Tag: Technology

  • Financial Management of Public Sector Institutions

    Financial Management of Public Sector Institutions

    Influence of Information Technology on the Financial Management of Public Sector Institutions. As we all know, information technology has existed integrated into the financial management of institutions. Especially the application of computerized accounting in institutions. Which has improved the level of financial management and work efficiency of institutions. And adapted to the requirements of the reform of the financial system of modern institutions. Therefore, strengthening the analysis of the impact of information technology on the financial management of public institutions is an important part of improving the level of financial management informatization in institutions.

    Here are the articles to explain, the Overview of Financial Management of Public Sector Institutions with Influence of Information Technology!

    The financial management of public sector institutions exists generated based on the financial activities. And financial relations exist in the process of performing the functions of public institutions. It is an economic management work for public institutions to organize financial activities and deal with financial relations. content. Analyzing the management of financial capital input and output activities by Chinese institutions has the following characteristics. The content of financial management is more complex, the methods of financial management are diversified, and the requirements for financial workers are higher.

    The characteristics of financial management of public sector institutions are closely related to the characteristics of institutions themselves. It mainly has the following characteristics: First, the current funding forms of institutions mainly include full appropriation, differential appropriation, self-payment, and enterprise management. Fund providers do not require the right to benefit from the funds invested; second, there is generally no problem of sale, transfer, redemption, or liquidation of public institutions, and fund providers will not share the residual value of the unit; third, public institutions generally do not directly Create material wealth, not for profit.

    The role of information technology in promoting financial management of public institutions

    With the continuous development of information technology, the traditional decentralized financial accounting model can no longer meet the requirements of the financial management of the public sector or modern institutions, for this reason, a modern centralized financial management model based on information technology has emerged. It can say that information technology plays an important role in promoting the modern financial centralized management mode, and its performance is as follows:

    It is beneficial to improve the efficiency of accounting work.

    Due to the application of information technology, the unified management of financial information of institutions can realize. And the accounting data within the unit can upload to the information management platform in a timely and fast manner. Avoiding the separate accounting of different departments in the past and then a unified summary. Limitations, and through information technology, the cost management required by the management of institutions has also existed realized. At the same time, through centralized accounting, the financial management department can keep abreast of the use of funds of public institutions at any time. Thereby realizing dynamic supervision of the financial activities of public institutions.

    Conducive to strengthening accounting methods.

    Traditional financial accounting mainly relies on manual operation. Even if people use electronic calculators to calculate accounting data, there will inevitably be errors in calculation. After the implementation of information technology, the accounting methods of financial management are more scientific and perfect. For example, many advanced accounting methods exist applied to it. Which realizes the comprehensive management of financial accounting. Thus realizing the accuracy and integrity of accounting data. Also, like to learn about the Impact of Big Data Analysis on CPA Audits.

    Conducive to play the accounting supervision function.

    Through the construction of financial business informatization, all financial activities of public institutions can incorporate into an effective supervision system. For example, the establishment of the central treasury payment system has strengthened the financial supervision of public institutions’ financial expenditures. The treasury payment institutions can rely on the network platform to achieve financial spending supervision of public institutions has effectively prevented various corrupt behaviors of public institutions. For example, through the fiscal non-tax income information system, the charges of public institutions will be directly credited to the special fiscal non-tax account, avoiding the phenomenon of public institutions embezzling special funds.

    The impact of information technology on the financial management of public institutions

    Impact on budget preparation management

    Public institutions implement a budget management system. This is what we often call the “zero-based budget” management model. That is, all financial activities of public institutions stand included in the corresponding budget preparation. And all financial management activities of public institutions must prepare by the content of the budget. conduct. Because public institutions have clear public management functions, when compiling financial budgets, institutions need to prepare financial budgets. That can accurately reflect the actual situation of the institution according to the company’s situation. Such as its personnel establishment, asset management, and project development.

    Preparing the financial budget for the next year to ensure that all economic activities of the institution in the next year have sufficient financial support. The accuracy of financial budget preparation is based on the understanding and analysis of the information of all economic activities of the institution. If an institution wants to fully grasp the financial information of the unit. It must use modern information technology to realize the realization of the financial information of the unit. Centralized processing and analysis.

    Impact on financial decision-making and forecast management

    To improve the use efficiency of public financial funds and improve the scientificity and accuracy of financial decision-making, institutions must start from the financial management model and establish a sound financial decision-making and forecasting mechanism. First of all, institutions must use computer automation processing technology, according to mature and scientific mathematical models, combined with the financial data of the unit, to carry out careful analysis and processing, to improve the accuracy of financial information of institutions, and provide financial managers of institutions.

    Provide necessary financial information; secondly, institutions should use the financial information management platform to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the relevant financial information, especially the comparison between the unit’s financial budget and the previous year’s financial budget implementation, and use this as the unit’s financial budget preparation. work provides reference.

    Impact on financial accounting management

    The transformation of the financial management mode of public institutions has changed its financial accounting method from post-event accounting to pre-event and in-event accounting, the original financial accounting object has changed from fixed accounting to dynamic accounting, and the traditional fixed-time financial disclosure mode has been changed. Real-time transmission of financial accounting, indicator execution, and indicator balance. And other information to the financial department greatly enriches the content of financial information. Increases the transparency of financial information of institutions, and improves the use value of financial information.

    Impact on fund payment management

    Supported by information technology, China has implemented a centralized treasury payment system. Which has changed the “real allocation model” in which the financial department directly allocated financial funds to the bank accounts of public institutions. treasury. The public institution applies when it needs to purchase goods or pay for labor services. After being reviewed by the central treasury payment institution. The funds exist paid directly from the centralized payment account of the commercial bank to the beneficiary. And then the centralized payment account of the commercial bank stands settled with the People’s Bank of China treasury.

    The implementation of the central treasury payment system has improved the efficiency of the use of funds in public institutions, reduced the operating costs of financial funds, prevented the embezzlement, misappropriation, and withholding of financial funds, and effectively supervised the financial accounting authority of public institutions.

    To sum up, information technology not only affects the financial accounting management mode. And the financial decision-making mechanism of public institutions. But also actively promotes the reform of the financial management systems of public institutions. Therefore, we must vigorously promote the construction of financial management information. And strive to improve the financial management level of institutions.

    Influence of Information Technology on the Financial Management of Public Sector Institutions Image
    Influence of Information Technology on the Financial Management of Public Sector Institutions; Photo by Sebastien LE DEROUT on Unsplash.
  • IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay

    IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay

    IT Professionalism may consider behaving appropriately and adhering to accepted principles and practices. It is not only vital in the field of Information Technology but it is also very important in other fields. Some of the key aspects of IT Professionalism are competence in IT, knowledge, various skills such as soft skills, ethical behavior, and certification.

    Here are the articles to explain, What is IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay?

    Professionalism and ethics must stand taught and practiced at the secondary level of schooling. Professionalism requires not only in the field of Information Technology but also in other fields to bring about reputation, and ethical behavior and add value to any organization.

    This paper discusses IT Professionalism and Ethics and how professionalism is applicable in the IT industry. What are the qualities of HR professionalism? With the help of class discussions, case studies, and literature reviews, ethics, and professionalism in IT and other fields discuss. In this essay, an effort has stood made to answer some of the questions below:

    • Why IT professionalism is needed and why is it important?
    • What is ethics?
    • Why Ethics is needed?
    • Role of ethics in Information Technology
    • What does IT Professionalism perform?
    • Qualifications of an IT Professionalism

    Discussion;

    IT professionals should not only have good technical knowledge and experience but also have the right attitude with good soft skills such as communication, interpersonal, analytical, statistical, managerial, leadership skills, etc.

    Nowadays, businesses require professionalism to provide the best quality service to the customers and to satisfy their requirements. Effects of Minimum Wage on Employment; Professionalism also provides a platform for ethical trade. Also, It greatly increases profits, productivity, and high market value in an organization. It greatly benefits the individuals who follow it and impacts society positively.

