop.

    Use of Informal Communication!

    Managers may manipulate messages in such a way as to stimulate conflict e.g., a department is to abolished can reduce apathy, stimulate new ideas and force revaluation of existing practices. Rumors may intelligently plant in the informal communication system. Conflict can also stimulate by redirecting message and altering channels of communication.

    Encouraging Competition!

    Healthy competition between individuals and groups may stimulate through properly administered incentives. Bonuses, incentive pay and rewards for excellent performance can foster the competitive spirit in the organization. As one group struggles hard to out-perform the other, constructive conflict will occur.

    Bringing in Outsiders!

    Management may shake up a stagnant organization by bringing in people whose attitudes, values and styles differ significantly from the prevailing norms. When such heterogeneous persons join an organization, status quo is disturbed. Divergent opinions, innovative ideas, and originality can develop. Also read, What is the Sources of Conflict in Organizations?

    2. Prevention of Conflicts!

    To prevent conflicts, the following strategies may employ:

    Reducing Interdependence!

    The potential for conflict is very high when two or more departments are interdependent and share scarce resources. Therefore, conflict may minimize by reducing interdependence among departments.

    Rotation of Personnel!

    Rotation of employees between interdependent departments can improve perception and mutual understanding. Employees may see the big picture and exchange views with one another. Employees become more considerate and co-operative.

    Establishing superordinate Goals!

    A difference in goals is a common cause of conflict in organizations. Goal differences can avoid by establishing mutually agreed goals. A superordinate goal is a common goal that appeals to all the parties and cannot achieve by the resources of any single party. In order to achieve the superordinate goal, conflicting parties sink their differences and cooperate together. For example, severe competition may force different departments to work together to ensure the survival and growth of the organization. Thus, a common threat or enemy may act as a great unifying force.

    Creation of Mutual Trust and Communication!

    The greater the trust among the members of the unit, the more open and honest the communication will be. Individuals and groups should encourage to communicate openly with each other so that misunderstandings can remove and able to understand the problems of each other.

    3. Resolution of Conflicts!

    Some of the common approaches towards conflict resolution are as under:

    Compromise!

    This is the traditional method of resolving the conflict. It is a process of bargaining wherein the parties negotiate on the basis of giving and take to arrive at some agreement. There is no distinct winner or loser because each party is expecting to sacrifice something in exchange for a concession. Compromise is commonly using where the conflict involves differences in goals, values or attitudes. It is effective when the sought-after goal, e.g., resources can divide between the parties.

    Smoothing!

    It is the process of suppressing differences existing between parties to the conflict and emphasizing common interests. Sharing of opinions removes misunderstanding and both parties realize that they are not far apart. Smoothing or accommodating may be useful when the conflict is associated with aggressive feelings among the parties. However, it can use only as a short-term measure for resolving the conflict.

    Problem Solving!

    In this technique, an attempt is made to bring the conflicting parties together and to share the mutual problems. The focus is on sharing of information to avoid misunderstanding and to find out areas of common interest. The question of who is right or who is wrong is avoiding. This method is suitable for resolving conflicts arising out of misunderstanding.

    Dominance or Confrontation!

    In this technique, parties to the conflict are left free to settle their score by mobilizing their strengths and capitalizing on the weaknesses of others. Parties use weapons like fights, arguments, and intimidation to win over each other. One party’s gain is another party’s loss. This technique is adopting when both the parties adopt a very rigid stand. Confrontation may aggravate the struggle and contribute little to finding out innovative or constructive solutions acceptable to all. The stronger party ultimately dominates the weaker party.

    What are the Strategies for Management Conflict in Organizations - ilearnlot
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  • What are the Features of Sole Proprietorship?

    What are the Features of Sole Proprietorship?

    Sole proprietorship highlights or characteristics or Features; It refers to a business organization in which enterprises are controlled or owned by a single person. The sole proprietorship is the oldest form of business enterprise in India. It is the simplest form of business and all the risks or losses are bearer by a single person. Also, if he wants any help they can get it from their friends, family, or relatives. It doesn’t require any legal recognition or formalities and the simplest way to open a business. Also learn, Sole Proprietorship: the Advantages and Disadvantages!

    Explaining, What are the highlights or characteristics or Features of Sole Proprietorship?

    Also, A sole proprietorship is a business owned by a single individual. This sole owner is responsible for the entire business and is the sole recipient of the business’s earnings. Unlike other legal structures, the sole proprietorship requires less paperwork and is subject to few business restrictions and regulations.