    Let us look at some of the qualities which describe a professional;

    • Trustworthiness: Professional trusts himself in whatever he does and trusts other people.
    • Honesty: Professional is honest when working and follows the right code of conduct.
    • Punctuality: It is one of the most important aspects of professionalism.
    • Responsibility: Professional is responsible for his work and handles work effectively.
    • Leadership: Also, the Professional has good leadership skills and is a good team player.
    • Confidentiality: Maintains confidentiality of information in an organization.
    • Competency: Professional is technically competent in his field.

    What is Ethics?

    Ethics may consider as regulations that differentiate between right and wrong. It also aims to differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

    Why Ethics is needed?

    Ethics helps people to respect and value themselves as well as others. It is based on core values such as Trust, simplicity, integrity, excellence, success, and reputation. Also, Ethics in an organization helps in retaining talent and minimizes the attrition rate of jobs. It aims to improve profits and increase productivity among the employees in an organization.

    Why IT professionalism is needed and why is it important?

    • To enhance the growth and add value to an organization.
    • It helps to provide better services to clients
    • It increases trust between employers and employees within an organization
    • Create the company’s brand value
    • Also, IT professionalism forms the pillar of the company’s own vision and mission
    • It improves customer satisfaction

    “They should be aware of the various types of educational programs, different job titles and functions, and some aspects of the employment supply and demand. Also, They should be aware of the need for each computing worker to have professional responsibility for their work, and an awareness of the importance of appropriate ethical behavior in the group. They must also have an awareness of the impact of information technology on society as a whole and individuals, and prepared to handle a variety of issues arising in the workplace.”

    Role of Ethics and Professionalism in Information Technology;

    IT has modernized the living standards of mankind. In IT, professionalism plays a major role in bringing changes to an organization and humanity. Technology can stand used as a benefit or for destruction. Ethics play a major role in determining the right use of technology. There is a very fine line between professional and non-professional. Also, IT professionals must have a proper code of conduct, the right attitude, and good moral values and should not misuse the technology.

    Nowadays, due to the rapid advancement in technology, there has been widespread misuse of technology. With the rise of the Internet, there has been unethical and unprofessional behavior which has led to severe problems such as computer viruses, Spamming, and hacking. In IT education, ethics should stand taught and allowed to practice in all schools and institutions. Students must stand made aware of the consequences which result due to unethical behavior.

    It is in the early stage that these values should inculcate within them which will lead a long way later in life. There has been an increase in cybercrimes due to the misuse of the Internet. Many a time, students are unaware of ethics and professional behavior. Professionalism must be strictly followed in schools and institutions and should practice at an earlier stage. In universities, plagiarism is unethical. Copying others’ ideas and work, without proper acknowledgment ent to the original author is unfair and severe action observed and implemented.

    Case Study and personal experience;

    Personally, it has been a wonderful learning experience studying the importance and role of ethics and professionalism in IT. As goes the famous quote, “Character, not circumstances, makes the man”. Booker T. Washington, professionalism and ethics help in making use of science and technology for noble purposes.

    In our case study, we discussed non-professional behavior and some of the reasons causing it. Non-professional behavior mainly results due to a lack of ethics and a lack of soft skills.

    Let us look at some of the differences between it professional and non-professional

    Professional;

    • Has self respect and treats others with respect
    • Has honesty and performs his/her duties
    • Responsible and dedicated to work
    • Skilled, knowledgeable, and experience
    • Team player and has good management skills
    • Good communicator
    • The right attitude and sound character

    Non-professional;

    • Does not respect others
    • Lacks honesty and does not perform his duties
    • Not responsible or dedicated
    • Lack of knowledge, skills, and experience
    • Not a team player and lacks management skills
    • Not a good communicator
    • Does not have the right attitude, bad character

    “The difference between a professional person and a technician is that a technician knows everything about his job except its ultimate purpose and his place in the scheme of things”.

    An example of unethical behavior in an organization;

    If an employee in an organization fails to follow the right code of conduct and does not follow ethics, he/she will penalize. An individual will not be successful in his field if he does not have moral values.

    An example of how the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima was completely unethical. Also, People were not educated about the danger and the extent of damage that would be caused by atomic bombs. Had they been imparted proper knowledge and safety measures during the war, many peoples’ lives would have been saved.

    What does IT Professionalism perform?

    IT, assumed message mentions technology, indicates the transfer or adjunct use of information through computers or computer systems. Also, IT professionals reach several substitute tasks. They are the people who test, construct, install, repair, or call off the hardware and software-related past technical computer systems in one or more locations. Some companies will hire several IT professionals throughout the world to retain their broad range of networks of computer systems.

    The natural world of the internet allows IT professionals to realize their jobs from any location. But in deferential instances, bearing in mind behind there is a hardware business, the IT person will dependent on physically bending the damaged system. Once an IT professional stands employed, they will for eternity be acquiring calculation IT skills and training. This is because not all companies that IT professionals assist with will use one coding language, one full of zip system, one database tool, or one methodology.

    Qualifications of an IT Professionalism;

    What an IT professional does can be hard and requires a significant level of knowledge and gaining. However, an art school degree is not always a necessary qualification. Many IT professionals realize in the mean of fact earning degrees from universities and colleges is a habit to combine their likelihood of securing a huge job. There are many various types of IT professionals that exist. Each type focuses upon well along than one element of computer system analysis or child allocation.

    For example, a programmer is an IT professional who creates computer platforms and programs by writing computer code. This particular position of view is often entre-level, but senior programmers bow to upon more answerability as they shape happening. These responsibilities append brute in the fighting off their teams and fixing a damaged program or one that isn’t full of zipping properly.

    How does IT professionalism apply to me?

    IT professionalism helps me to advance in the IT industry and I aspire to become a network support engineer. To be a professional in the networking field, developing a career development plan is useful. As change is rapid in the IT industry, I need to constantly update my skills and knowledge to be proficient and successful. Also, Certifications play a major role in the IT industry, and by proper planning and management of daily activities, I will be able to obtain higher certifications and get hands-on experience in the networking field.

    Network professionals provide and enforce the security of confidential information over the Internet. They must adhere to ethics when performing their duties and also provide suitable advice to fellow employees or clients.

    • Some of the important guidelines and practices for network professionals
    • Also, Technical expertise and knowledge
    • Confidentiality to maintain within an organization and with clients
    • Following proper ethical codes
    • Adherence to principles and practices

    Conclusion;

    In the present world, the role of an IT professional is vital. IT professionalism is not just about acquiring skills, knowledge, experience, and certifications but also giving equal importance to core moral values, principles, and ethical behavior. This will have a huge impact on one’s personal life brings about positive changes in an organization and benefit society. A true professional is a combination of excellent knowledge and skills with fine character and virtues.

    Government and organizations must promote IT professionalism and penalize the employees or workers who do not follow it. Also, Professionalism and ethics are clearly defined in other professions such as doctors, advocates, engineers, etc. IT professionalism is more concerned with technical skills, knowledge, expertise, and certifications, and no clear guidelines on ethical behavior are defined. Professionalism is best learned when one practice than by merely studying it.

    IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay Image
    IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay; Image by Pexels from Pixabay.
  • Object Oriented Database Features Reusability Programming

    Object Oriented Database Features Reusability Programming

    In latest years, pc software Object Oriented Database program is the single and unconvertible most vital generation in the global. Software builders have constantly tried to increase new technologies because of the developing importance of computer software. These traits, a number of them focused on a generation domain i.E. Object-oriented database gadget/programming. Metrics are hard to collect and won’t degree the supposed first-rate measures of software.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define the Features and Reusability of Object Oriented Database Programming?

    As the name shows, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs database refers to languages that use items in programming. Object-oriented programming ambitions to put into effect real-global entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, and many others in programming. The major aim of OOP is to bind together the statistics and the functions that operate on them so that no different part of the code can get entry to this data except that function.