    15 best Features of Sole Proprietorship:

    The main highlights or characteristics or features of the sole proprietorship form of business can list as follows:

    One Man Ownership:

    In the proprietorship, only one man is the owner of the enterprise.

    No Separate Business Entity:

    No distinction is made between the business concern and the proprietor. Both are the same.

    No Separation between Ownership and Management:

    In the proprietorship, management rests with the proprietor himself/herself. The proprietor is a manager also.

    Unlimited Liability:

    Unlimited liability means that in case the enterprise incurs losses, the private property of the proprietor can also utilize for meeting the business obligations to outside parties. As there is no division between the business and the business person, accordingly the individual risk of the entrepreneur is boundless. If the business can’t pay its obligations and liabilities, at that point, the entrepreneur is responsible for the equivalent and pay them. For example, the proprietor needs to pay the forthcoming sum either by selling their resources or property, a house, care, and others.

    All Profits or Losses to the Proprietor:

    Being the sole owner of the enterprise, the proprietor enjoys all the profits earned and bears the full brunt of all losses incurred by the enterprise.

    A Less-Formalities:

    A proprietorship business can start without completing many legal formalities. Some businesses too can start simply after obtaining the necessary manufacturing license and permits.

    Personal Organization or Common Identity:

    A sole traders’ concern has no separate legal entity independent of the owner. The owner and the business concern are the same. The owner owns everything the business owns and he owes everything the business owns.

    Capital:

    In the sole traders, the capital is employing by the owner himself from his personal resources. He may also borrow money from his friends and relatives if he cannot depend solely on his personal resources.

    Profits and Losses:

    The surplus arising in the business of the sole trader entirely belongs to him and similarly, all the business losses and risks are to be borne by him alone.

    No Special Legislation:

    Sole traders are not governing by any special legislation. A partnership firm is governing by the Partnership Act, a joint-stock company is governing by the Companies Act, and a co-operative society by the Co-operative Societies Act. Any person who is competent to contract can start his business as a sole trader. However, he is subject to the common law, the law of contract, and the law of insolvency.

    The concept of Unlimited Liability. As well as, the liability of a shareholder or member of a company or a co-operative society limits to the extent of the face value of the shares held by him. For example, if Mr. X subscribes to 100 shares of Rs. 10 each, his total liability is unto Rs. 1,000 only. If he has already paid Rs.5 per share, his liability will restrict to the unpaid portion of his shares, i.e., Rs. 500 only. Thus, there is a limit to the extent of liability of the shareholder of a company.

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    No Legal Formalities:

    There is no different law-related with a sole proprietorship to oversee it and accordingly, there is no presence of any arrangement of extraordinary standards just as guidelines to follow. Also, best of all, it doesn’t require either any enrollment or consolidation of any sort. Much of the time, we require just the permit to fire up the ideal business. Like that of the beginning, there are no legitimate tasks joined to the end methods. Along these lines, it gives effortlessness to start a business and do it with less issue.

    Danger and Profit:

    The proprietor of this business is the danger carrier in a sole exclusive. Since the business person is the main individual who put resources into the business monetarily, so all dangers have a place with him in particular. Regardless of whether the business fizzles or develops, the proprietor is the individual who gets influenced by the equivalent. Actually, he additionally appreciates all benefits acquired from the business. There is no compelling reason to separate and offer benefits with partners as there is no presence. Consequently, he bears all dangers and acquires benefits as well.

    No different legitimate character:

    In legitimate terms, the business and the proprietor are not treated independently as both are the one and same thing. No different legitimate element has a place with a sole owner and the proprietor is entirely and solely answerable for all business exercises and exchanges.

    Progression:

    As we as a whole realize that the business and the proprietor have a similar character. In this way, a sole proprietorship has altogether depended on the entrepreneur. A few variables influence a sole proprietorship, for example, retirement, craziness, demise, and detainment. In such a circumstance, the sole proprietorship puts to an end.

    Control:

    As all the business activities and duties lie with the sole owner, so he controls all the business solely. No other individual can participate in business exercises and the proprietor can alter or grow the business according to their solace and plans.

    These are altogether highlights or characteristics or features of a sole proprietorship that will clarify what precisely the business structure and how it runs. Let us take a look at the upsides of selecting a sole proprietorship that we will write down underneath.

  • What are Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship?

    What are Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship?

    Sole Proprietorship Disadvantages and Limitations; A sole proprietorship is the simplest and most common legal structure someone can choose. It’s an unincorporated business owned and run by one individual in which there is no distinction between the business and the owner. If you own a sole proprietorship, you are entitled to all profits and are responsible for all your business’s debts, losses, and liabilities. Also learn, How to Explain, What is Sole Proprietorship?

    Learn and Study, What are the Limitations or Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship? Explaining are, Easy Point, Trade, Multipoint!

    In other words, the owner remains personally liable for any losses or debts that the sole proprietorship incurs. They can also, held legally responsible for violations committed by the business or its employees. A sole proprietorship can best sum up by the phrase, “You are the business”. Also learned, What are the Advantages of Sole Proprietorship?

    Easy of the Limitations or Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorships:

    Forming a sole proprietorship does involve some risks, mainly to the owner of the business, as legally speaking they are not treating separately from the business. Some limitations or disadvantages of sole proprietorships are:

    Liability:

    The business owner will hold directly responsible for any losses, debts, or violations coming from the business. For example, if the business must pay any debts, these will satisfy the owner’s own personal funds. The owner could sue for any unlawful acts committed by the employees. This is drastically different from corporations, wherein the members enjoy limited liability (i.e., they cannot hold liable for losses or violations)

    Taxes:

    While there are many tax benefits to sole proprietorships, the main drawback is that the owner must pay self-employment taxes. Also, some tax benefits may not be deductible, such as health insurance premiums for employees

    Lack of “continuity”:

    The business does not continue if the owner becomes decreasing or incapacitating since they are treating the same. Upon the owner’s death, the business is liquidating and becomes part of the owner’s personal estate, to distribute to beneficiaries. This can result in heavy tax consequences on beneficiaries due to inheritance taxes and estate taxes

    Difficulty in raising capital:

    Since the initial funds are usually providing by the owner, it can be difficult to generate capital. Sole proprietorships do not issue stocks or other money-generating investments like corporations do

    So, while sole proprietorships do not necessarily create more liabilities, they do expose the business owner to a risk of being sue. Lawsuits can file against the business owner for legal violations, as well as to collect any outstanding debts.

    Business; Proprietorship form of ownership suffers from some disadvantages or limitations also.

    The important ones are:

    1. Limited Resources:

    A proprietor has limited resources at his/her command. The proprietor mainly relies on his/her funds and savings and, to a limited extent, borrowings from relatives and friends. Thus, the scope for raising funds is highly limited in proprietorship. This, in turn, deters the expansion and development of an enterprise.

    2. Limited Ability:

    The proprietorship is characterized as the one-man show. One man may be an expert in one or two areas, but not in all areas like production, finance, marketing, personnel, etc. Then, due to the lack of adequate and relevant knowledge, the decisions take him imbalanced.

    3. Unlimited Liability:

    The proprietorship is characterized by unlimited liability also. It means that in case of loss, the private property of the proprietor will also use to clear the business obligations. Hence, the proprietor avoids taking the risk.

    4. Limited Life of Enterprise Form:

    The life of a proprietary enterprise depends solely upon the life of the proprietor. When he dies or becomes insolvent or insane or permanently incapacitated, there is every likelihood of closure of enterprise. Say, the enterprise also dies with its proprietor. The Steps of Manpower Planning with Features!

    Disadvantages of sole trading include that:

    • You have unlimited liability for debts as there’s no legal distinction between private and business assets.
    • Your capacity to raise capital is limited.
    • All the responsibility for making day-to-day business decisions is yours.
    • Retaining high-caliber employees can be difficult.
    • It can be hard to take holidays.
    • You’re tax as a single person, and.
    • The life of the business is limited.

    7 best Limitations or Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship:

    The following limitations and disadvantages below are;

    (i) Limited Resources:

    The resources of a sole proprietor are limited. He makes investments from his family source only. There is a limit to which a single person can invest. He tries to raise finances from financial institutions also. These institutions want securities for their loans. The sole trader cannot offer much security, so he does not get much help from financial institutions. The capacity for expanding business operations is limited for want of resources, even when there is a scope for expansion. Other forms of ownership are better than the sole proprietor for raising financial resources.