    OOPs, Concepts:

    • Class
    • Objects
    • Data Abstraction
    • Encapsulation
    • Inheritance
    • Polymorphism
    • Dynamic Binding
    • Message Passing

    What does the meaning of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

    The following mission honestly explains the descriptions of the features and characteristics of the features of object-oriented programming. There are twelve concepts of oop which might state under. Object-orientated programming is one of the most modern and maximum effective paradigms. Furthermore, the Object-Oriented database mentions the programming method based on the gadgets, in its vicinity of just strategies and features. These gadgets are deliberate into lessons, which might permit the man or woman gadgets to the group. Modern programming languages containing Java, PHP, and C or C++ exist as object-oriented languages The “object” in an Object-Oriented Programing language discusses an instance or particular type, of magnificence.

    Every object has a structure related to other gadgets within the magnificence, but it can allocate man or woman capabilities. An item also can call a method or feature, specific to that item. Individual characters are can define as objects, in step with the item which permits them to have one-of-a-kind abilities, appearances, and skills. Also, Object-orientated database programming makes it simpler for programmers to design and organize software program packages. The critical features which might be assisting to design the item-oriented programming and layout given underneath:

    • Development over the designed programming paradigm.
    • Importance of data instead of algorithms.
    • Also, the Procedural abstraction perfects through information abstraction.
    • Data and associated techniques are unified, grouping items with no unusual attributes, operations, and semantics.

    Empirical validation is a must to verify the usefulness of a metric in practical applications.

    Software Engineering;

    Software engineering started with a humble beginning and also it has slowly come into a lifestyle. Now, software engineering is an exceptional technique for software program troubles. Most programmers/developers view software engineering as an engineering technique to grow the software program.

    Software Measurement;

    “If you may not measure it’s not Engineering community” – is a not unusual quote by the engineering community. Measurement is the premise for all technology and engineering. Good measurements are necessary for a successful technique. Software dimension remains notably much less than most desirable in phrases of dimension techniques and the volume and also reliability of published information.

    Software measurement plays an important role in finding the quality and reliability of software products. The measurement activities require appropriate tools to calculate relevant metric values. At present large number of metric tools are available for software measurement. Also, The main objective of this article is to find the reusability of interfaces in object-oriented programming.

    MEASUREMENTS AND METRICS;

    Measurement is the technology that allows the software professional to make visible progress in improving the software-related factors. Measurement is not only a performance factor that leads to behavioral changes but is used to improve the factors that are being measured. It is a clear note that measurement is necessary for the software development process to be successful.

    Traditional Metrics;

    Since 1976 traditional metrics have been used in software measures for measuring the software complexity. Nowadays, a large number of software metrics have been proposed to measure effort and quality. Also, Traditional metrics are important to measure non-object-oriented programs. Metrics are used as a controlling method in development and to measure either the process of development or various aspects of the product. Traditional metrics stand used to measure the complexity of the program and the comment percentage of the program.

    Object-Oriented Programming and Metrics;

    Object-oriented database software is a more recent and important quality software than the old-style procedural software/program. With the widespread object-oriented technology, the subject of software engineering has received much attention over the last two decades. Also, Object-oriented design and development are very important and popular concepts in today’s development environment. Object-oriented design and development require a different approach to design, implementation, and software metrics compared to a standard set of metrics.

    Metrics are essential to measuring object-oriented software programming. The development of software metrics for object-oriented technology/programming has received more attention. A large number of metrics have existed developed by researchers and numerous tools are available to help assess design quality and to collect metrics from software programs, designs, quality, maintenance, etc.

    Many object-oriented metrics proposed in the literature survey lack theoretical proof and some have not existed validated. Also, The metrics that evaluate the object-oriented programming concepts are methods, classes, coupling, and cohesion. Very few metrics exist presented for object-oriented interfaces. In this article, a measurement has existed proposed to calculate the reusability of interfaces in object-oriented programming.

    OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACES;

    The concept of an interface is old. Software engineering has been using interfaces for more than 25 years. Nowadays interfaces exist heavily used in all disciplines, especially in object-oriented programming. With interface construct, object-oriented programming features a good concept with high potential code reusability. Interfaces exist used to organize code and provide a solid boundary between the different levels of abstraction.

    It is good to use interfaces in a large type of applications because interfaces make the software/program easier to extend, modify and integrate new features. An interface is a prototype for a class. With the construct of an interface, java allows a concept of high potential for producing reusable code.

    Interfaces in object-oriented programming just contain names and signatures of methods and attributes, but no method implementations. Interfaces exist implemented by classes. The inheritance hierarchy of interfaces is independent of that of the class inheritance tree. Therefore object-oriented languages like java give a higher potential to produce reusable code than abstract classes.

    REUSABILITY;

    Reusability is always an interesting topic with shining promise. Reusable code is an effective combination of two concepts.

    1. Properly defined interface definitions, and.
    2. Efficiently defined class structure and inheritance.

    In this essay, the authors followed the first concept of reusability and measured the metric for interface reusability by giving a new formula. One benefit of defining an interface is that every class that implements an interface must be in line with the interface’s functional requirements. A large amount of code sharing occurs within each implementation class. Based on the class structure designed at the development time the implementation classes exist organized according to their interface group type and inheritance allowed to access common logic.

    Reusability is an important factor for the software community people because it is the ability to reuse several software artifacts in terms of requirements, architecture, plans, cost estimates, designs, source code, data elements, interfaces, screens, user manuals, test plans, and test cases. Software reusability is an experimental one under the impact of new tools and programming languages. The measurement of software/programs and also the software development process is much needed for software professionals attempting to improve their software process. Reusability of software increases productivity and quality and reduces the cost. So in this essay, the reusability stands measured for object-oriented programming interfaces using the new formula.

    BACKGROUND SUPPORT & PROPOSED APPROACH;

    Measurement is not just a software activity. Furthermore, A good measurement process is an effective method for demonstrating new tools and process improvements. An accurate measurement is a prerequisite process for all engineering disciplines and software engineering is not an exceptional one for calculating accurate results. There is no significant work on the design of human-computer interfaces. In literature, relatively little information has been published on metrics. Those metrics would provide limited insight into the quality and usability of the interface.

    So the proposed approach is to derive a formula for calculating the reusability of interfaces accurately. A deeper interface in the hierarchy leads to greater reusability of inherited methods. When the depth of inheritance (DIT) of an interface increases the reusability of an interface also increases. So DIT of an interface has a positive impact on the reusability of an interface. The reusability of interfaces is calculated in the following two ways:

    1. The reusability of interfaces is calculated by using the formula:

    (RI) = Total No. of links to interfaces – No. of interfaces.

    RI – Total Reusability of interface diagram.

    1. The reusability of interfaces in a diagram is calculated by using the formula:-

    Total Reusability of a diagram:

    RI = R (I1) + R (I2) +….R (In);

    R- Reusability and I1…..In are Interfaces

    In each diagram, the reusability of an interface is calculated by using the formula and all interface reusability must be added to find the total reusability of the interface diagram. Furthermore, In both ways i.e. according to formulas 1 and 2 the values are equal. This is shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3.

    EMPIRICAL STUDY;

    To validate the formula empirically three object-oriented diagrams stand used to calculate the values for the reusability of an interface for each diagram. The figure shows an object-oriented design diagram that shapes interfaces. Furthermore, The table shows the values of reusability of each interface and the total reusability of interfaces using the above formula.

    REUSABILITY OF INTERFACES FOR SHAPES

    RI = Total Reusability of a diagram

    L-I = Reusability of an interface

    I=1 since reusability is calculated for each interface. No. of interfaces = 1.

    In the above table, 1 RI is calculated by using the formula 1 and 2.

    VALUES OF INTERFACE REUSABILITY

    CONCLUSION;

    Many simplistic metrics do not capture the importance of whatever it is that it has to measure. Furthermore, many developers and software engineers are experiencing the benefits and uses of reusability in the completion of the project within the time and cost. Many other programmers and developers believe that software reuse will help in reducing costs and also provide other benefits to software development. Object-oriented programming software is more reusable than functionally decomposed software.

    Software reuse increases the production and quality of software and also reduces software development costs and time. Reusability is an attribute of software quality. By measuring reusability we can measure software quality. The authors have proposed a new metric to measure the reusability of interfaces in object-oriented programming. As software is existing developed, it is very good and important to keep an eye on the various parameters. The authors used three UML object-oriented diagrams to validate the formula. Hence, this approach is an eye-opener to measuring the reusability of the interface diagram.