    (ii) Limited Managerial Ability:

    One person may not be an expert in every function of the business. He will not be able to devote sufficient time to all types of activities. He will have to depend on paid employees. The employees may not take as much interest as the owner himself can take. What is the Process of Manpower Planning?

    The managing capacity of the proprietor is limited. In the present competitive world, the complexities of managerial jobs are increasing every day. The sole proprietor may not be able to use the services of experts for want of resources. So one person will not be able to survive effectively. On the other hand, his limited resources will not allow him to use the services of professional people. Limited managerial capacity will hinder the growth of the business.

    (iii) Unlimited Liability:

    The liability of a sole proprietor is limited. His private property can also assign to meeting business obligations. A loss of business may deprive him of his private assets also. Unlimited liability also restricts his work. He tries to be cautious in taking the risk. It acts as a detriment to the growth of business activities.

    (iv) Uncertain Continuity:

    The business continues as far as the sole proprietor is there. In case of his mobility or death, the business is discontinuing. The successors of the sole proprietor may not have an aptitude or ability to continue in the business. The closure of a business will cause inconvenience to the consumers. It will also result in social loss.

    (v) Limited Scope for Employees:

    A sole trader cannot attract trained and qualified persons for reasons of limited career opportunities. Moreover, the continuity of sole trade business being uncertain the employees also remain under psychological pressure. A sole proprietor cannot offer financial incentives to employees because his activities are on a small scale. The employees will try to join good concerns whenever an opportunity arises.

    (vi) No Large-Scale Economies:

    A small-scale concern cannot economize in the purchase, production, and marketing. A large-scale enterprise will be able to have favorable terms for purchasing and selling of goods. In a sole trade concern, overhead expenses are also more. So this type of concern cannot enjoy the benefits of large-scale economies.

    (vii) More Risk Involved:

    A sole proprietor is to take all decisions by himself. So there is a possibility of taking wrong decisions. In other forms of organization, the decisions are taking by more than one person. So the possibility of mistakes and wrong decisions is minimizing. Lack of counseling may create difficult situations.

    What are Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship - ilearnlot
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    Reference!

    1. Easy and business Points – //www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-sole-proprietorships.html and //www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sole-proprietorship/sole-proprietorship-features-advantages-and-disadvantages/40806

    2. Trade Points – //www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/sole-proprietorship-advantages-and-disadvantages

    3. Main/Multipoint – //www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-sole-proprietorship/42037

  • What are Advantages of Sole Proprietorship?

    What are Advantages of Sole Proprietorship?

    Sole Proprietorship Advantages; Proprietorship (also called sole trade organization) is the oldest form of business ownership in India. In a proprietorship, the enterprise is owned and controlled by one person. He is the master of his show, he shows, reaps, and harvests the output of this effort, he manages the business on his own. If necessary, he may take the help of his family members, relatives, and employ some employees. Also learn, How to Explain, What is Sole Proprietorship?

    Learn and Study, What are the Advantages of Sole Proprietorship? Explaining are, Easy Point, Trade, Multipoint!

    The sole proprietorship is the simplest and easiest to form. It does not require legal recognition and attendant formalities. This form is the most popular in India due to the distinct advantages it offers. William R. Basset opines that “The one-man control is the best in the world if that man is big enough to manage everything”. Also learned, Corporate Entrepreneurship Categories, and Organizational Thinking. 

    Some of the Easy Advantages of Sole Proprietorship:

    There are many reasons why a person would choose to start their business up using a sole proprietorship structure. Some of the main advantages of sole proprietorships include:

    Ease of formation:

    Starting a sole proprietorship is much less complicated than starting a formal corporation, and also much cheaper. Some states allow sole proprietorships to form without the double taxation standards applicable to most corporations. As well as, the proprietorship can name after the owner, or a fictitious name can be used to enhance the business’ marketing.

    Tax breaks:

    The proprietor of a sole proprietorship isn’t needed to record a different business charge report. All things considered, they will list business data and figures on their individual assessment form. This can spare extra expenses on bookkeeping and assessment recording. As well as, the business will charge at the rates apply to individual pay, not corporate assessment rates.

    Employment:

    Sole proprietorships can enlist representatives. This can prompt a considerable lot of the advantages related to work creation, for example, tax cuts. Likewise, companions of the entrepreneur can utilize without being officially proclaimed as a worker. Hitched couples can likewise begin a sole proprietorship, however, the obligation can just accept by one person.