    Object Oriented Database Features Reusability Programming Image
    Object Oriented Database Features Reusability Programming; Image by Innova Labs from Pixabay.
  • What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) will continue to have a major impact on all organizations and could over time more and more grow to be a crucial part of the organization’s strategy. Various elements within the metamorphosis of ITO might exist blanketed however now not always special.

    Here is the article to explains, How to define Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    ITO has to grow to be an international phenomenon. Globalization with a few distinct drivers in technology evolution has reshaped the marketplace and given an upward thrust to the arrival of the digital age. A sustainable competitive enterprise method will want to embody this opportunity and will want to are seeking enablers to exploit it. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? IT, by the internet and broadband communications, particularly, allows an organization to fulfill this need. Further lower prices of communication, the boom in broadband capability, and web collaborations boost the technique.

    What does the meaning of Information technology (IT) outsourcing?

    Information technology (IT) outsourcing is an organizational approach of hiring 1/3-party service vendors to address the IT-associated methods of your organization. Its features encompass software improvement, infrastructure answers, technical customer support guides, and facts analytics. Most companies outsource these obligations to lessen fees, access to higher skills and simplify upscaling. IT outsourcing is the usage of external carrier vendors to successfully supply IT-enabled enterprise strategies, utility offerings, and infrastructure answers for business outcomes.

    Outsourcing, which also includes software services, software programs as a service, and cloud-enabled outsourcing, allows clients to develop the proper sourcing techniques and vision, pick out the right IT service carriers, shape the first-class possible contracts, and govern deals for sustainable win-win relationships with outside companies. Outsourcing can enable firms to lessen costs, accelerate time to market, and take benefit of outside know-how, assets, and/or intellectual property.

    Definitions of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO);

    Outsourcing has variously existed defined by scholars in the Information Systems (IS) literature as follows:

    1. “The significant contribution of external suppliers in the physical and/or human resources associated with the entire or specific component of the IT infrastructure in the user organization”.
    2. “Outsourcing occurs when third-party vendors are responsible for managing the Information Technology components on behalf of their clients. IT Outsourcing means handing over the management of some or all of an organization’s information technology (IT), systems (IS), and related services to a third party”.
    3. “…business practice in which a company contracts all or part of its information systems operations to one or more outside information service suppliers”
    4. “Outsourcing is the handover of an activity to an external supplier. It is an alternative to internal production”
    5. “IS sourcing” is the organizational arrangement instituted for obtaining IS services and the management of resources and activities required for producing these services.

    Therefore outsourcing involves the transfer of the responsibility for carrying out an activity (previously carried on internally) to an external service provider against agreed service levels at an agreed charge.

    Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) History;

    ITO has received great attention from scholars and researchers since the mid-1990. But, it’s been around for a while as per the examples below:

    • 1963 – Electronic Data Systems (EDS under Ross Perot) signs an agreement with Blue Cross for the handling of its data processing services.
    • In the mid-1980s – EDS signed contracts with Continental Airlines, First City Bank, and Enron.
    • 1989 – Kodak outsources its IS function to IBM, DEC & Businessland (“Kodak Effect”) being the most notable example.
    • More recent developments (Kern and Willcocks 2000, Ross and Westerman 2004, Kishore 2003, Kaiser 2004, Lander 2004, IBM 2004, Smith and McKeen 2004), suggest motivation is more strategic to improve the business’ competitive advantage.
    • It’s clear that ITO is not quite a new phenomenon but is increasingly more prominent in this era where it is prevalent in almost every facet of the business. The industry evolved from a monolithic mainframe to pervasive computing.
    • A survey of the London Stock Exchange FTSE Index over three years found a generally positive relationship between high levels of outsourcing and enhanced stock market performance.
    Reasons for outsourcing;

    Organizations adopt ITO for various reasons. The ever-dynamic evolution within the IT sector grants great opportunities to businesses. The following reasons were invariably most common as per numerous surveys done and researched globally:

    Cost reduction;

    This has been the foremost reason to outsource as senior executives only view the IT function as a non-core activity and a necessary cost to minimize. Economic pressures are also external factors that lead to the advent of ITO. Lacity and Willcocks explain that cost savings are no longer a major reason for outsourcing.

    Focus on core competency;

    Business deems IT as a cost center and excludes it from their core strategy. With increased shareholder demands organizations feel they need to refocus on broader business issues other than technology. Organizations place more focus on their “core competency” business.

    Access to specialist expertise and technology;

    Highly skilled labor comes at a cost and also technology is also not readily available. ITO is not only for cost savings but as a tool for utilizing state-of-the-art expertise and technology through their service providers.

    However, of late, companies with strong IT capabilities, such as IBM, Microsoft, and SUN, are also outsourcing some of their IT functions to concentrate on their core responsibilities and reduce costs to economies of scale.

    Decision Making;

    In the past, organizations used frameworks and models as guidelines for assessing their current state and determining future strategic actions. More organizations are considering ITO as part of their strategic thinking. Organizations use ITO as a method to reduce costs and achieve efficiency and flexibility. But, many don’t realize the benefits due to bad decision-making.

    ITO decision-making is a process and requires scrutiny before the existing finalize. ITO decision-making process addresses a wide range of issues, such as economic (eg., financial feasibility), technological, and political. This process starts with an in-house assessment of the IT capabilities which should highlight management activities that can potentially outsource.

    SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threats) analysis could use to substantiate the need to whether ITO can use to negate those threats and weaknesses or whether it is necessary to explore ITO. The facts gathered should include a baseline and evaluation of the current environment. Which should exist made available for executive management approval.

    Knowledge within the strategic decision at this higher level can thus be descriptive (know-what), procedural (know-how), or reasoning (know-why). Case studies within surveys conducted by M.C.Lacity, L.P.Willcocks, and D.F.Feeny published in the Sloan Management Review summarize the ITO process. The abovementioned reasons were most common in their samples.

    Scope of sourcing;

    Sourcing exists often referred to in IT literature as outsourcing. The research delineates four categories of sourcing:

    • Total outsourcing is where all IT activities including assets and management become the responsibility of a third-party vendor.
    • Total insourcing refers to the in-house management of IT activities where external or internal staff stands used with the buying in of the vendor resources to meet a temporary need. Vendor resources exist only used to supplement the internally managed teams.
    • Selective sourcing locates selected IT activities to vendors. While the customer remained responsible for delivering the result and will exist held accountable.
    • De facto insourcing uses internal IT departments to provide products and services that arise from historical precedent. Rather than from a reasoned evaluation of the IT service market.
    Considerations of sourcing;

    A critical review of the above categories found that the all-or-nothing approach ( total outsourcing) characterized by long-term (5 years or more) deals can lead to trouble after a few years as exemplified in the case studies due to:

    • Senior Management approach ITO like any other make-or-buy decision. Where ubiquitous IT applications across business functions complicate matters.
    • Lost alignment between business and IT strategies.
    • Failed promises to access new technologies.
    • Processing power cost depreciates at an average of 20 percent annually due to the IT capabilities evolvement.
    • And contractual costs soared greater than market prices.
    • Termination of such contracts was found to be prohibitively expensive.
    • The research found that those who approach ITO in all-or-nothing terms either incur great risks or forego the potential benefits of selective sourcing.
    Categories Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO);

    Reasons for ITO can be categorized as two-dimensional and based on:

    • Purchasing style refers to contracts to either be once-off or an expectation of business for many years.
    • Purchasing focus refers to companies buying resources from vendors. Such as hardware, etc, and managing the delivery of IT themselves or vendors manage the IT activity and the organization expects the specified results.
    • The result is four distinct categories will be representative of whether ITO is required as the figures represent. The figure also represents a decision matrix for business and a guide for an effective strategy.
    • A decision in selecting what can be outsourced usually distinguishes between the contribution that IT makes to the business operations and its impact on competitive advantage.
    • ITO was primarily domestic but has now evolved due to globalization and can also be categorized now by the variance of service provider distance. The same reasons apply globally to ITO.
    • On-shoring refers to the outsourcing vendor located in the same country as the customer.
    • Near-shoring refers to the outsourcing vendor located geographically close but not in the same country.
    • Off-shoring refers to the outsourcing vendor located offshore and possibly on a different continent and time zone.