    Decision making:

    Authority over all business choices stays in the possession of the proprietor. Also, the proprietor can likewise completely move the sole proprietorship whenever as they esteem important.

    Some Advantages that proprietorship form of business offers are as follows;

    1. Simple Form of Organization:

    The proprietorship is the simplest form of organization. The entrepreneur can start his/her enterprise after obtaining licenses and permits. There is no need to go through the legal formalities. For starting a small enterprise, no formal registration is statutorily needed.

    2. Owner’s Freedom to Make Decisions:

    The owner, i.e. the proprietor is free to make all decisions and reap all the fruits of his labor. There is no other person who can interfere or weigh him down. Why is Intrapreneurship Better than Entrepreneurship?

    3. High Secrecy:

    Secrecy is another major advantage offered by proprietorship. This is because the whole business is handled by the proprietor himself and, as such, the business secrets are known to him only.

    Added to it, the proprietor is not bound to reveal or publish his accounts. In the present-day business atmosphere, the less a competitor knows about one’s business, the better off one is. What the competitors can make is guesstimates only.

    4. Tax Advantage:

    As compared to other forms of ownership, the proprietorship form of ownership enjoys certain tax advantages. For example, a proprietor’s income is taxed only once while corporate income is, at occasions taxed twice, say, double taxation.

    5. Easy Dissolution:

    In the proprietorship business, the entrepreneur is all in all. As there are no co-owners or partners, therefore, there is no scope for the difference of opinion in the case the proprietor/entrepreneur-wants to dissolve the business. It is due to the easy formation and dissolution, the proprietorship is often used to test the business ideas.

    Advantages of sole trading include that:
    • You’re the boss.
    • You keep all the profits.
    • Start-up costs are low.
    • You have maximum privacy.
    • Establishing and operating your business is simple.
    • It’s easy to change your legal structure later if circumstances change, and.
    • You can easily wind up your business. Also learned, What are the Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship?

    14 best Multipoint Advantages of Sole Proprietorship:

    The following multipoint advantages below are step by step;

    (i) Easy in Formation:

    The sole proprietorship is the only form of organization where no legal formalities are requiring to perform. Also, Anybody wishing to start a sole trade concern can do so without loss of time. This business is absolutely free from legal formalities. On the other hand, if a joint-stock company is to form it needs the services of experts to get it incorporate, and it involves a lot of labor and money.

    (ii) Better Control:

    In this form of organization one man is responsible for all types of activities. He controls all functions of the business. He himself takes decisions at the appropriate time. The authority and responsibility lie with one man. He cannot afford to be complacent in taking decisions. If the responsibility is divided, then there can a possibility of shifting obligation to other persons (Everybody’s responsibility becomes nobody’s responsibility). Insole trade business, there is no such difficulty. As well as, the owner is all in all and he cannot escape his work. The business is controlled effectively.

    (iii) Flexibility in operations:

    A sole proprietorship concern is generally run on a small scale basis. In case a change in operation is requiring, it can be possible without involving much expenditure. Even if a new line of products is to take up, it will not involve many efforts. On the other hand, if the operations are on a large scale, then it becomes difficult to change the method of production.

    A small-scale concern can adjust its production according to the changing demand pattern. It can increase and decrease its products as per requirements. Moreover, no legal formalities are requiring for making changes in operations. As well as, a joint-stock company cannot go beyond its objective clause. Because of being flexible in operations, a sole trade concern is most suitable for industries dealing with fashionable and seasonal goods.

    (iv) Retention of Business Secrets:

    A sole trader maintains business secrets. Being the sole proprietor, he is not expected to share his trade secret with anybody else. As well as, He is not expected to publish his accounts. He can maintain secrecy from his competitors. Secrecy is very important for small-scale concerns.

    (v) Easy to Raise Finance:

    An individual entrepreneur can create goodwill for his business. This helps him to establish his creditworthiness in the market. Secondly, the liability in a sole trade organization being unlimited, the creditors can have a claim over the private property of the owner. As well as, the creditors feel secure in extending credit to individual proprietors. Moreover, they try to repay the loans as quickly as possible so that they do not lose goodwill in the market. Once a sole trader loses his creditworthiness, he will not be able to get much help from the market.

    (vi) Direct Motivation:

    The proprietor takes a keen interest in the working of the business. He tries to put heart and soul into the business to earn as many profits as he can. There is a direct relationship between efforts and rewards. In other forms of organization, the profits are shared by more than one person. So everybody may not put in his best efforts.