    How to Managing Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    Once the scope and type have been identified. The vendor selection process will exist initiated by soliciting via Request for Proposal (RFP). Not all service providers are equal as all offer different types of services:

    • IS consultancies/solutions providers – services in all IS functions
    • Systems houses – system integration
    • Hardware vendors – hardware platform
    • Ex-IS departments – industry-specific sourcing
    • Development houses – develop software
    • Generic outsourcers – manage functions, especially infrastructure
    What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) Image
    What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? Image by fancycrave1 from Pixabay.
  • Essay on the Rapid Prototyping (RP)

    Essay on the Rapid Prototyping (RP)

    What does the meaning of Rapid Prototyping? It is an agile technique used throughout the product evolution process. With this technique, 3D (3-dimensional) prototypes of a product or element exist created and tested to optimize features like shape, size, and overall usability. They create product simulations for testing and validation during the product development process; with multiple iterations developed during a short period based on user feedback and research.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define Rapid Prototyping (RP)?

    Rapid prototyping (RP) processes are a relatively recent development, accurately described as layer manufacturing processes. The first commercial RP machine stood released at the AUTOFACT show in Detroit (USA) in November 1987 by the company named 3D systems. The process begins with creating a 3D model using CAD software and it is identical for all built techniques. The model exists then converted into Standard Triangulation Language (STL) format, this format shows the 3D surfaces as an assembly of many planner triangles. At the next stage STL file slice the 3D model into layers.

    As we know additive manufacturing (AM) is a gradual process in which parts stand manufactured through layers and each layer joined and the process continues until the final part form. Post-processing exists usually required to improve the surface finish of the product. RP’s additive nature allows is to create parts with complicated internal features; which are not possible by other means like hollow areas and undercut for that these parts sometimes support are necessary.

    RP products often have low functionality and exist commonly used as visual aids within product development. However material selection decides the prototype testing for short-term functionality parts. Most of the RP materials exist polymer-based, which stands for limited part functionality. Although for a little part functionality paper and starch-based materials exist used. RP modernized product development with an ability to produce single and multiple physical models, facilitating the reduction of product development cycle time ranging for different industries.

    Introduction to Rapid Prototyping;

    The introduction of RM is not as simple as it first appears, although research in RM technologies and applications exist progressed by RP. The evolution is still in progress to link RM from research to actual manufacturing for that number of matters to existing addressed that prevail need explanation and consensus before it can happen. RP-produced prototypes existed not considered for product repeatability and quality measures.

    Since products of RM have proposed functionality, industrial certification, and the requirements include material control, accuracy, speed, surface finish, and part repeatability RM stands successfully applied in many industries including medical, automotive, and aerospace to produce a low quantity of small, high-value parts with complex geometries that is difficult through conventional methods.

    Definition of Rapid Manufacturing;

    Firstly, it is essential to define rapid manufacturing. The way that several parts stand manufactured will change in the future.

    RM has existed explained as;

    “The use of a CAD-based automated AM process to construct parts that exist used directly as finished products or components”.

    Since the time change, the research on AM technologies and materials has advanced and the feasibility of fabrication of functional, low volume parts is increasing in many industries. Many industries are examining the available technology and investigating the possibilities of design to increase the high functional component and to reduce the product to market time.

    A key benefit of the RM approach claimed that it proposes the opportunity of mass customization; however, can be cost-effective for individual short-run parts, clearing conventional designing constraints of manufacturing processes. RM greatly minimized wastage of raw material as compared to subtractive process; so got popular in the aerospace industry, where expensive metal alloys exist extensively used.

    Graded material such as titanium, ABS, nylon, and aluminum has been an important part of the progress of RM technologies. In the future, RM technology addition in industries can offer small complex design feature parts that ever imagined with great manufacturing facilities and the extension of approach. The development of advanced materials and equipment enable the fabrication of complex product by directly manipulating matters on a molecular scale.

    Rapid Prototyping Technologies;

    There is a huge number of experimental RP technologies either in development or used by small groups of individuals. RP techniques that are currently commercially available include; Stereolithography (SLA) is the first RP technique developed by 3D systems in 1987. SLA builds a single layer at a time by tracing a beam of laser on the vat of liquid UV curable photopolymer resin. UV light strikes the surface of the polymer resin and solidifies the single layer of resin, when one layer exists cured the built platform drop-down by single-layer thickness.

    RP in dentistry: technology and application. A resin-filled blade sweeps over the cross-section and fills it with fresh material for further curing at the top of the previous layer, the process continues until the model produces. Material self-adhesive property bond each layer and form a complete 3D model, the fabricated part stands cleaned in Dawanol resin, alcohol and then cured in a UV oven.

    Selective laser sintering (SLS) uses powdered materials. This is one of the system’s major advantages that a part could stand built in any fusible powdered material. SLS technology existed developed at Texas University and existed commercialized in 1993 by a company named DTM. In 2001 the DTM existed bought out by 3D systems.

    RP technology Explain;

    This technology works by selectively sintering fine powder materials directly using an infrared (IR) laser from CAD. Numbers of thermoplastic materials stand processed in SLS like nylon (polyamide) for rapid tooling application, aluminum-filled nylon, polystyrene for sacrificial pattern in investment casting, and gas-filled nylon. Part produced through this process exists used as a functional model; as well as visual prototypes because of good mechanical properties.

    However, as compared to traditional tool steel the part had poor mechanical properties; so material required post-processing to form dense models; thus it was very difficult to control the part accuracy because of introduced stresses in the processing stage. With the combination of EOS GmbH and Electrolux, a special alloy powder existed developed; which did not develop shrinkage distortions. Moreover, the introduction of fiber laser technology allowed the introduction of Selective laser melting (SLM); since the fiber laser allowed the sintering of metals that existed completely melted into the dense parts with no need for post-process infiltration.

    Numbers of other technologies have existed commercialized since 1991; such as laminated object manufacturing (LOM), fused deposition modeling (FDM), 3-dimensional printing (3DP). The recent technological availability of RP stands increased with material diversity; which increased the efficiency of creating a physical prototype in advanced product development.

    How will Prototyping Work?

    Prototyping maybe thanks to validating the hypothesis that a product can solve the matter it means to unravel; though not purposeful by any suggests that a paradigm typically “looks” real enough that potential users will act with it and supply feedback. If the feedback reveals that the paradigm is pretty remote the mark; then the corporate saves weeks or months from building one thing that won’t add to the important world. At an equivalent time, a positive reaction to a paradigm indicates the merchandise ideas are on the correct track, and development ought to proceed.

    The “rapid” part of this comes into play with the speed that the initial paradigm may exist made; however quickly feedback may exist gathered and synthesized, and the way quick succeeding iterations will bear an equivalent method; groups should realize a fragile balance between making a paradigm that appears real enough; therefore users are providing real reactions and feedback however while not disbursal most time on the paradigm; that the team is hesitant to throw away the work thanks to gone resources and chance prices of going back to stand one.

    Best tools for Rapid Prototyping;

    The following rapid prototyping tools below are;

    Adobe XD;

    Of course, the name Adobe is synonymous with creative tools. No list of design aids is going to stand complete without an Adobe effect, if solely for name recognition alone. Adobe XD is not only a recognizable symbol, however. It’s one of the most extensive RP suites out there.

    InVision;

    Useful creators aren’t necessarily great coders. This means that visual creators and web designers sometimes require fewer technical tools to bring their concepts to light. Enter InVision: a rapid prototyping tool that brings all of your creative tools into one central background.

    Framer;

    For designers and creators looking for a wide design platform and rapid prototyping tool all rolled into one, Framer’s an excellent solution. A framer is a powerful rapid prototyping tool as well as a complete design platform in its regard. Framer features a comprehensive vector editing toolkit that lets you smoothly export frames and shapes as bitmaps or vectors.

    Origami Studio;

    If you’re looking for a middle ground between the basic prototyping tools like Adobe XD or InVision and the more technological solutions like Framer, Origami Studios is a perfect option.

    Marvel;

    Marvel is an amazing rapid prototyping tool for developers looking to facilitate and streamline the design technique. It offers all of the features you need for prototyping, from wireframes to mock-ups to changes, without writing a line of code. You simply need to upload drawings you create in your design software, like Drawing or Photoshop.

    Webflow;

    For designers and creators mostly working with the web, Webflow is worthy of your review. First and greatest, Webflow exists geared towards creating high-end web animations, interactions, and responsive web layouts.

    Axure;

    A digit of the rapid prototyping tools on our index are either for apps or OS X. If you’re looking for a design tool that will run on any forum you can imagine, and easily assemble prototypes for each, Axure is worth taking a look at. It has to stand among high-end companies thanks to the level of graphical elements that can incorporate into the prototypes.

    Why did Do Product Managers get to perceive Rapid Prototyping?

    RP permits product managers to “fast forward” to obtaining real-world client feedback; while not spending precious development resources on trial and untested ideas. Hypotheses aren’t any longer theoretical, and you’ll check use cases with real users.

    Getting actual customers to do things out and perceptive what works; and what doesn’t is priceless for making merchandise that match user wants and shortening the time to plug. By corroborative assumptions and uncovering “gotchas” abundant earlier within the method; product groups will move forward confidently that the ultimate product can notice associate degree audience… or return to the strategy planning stage if they don’t receive things well.

    Because it is implausibly repetitious with short turnaround times from one check to succeeding, product groups should be ready to produce input to the developers and UX people spinning out prototypes, quickly analyze usage and feedback, and so suggest what ought to exist modified within the next spherical; this needs attentiveness, responsiveness, and collaboration since the event team effectively idles till the choice exists created on whether or not to spin up another paradigm or move forward with full development.

    They have the additional advantage of prioritizing the options and practicality that refer users; if the paradigm doesn’t embrace it, does one got to build it at all? The urgency of the method creates a pruning dynamic that focuses on what matters most.

    Conclusion;

    It is often a useful time-saver and disaster-avoider for product groups. With dependable feedback from users interacting with prototypes; product managers have qualitative validation of their assumptions or clear indicators that changes area unit needed. This all helps scale back the danger of the ultimate product failing to fulfill expectations.

    Additionally, the externalized thinking that comes from the RP method breaks down communication barriers and fills within the gaps. This ensures the event organization delivers what the merchandise team visualized. This additionally creates additional potency within the overall development method; and, puts the most effective potential product before paying customers and prospects.

    Essay on the Rapid Prototyping (RP) Image
    Essay on the Rapid Prototyping (RP)
  • Biometric Authentication Methods Information Technology Essay

    Biometric Authentication Methods Information Technology Essay

    Biometric Authentication Methods Introduction Robustness, Types, Futures and Scopes in Information Technology Essay; The world is advancing with the technology, and as technology will advance, security too needs to advance and hence will play a crucial role. When we think about information security, authentication will play a crucial role in it. Numerous systems make use of biometric authentication methods such as tablets, mobile phones, and laptops. The authentication may be biometric, which may be our fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scan, or any physiological parameters.

    Here is the article to explain, Biometric Authentication Methods Robustness, Types, Futures and Scopes in Information Technology Essay!

    In this articles, we will provide a brief introduction about biometrics, types of biometrics, their robustness, and the future and scope of biometrics.

    Introduction to Biometric Authentication;

    The assurance of confidentiality, integrity, and availability is the primary concern when we think about information security. When we are talking about security, authentication will play a crucial role, and so biometrics come into play. What is biometric authentication methods? Biometrics may be any physiological parameter that can use to authenticate and establish a one-to-one correspondence between an individual and a piece of data. Best define of Data Visualization and Information Visualization; Biometrics provides a soft flush of confidence and security for authentication. Mobile phones use fingerprints of facial recognition to unlock, or some security doors may use an iris scan to let an individual entry.

    “According to a recent Ping identity survey, 92% of enterprises rank biometrics as an effective to a very effective way to secure identity for the data stored”.

    All the biometrics works in a similar manner, which includes a scanner, computer, and software. The scanner will scan the physiological feature and will detect the required parameter and will send it to the computer. The computer will have sophisticated software that may be dependent on pattern matching software, which will generate a code. That code will be first taken as input and later will used for authentication purposes. Usually, multiple samples taken to improve efficiency.

    Robustness;

    Robustness is the property of being strong and healthy in constitution. When it transposed into a system, it refers to the ability of tolerating perturbations that might affect the system’s functional body. In the same line robustness can define as “the ability of a system to resist change without adapting its initial stable configuration”. “Robustness in the small” refers to situations wherein perturbations are small in magnitude, which considers that the “small” magnitude hypothesis can be difficult to verify because “small” or “large” depends on the specific problem. Conversely, “Robustness in the large problem” refers to situations wherein no assumptions can made about the magnitude of perturbations, which can either be small or large. It has been discussed that robustness has two dimensions: resistance and avoidance.

    Face Biometric Authentication in Information Technology Essay Image
    Face Biometric Authentication in Information Technology Essay; Image by teguhjati pras from Pixabay.

    Factors of Robustness;

    For considering factors of robustness, consider three inputs as sample input (input1), a correct input that matches the sample input(input 2), and a wrong input that does not match the sample input (input 3).

    • False Accept Rate (FAR): The probability of a system that claims that the system has a successful match between the input one and input 3.
    • False Reject Rate (FRR): The probability of a system that claims that the system has an unsuccessful match between input two and input 3.
    • Relative Operating Characteristics (ROC): A graph plotted between FRR and FAR this showing the characteristics.
    • Equal Error Rate (EER): This is the rate when FAR is equal to FRR. ROC helps to show clearly how FAR, and FRR changed; the lower the EER, the better and accurate a system is.
    • Failure to Enroll Rate (FER): The percentage of data that fails to input into the system.
    • Failure to Capture Rate (FTC): The percentage when systems fail to detect biometric characteristics.
    Results of Robustness of each authentication;

    The following were the results of the various biometric authentication methods using the above parameters.

    Part 01;
    • Fingerprints: The fingerprint could not detect the impression correctly due to the moisture between the finger and sensor.
    • Iris Scan: The false analogy of the iris is virtually impossible because of its distinct properties. The iris closely associate with the human brain and said to be one of the first parts to disintegrate after death.
    • Retina Scan: The main drawback of the retina scan is its impulsiveness. The method of obtaining a retina scan is personally nosy. Laser light must conduct through the cornea of the edge. Also, the transaction of a retina scanner is not secure. An adept operator require, and the person being scanned has to follow his/her direction.
    • Palm Vein Recognition: Its position to use is that the hand must place accurately, governed marking have been incorporated, and units seated so that they are at a comfortable height for most of us.
    • Ear Recognition: This method has not achieved an exceptional level of security yet. It is simple, and recognizable features of the ear cannot provide a strong establishment of individual identity.
    Part 02;
    • Voice Recognition: Even though this method does not require any specialized or lavish hardware and can used via a phone line, but the background noises cause a significant problem that shrinks its accuracy.
    • Facial Recognition: The accuracy of this method is expanding with technology, but it is yet not very astonishing. The current software does not find the face as ‘face’ at an appropriate place, which can make the result worse. The problems with this technology can create problems when there are distinct twins or any significant changes in hair or beard style.
    • Signatures: A person does not make a signature persistently the same way. So, the data achieved from the signature of a person has to allow for quite some variability. Most of the signature dynamics pattern verifies the dynamic only. They do not wage consideration to the resulting signature.
    • DNA: The environment and management can affect measurements. The systems are not precise and require integration or further hardware, and also they cannot be rest once compromised.

    Types of Biometric Authentication Methods;

    There are many types of biometric authentication methods, which may fingerprints, physiological recognition, signatures, or DNA.

    Fingerprints;

    The way a digital fingerprint biometric may work is the transient way of the old traditional method of fingerprint authentication in which we were required to create a fingerprint impression using a colored ink on a document that was later sent to a fingerprint scanner and used for authentication. In the present, it works digitally, where a scanner uses a light-sensitive microchip to yield and sends it to the computer. The computer will use sophisticated pattern-matching software, which will generate a code that will be first used as input and later for authentication purposes.