    (vii) Promptness in Decision Making:

    All important decisions are taking by one person. He can take prompt decisions. He will not let an opportunity slip away. If more than one person is involving in decision making then delay is bound to occur.

    (viii) Direct Accessibility to Consumers:

    In insole proprietorship the scale of operations is small. The owner can have direct contact with customers and employees. He can know the relations and preferences of consumers. It enables him to make necessary changes in the quality and design of his products. It will help him to boost his sales. He can also emphasize consumer service.

    (ix) Inexpensive Management:

    The sole trader is the owner, manager, and controller of the business. He does not appoint specialists for various functions, he personally supervises various activities and can avoid wastage in the business, he does not create managerial paraphernalia. In this way, managerial costs are saving to a large extent.

    (x) No Legal Restrictions:

    There are no legal requirements for starting a business. No special acts are governing the work of a sole proprietor. As well as, the proprietor is not requiring to submit the results of his business to any authority. There is no restriction in changing the nature of the business. Even the dissolution of the business can easily undertake. The tax liability on a sole trader is also low. He is a tax as an individual and not as a business unit.

    (xi) Socially Desirable:

    One man business is generally on a small scale basis. Large numbers of sole traders have entered all types of business. It helps in avoiding the concentration of wealth. Large-scale business leads to wealth accumulation in a few hands. Also, the Sole trader business provides competition for other businesses. The consumers will not be dependent upon big business houses. So, the sole trade business is socially desirable.

    (xii) Self-Employment:

    The sole proprietorship form of organization offers the means of self-employment to those who do not want to serve others. As everyone cannot get a suitable job to earn his livelihood in a developing country, the individuals can easily start a small-sized business unit as a sole trader.

    (xiii) Healthy Relations with Employees:

    A sole trader is in a position to maintain direct relations with his employees. This enables the employer and the employees to understand and appreciate the difficulties of each other. Moreover, a sole trader can quickly solve the grievances of his employees. This results in healthy relations between employers and employees which is of vital importance to the success of the business.

    (xiv) The benefit of Inherited Goodwill:

    A sole trader passes on the business goodwill to his successor. Technically a sole trade business is dissolving on the death of the owner but in reality, the same business is continuing by an heir. Also, the goodwill which one person earns during his lifetime is passing on to those who continue that business.

    What are Advantages of Sole Proprietorship - ilearnlot
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    Reference!

    1. Easy and business Points – //www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-sole-proprietorships.html and //www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sole-proprietorship/sole-proprietorship-features-advantages-and-disadvantages/40806
    2. Trade Points – //www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/sole-proprietorship-advantages-and-disadvantages
    3. Main/Multipoint – //www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-sole-proprietorship/42037

  • Factors affecting Organizational Change, External and Internal

    Factors affecting Organizational Change, External and Internal

    Factors affecting Organizational Change; Change is inevitable in the life of an organization. In today’s business world, most organizations are facing a dynamic and changing business environment. Also Learn, What are the Participation and Organizational Change? factors affecting change in organization External, and Internal. They should either change or die, there is no third alternative. Organizations that learn and cope with change will thrive and flourish and others who fail to do so will be wiped out. The major forces which make the changes not only desirable but inevitable are technological, economic, political, social, legal, international, and labor market environments.

    Explain are Factors affecting Organizational Change, Difference between External and Internal Factors. 

    In very simple words, we can say that change means the alteration of the status quo or making things different. The factors affecting change in organisation; “The term change refers to any alterations which occur in the overall work environment of an organization.”

    “When an organizational system is disturbed by some internal or external force, change frequently occurs. Change, as a process, is simply the modification of the structure or process of a system. It may be good or bad, the concept is descriptive only.”

    Organizational changes are required to maintain equilibrium between various external and internal forces to achieve organizational goals. Therefore various factors that may be important for necessitating organizational changes may group into two categories: external and internal.

    #EXTERNAL FACTORS:

    Every organization exists in some context: no organization is an island in itself. Each must continually interact with other organizations and individuals – the consumers, suppliers, unions, shareholders, government – and many more. Each organization has goals and responsibilities related to others in its environment. Thus not only an organization must deal with its environment in conducting its affairs, but it must also consider the goals of others as it establishes its foals and conducts its operations.