    Physiological recognition;

    The subsections below suggest an apprised overview of mostly used physiological characteristics for the automated recognition of a particular person.

    Iris Scan;

    Iris scan depends on the patterns in the colored part of our iris. They patterns are very distinct and obtained from a video-based acquisition system. Iris Scan biometric works in a similar manner as other biometrics. A high-resolution grayscale camera takes an image of the eye 10-40cm away, which is then processed through a computer. The computer runs on a sophisticated pattern-matching software which generates a code and thus uses for authentication.

    Retina Scan;

    Retina Scan is very similar to Iris Scan. The whole process which goes on for iris scan, retina scan follows the same. The only difference is that while the image of the eye is being taken, infrared light pass onto it as retina lies at the rear of our pupil. The camera captures the pattern of blood vessels behind the eye. These patterns are distinctive. The image thus obtained goes through a sophisticated pattern-matching software which generates a code and thus uses for authentication purposes.

    Palm Vein Recognition;

    Palm vein recognition does not work on the palm just by itself; rather, it depends on the geometry of the arrangement of our vein. Palm vein biometric works in a similar manner as fingerprints and retina scans. The scanner uses infrared light and a microchip the detect vein patterns. The patterns thus obtained go through a sophisticated pattern-matching software, which thus generates a code and uses for authentication.

    Ear Recognition;

    This recognition works in a similar manner as an iris scan. An ear has distinctive marking and patterns which may be complex to understand. A high grayscale camera captures the image of the ear 10-40cm away. This image then gets transfers to the computer, which runs on the sophisticated software that depends on pattern matching software, which generates a code and uses for authentication. Such a type of software was firstly produced by French company ART techniques. This recognition mainly use in law enforcement applications like crime scenes and is still in progress of getting better.

    Voice Recognition;

    Voice recognition does not depend on the pronunciation of speech itself; rather, it depends on the vocal tract, mouth, and nasal cavities, and other speech refining sources of the human body. This biometric uses the acoustics visage of speech, which is distinctive. The speech thus obtained from the recorder gets transferred to the computer. The computer then runs through a sophisticated pattern-matching software and generates code which use for authentication.

    Facial Recognition;

    Facial Recognition Does not depend on the face by itself; rather, it depends on the distinctive facial features like the positioning of eyes, nose, mouth, and distances between them. A high-resolution camera takes an image of the face, which then resized to a pre-defined sized template, which may range between 3-5KB. The template thus obtained gets transferred to the computer, which later runs on sophisticated pattern-matching software and generates the code.

    Signatures;

    Signature authentication does not depend on the signature itself rather than gesture while making a signature. The gesture measure by the pressure, direction, acceleration, dimensions, and direction of the strokes. The most significant advantage of the signatures is that it cannot stolen by any fraudster by just looking at how it was previously written. The information about gestures thus obtained runs through a sophisticated pattern-matching software on a computer, which thus generates a code.

    DNA;

    DNA sampling requires a form of blood, tissue, or other bodily shaped. Their biometric is invasive at present and still has to defined as the analysis of DNA takes 15-20 minutes. DNA sampling could not matched with real-time witch current technology, but later, when technology advances, DNA sampling may become more significant.

    Futures and Scope of biometric authentication methods;

    Following are the approaches by which we can resolve the issues of these biometric authentications:

    Part 01;
    • Fingerprints: A fingernail plate can used, which segregates features on the surface of the fingernail plate with more precision.
    • Iris Scan: Various papers have been suggested with more developments on the veracity of iris scanning for the authentication mode in which a three-dimensional camera primarily prefer for this principle.
    • Retina Scan: We can use a steep resolution sensor for capturing more precise images of blood vessel samples.
    • Palm Vein Recognition: We can facilitate the sensor device in order to reduce the overall cost of feature eradication of an individual’s palm vein.
    • Ear Recognition: We can put some extra effort into pattern recognition in order to increase its complexity.
    Part 02;
    • Voice Recognition: If we develop an excellent combination of artificial intelligence and current voice recognition, it will be a massive profit for biometrics.
    • Facial Recognition: We can use a three-dimensional camera for data collection. We can also use more precise sensors to capture images of face skin, which looks for the peculiar features in a user’s face skin such as visual spots, lines, or birthmarks.
    • Signatures: If we combine current digital signatures with other methods of verification, signatures, too, will have more potential to cut down fraud and identify fraud by adding more layers of security to the biometric.
    • DNA: At the moment, time taken to perform a DNA test is usually 15-20 minutes. If we try to integrate the DNA analyzer and combine it with other methods of biometrics, it will become a very secure way for authentication.

    Conclusion;

    Biometric Authentication has an excellent scope for private, public, and government agencies. Although the reality is that biometrics is the future of the security industry and it is quickly becoming more recognized as the most accurate identification in today’s world. However, it is easy to beat the current generation of biometrics if they used solely. However, if we combine biometrics with new technology or combine different biometrics, it will be advantageous to add/increase the accuracy of the current generation of biometrics. Biometrics products will become more flexible and capable of serving different purposes, thus accomplishing more than just authentication.

    Biometric Authentication Methods Information Technology Essay Image
    Biometric Authentication Methods Information Technology Essay; Image by ar130405 from Pixabay.
  • Information Visualization Futures Advantages Disadvantages

    Information Visualization Futures Advantages Disadvantages

    Information Visualization IV Meaning, Futures, Benefits, Advantages, Drawbacks, and Disadvantages in Information Technology Essay; It is the process of showing the data in a graphical display; which we cannot explain using words and text in other words; it is a set of technologies that use visual computing to amplify human cognition with abstract information. The greatest advantage of information visualization is its ability to show the amounts of information that are beyond the capacity of textual display. They can significantly improve productivity.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define Information Visualization Meaning, Futures, Benefits, Advantages, Drawbacks, and Disadvantages in Information Technology Essay!

    Users can explore large amounts of data, rapidly assimilate information from many sources, reason with it, understand it and create new knowledge based on it. With the right visual picture, people can make better decisions, faster, backed with more information. One of the most obvious benefits of visualization is helping people see trends and anomalies in data; which can be particularly valuable in real-time environments.

    Visual techniques such as heat maps and tree maps; which help reveal patterns in homogenous data, were virtually unknown so many years ago; but used today in many places ranging from public Web sites to advanced trading applications. Real-time environments require rapid comprehension of a dynamically changing situation; whether in the stock market, an emergency response center or an operations control center. Visualization can also help reveal patterns in complex, heterogeneous, rapidly updating data.

    Futures of Information Visualization;

    The earlier Versions of IV has given an option to users to become familiar with basic forms of graphical representations of data. In the future we can expect to see even more advanced representations, which may even allow the user to enter into the data and explore. Today there are many organizations and universities working to develop new methods of information visualization to explore the challenges that are facing today, such as AT&T’s IV Research Group, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and NIST, as well as a wide range of international conferences focusing on industry-specific applications.

    If we are able to develop cheap and cost effective Virtual reality devices future of information visualization may lie in some sort of ‘full immersion’ technology, in which the user may enter the representation itself to allow them to better understand and manipulate visual data in other words an user will be able to enter in the graphical representation and will be able to manipulate data. Whether this type of true 3D representation would actually improve the user’s ability to figure out the data is as yet unclear, though it does seem likely that in the near future the field of IV will move beyond the constraints of the 2 dimensional computer monitor.

    Technology;

    As computer technology is improving we are likely to see better graphics applications and analysis software. New methods of visualizing data will ultimately drive traditional forms of data presentation. Their graphical presentations have already been introduced; and with time we can expect to see better and more advanced presentations. They do not only used to communicate information to the public; but also by scientists as their main tool for understanding environmental changes on the global scale.

    When dealing with many different data points, sometimes the only way to understand the “big picture” is to make a picture. The visualizations that created in the process overlay colors and patterns onto the familiar image of the globe, creating an image that is both strange and familiar. Many environmental systems move too slowly or involve too many interrelated variables to be comprehensible without the aid of visualization tools. “Scientific visualization of simulation data allows one to zoom around at will, run forwards or backwards in time at any rate, and transform and filter the data arbitrarily”.