    The present-day environment is dynamic and will continue to be dynamic. Changes in social, political, economic technological, and legal environments force organizations to change themselves. Such change may result in organizational changes like major functions, production processes, labor-management relations, nature of competition, economic constraints, organizational methods, etc. to survive in the changing environment, an organization must change.

    How the change in various environmental factors necessitates the change in the organization may see in the following context:

    1. Technological Changes:

    when there is a change in technology in the organization’s environment and other organizations adopt the new technology, the organization under focus becomes less cost-effective and its competitive position weakens. Therefore, it has to adopt new technology. When organizations adopt new technology, their work structure stands affected and a new equilibrium has to establish. For example computers and automation have made a significant impact on organizational functioning. Also read, Explain Organizational Culture.

    2. Changes in Marketing Conditions:

    Since every organization exports its outputs to the environment, an organization has to face competition in the market. There may be two types of forces that may affect the competitive position of an organization – other organizations supplying the same products and buyers who are buying the product. Any change in these forces may require suitable changes in the organization. For example, when the Indian economy was liberalized (the process continues), many foreign organizations entered the Indian market.

    This forced many Indian organizations to realign themselves with the new situation. The result is that there have been many cases of divesting the businesses and concentrating on the core businesses, acquiring core businesses, and developing competitive competence to face competitive threats. Similarly, there may be changes in buyers in terms of their needs, liking – disliking, and income disposal for a product. These changes force the organizations to bring those products which meet the buyer’s requirements.

    3. Social changes:

    The social changes reflect in terms of people’s aspirations, their needs, and their way of working. Social change has taken place because of several forces like the level of education, urbanization, feeling of autonomy, and international impact due to new information sources. These social changes affect the behavior of people in the organization. Therefore it is required to adjust its working so that it matches people.

    Political and legal factors broadly define the activities which an organization can undertake and the methods which will follow it in accomplishing those activities. Any change in these political and legal factors may affect the organizational operation. Don’t forget for learning, Dimensions of Organizational Climate.

    #INTERNAL FACTORS:

    It is not only the change in external factors that may necessitate organizational change, but any change in an organization’s internal factors may also necessitate change. Such a change is required because of two reasons: a change in managerial personnel and a deficiency in existing organizational practices.

    1. Change in Managerial Personnel:

    Besides environmental; changes, there is a change in managerial personnel. Old managers are replaced by new managers who are necessitating because of retirement, promotion, transfer, or dismissal. Each new manager brings his ideas and way of working in the organization. The manager brings his ideas and way of working to the organization. The relationships more particularly informal ones, change because of changes in managerial personnel. Moreover, attitudes of the personnel change even though there is no change in them. The result is that an organization has to change accordingly.

    2. Deficiency in Existing Organization:

    Sometimes, changes are necessary because of deficiencies in the present organizational arrangement and process. These deficiencies may be in the form of an unmanageable span of management, a large number of managerial levels, lack of coordination between various departments, obstacles in communication, the multiplicity of committees, lack of uniformity in policy decisions, lack of cooperation between line and staff, and so on.

    3. Nature of the workforce:

    The nature of the workforce has changed with time. Different work values have been expressed by different generations. Workers who are in the age group of 50 plus value loyalty to their employers. Workers in their mid-thirties to forties are loyal to themselves only. The youngest generation of workers is loyal to their careers. The profile of the workforce is also changing fast. The new generation of workers has better education; they place greater emphasis on human values and question the authority of managers. Their behavior has also become very complex and leading them towards organizational goals is a challenge for the managers. The employee turnover is also very high which again puts the strain on the management.

    4. To avoid developing inertia:

    In many cases, organizational changes take place just to avoid developing inertia or inflexibility. The conscious manager takes into account this view of the organization that the organization should be dynamic because any single method is not the best tool for management every time. Thus, changes are incorporated so that the person develops a liking for change and there is no unnecessary resistance when the major change in the organization is brought about.

    What are Factors affecting Organizational Change External and Internal
    What are the Factors affecting Organizational Change? External and Internal.

    Reference:

    1. Organizational Changes – //livinfo.blogspot.in/2012/10/participation-and-organisational-climate.html
    2. Factors Affecting Organizational Change – //www.mbaknol.com/management-concepts/factors-affecting-organizational-change/
    3. Photo Credit URL – //bookboonglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2013/09/How-demographic-changes-will-impact-organizations-and-managers.png
    4. Image Source HD Wallpapers.