    Benefits or Advantages of Information Visualization;

    Some of the other advantages of information visualization are:

    • Increasing the memory and processing resources available to the user.
    • Reducing the search for information.
    • Using visual representations to enhance the detection of patterns.
    • Enabling perceptual inference operations.
    • Using perceptual attention mechanisms for monitoring.
    • Encoding information in a Manipulable medium.

    Drawbacks or Disadvantages of Information Visualization;

    Some of the other disadvantages of information visualization are:

    • The potentially misleading perception of reliability of a visualization.
    • User will get carried away by the graphics used for representing the data. Making the user stay focused on what they exactly want to do is difficult; if the graphical representation is an eye catching design.
    • The (multiple) implicit meanings inherent in visualizations (leading to ambiguous interpretations).
    • For the user to make sense out of the graphical representation or to understood; the data used should be familiar to the audience and interesting. If the user doesn’t know what exactly represent in the graphics users might misunderstand the data.
    • The high prerequisites for diagram interpretation.

    Usage of Information Visualization;

    Visualization is extremely powerful for analysis. Visualization makes use of what called external cognition External resources used for thinking. People relieved from having to imagine everything. Instead they can just look at an image. This is only possible because human vision has a very large bandwidth, the largest of all senses. Data Visualization, They applied in numerous areas covering every industry and all tasks where understanding of the core structure in data is crucial.

    Some prominent examples are:

    • Economical/financial analysis
    • Representation of large hierarchies
    • Medical training/assistance
    • Engineering/Physics
    For Example:

    As shown in the figure below the data which is very difficult to understand displayed graphically using colors and shapes; which makes a user understand easily Table Versus IV. The table shows only 50 rows x 9 columns out of 80,000 rows of data. The visualization scatter plot shows 80,000 points with 5 attributes (x position, y position, height, size, color) – more than one hundred times what is visible in the table.

    To be understood, the data used should be familiar to the audience and interesting; and also user must have some experience using the IV. A normal person who is just being exposed to the IV will not understand the data if it is a complex image.

    This potential disadvantage belongs to the category of cognitive problems caused by the designer of a graphic representation. It occurs when visualization distracts a person from the main goal he or she tries to achieve or when several items in a graphic emphasized at the same time, thus confusing the viewer about where to start or to focus.

    Conclusion;

    Information Visualization systems, appear to be most useful when a person simply does not know; what questions to ask about the data or when the person wants to ask better, more meaningful questions. It is much easier to explain using demonstrations than words. However, to understood, the data used should be familiar to the audience and interesting. Ultimately, however, we believe that it is up to the community of IV researchers; and practitioners to create techniques and systems that clearly illustrate the value of the field.

    In general, we can also come to positive conclusions for almost all parameters; and hence predict a bright future for IV. The number of potential users is very large. It is a very useful tool in the IT as to manage systems in data centers. When all the servers graphically represented, it will be very easy to understand; which one is faulty and it is easy to trace where and what had happened.

    Information Visualization Futures Advantages Disadvantages Image
    Information Visualization Futures Advantages Disadvantages; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • How to Technology Connects Cannabis Growers?

    How to Technology Connects Cannabis Growers?

    Cannabis Growers Connects Technology Services; The only constant thing is change, in every industry. Growers look to improve and upgrade current processes and set new goals. Employees stay on the frontlines of cultivation facilities every day. Still, it often makes sense to assign computers, sensors, and smartphones to complete specific tasks; like the daily collecting and correlation of millions of data points such as relative humidity, room temperature, and weather forecast. Plus, data collection commonly isn’t your primary skill-set. Even so, each variable in a cultivation operation generates valuable data that could take days, even weeks, for a person to study and put to use.

    Here is the article to explain, How to Technology Connects Cannabis Growers?

    It is where smart technologies such as the Internet, artificial intelligence, and machine learning come into use. The Internet has become essential in production to monitor machine performance and output. Likewise, utility companies deploy sensing technologies to the network to balance supply and demand and determine potential outages before they occur.

    Similarly, technologies can help upgrade the cannabis industry. With the internet, head growers, directors of cultivation, and assistant growers can connect their laptops or phones to greenhouses; and grow all over the world to monitor and respond to potential issues remotely. Mesa dispensary offers premium quality medicines and cannabis products, and it is the best dispensary store.

    Technology Brings Real-Time Visibility;

    In short, technology involves using physical gadgets embedded with sensors that collect and forward information through the internet. A climate control system in the fields or greenhouse takes measures from sensors that estimate conditions; such as humidity, temperature, lighting, fans/airflow, oxygen levels, and sometimes substrate pH and electrical conductivity. The information transferred through sensors to the climate control system, then to head growers off-site, shows technology cultivation. You may know a collection of feminized marijuana seeds.

    Real-time access to data is essential for growers because it allows them to make slight changes to their climate control systems when specific parameters get out of hand. They can set alarm parameters so their networks will warn them if something is wrong. Then, they can log in to the systems from their gadgets depending on the network; they are using by entering their passwords—the systems log who made changes, and when. In expressing the importance of Technology, the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning company could be servicing a grow room. When they finish tasks, they forget to turn the unit back on. “When the lights come on the following day, all of a sudden, your room is at 100 degrees, and if you are receiving real-time data, this can control”.

    Cannabis Growers Connects Technology Services.

    Source https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1586278072754-28ba0dadbbfb?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&q=80&fm=jpg&crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&dl=ryan-lange-rgRKiJnNefI-unsplash.jpg

    INTEGRATION OF CANNABIS TECHNOLOGY;

    Cannabis technology solutions are driving this industry forward. Rapid innovation and evolution in hardware, software, and cultivation technologies empower growers; and other commercial cannabis businesses to climb, produce higher-quality cannabis products, stay competitive, and ultimately become more profitable.

    Cannabis tech offers something additional for every department in a licensed business. A sales team operates software that’s very different from the production team. But one thing all departments have is similar technology. The common goal is to get organized, increase productivity, and ultimately be more profitable as a cannabis company. In the rapidly growing cannabis industry, running operations with the help of innovative technology, businesses can rapidly rise to capture market share nationally and internationally.

    The integration of cannabis with technology means that your company’s strategies and equipment work harmoniously. Combining all data helps leadership make strategic insights and drive the company forward. What’s terrific about the cannabis industry is the amount of innovation arising from actual, upcoming needs.

    From vertical farming to crop steering to cannabis genetics, critical players in the cannabis industry are driving tremendous progress and launching new products to help cultivators increase profitability and raise their businesses as legalization spreads.

    CANNABIS TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS;

    The following innovations below are;

    CROP STEERING;

    One of the most significant trends in indoor cultivation is crop steering. Marijuana plants have hormonal systems that control their growth in response to external pressures. Crop steering exploits these hormonal responses by conducting a controlled environment to achieve the desired result – like higher yields. Crop steering accomplishes sensors, controls, and tracking of how climate and irrigation impact plant growth at each growth cycle stage. Cultivators can steer their plants through climates – such as increasing or decreasing humidity or irrigation- by increasing or decreasing the substrate’s PH value and water content.

    VERTICAL FARMING;

    Vertical farming has taken off in the cannabis industry in the last five years. As with most cannabis technology inventions, grow equipment has been designed for the cannabis industry’s unique needs. New product inventions and modifications introduce each year.

    The tools and technology around vertical farming comprise multi-level racking systems that have custom-fitted grow trays. The racks are portable side to side and maximize the square footage of a growing area, both horizontally and vertically. Air ventilation systems have been created for these setups to provide even airflow through the vertical tiers where plants are growing.

    GENETIC ENGINEERING;

    The third arising cannabis technology we’ll cover is gene editing, also known as CRISPR-Cas9 or CRISPR for short. Breeders have been crossing strains and selecting phenotypes for desirable characteristics for generations. With gene editing, breeding efforts and time reduced to develop a new variant of plant marijuana that has different utilities.

    CRISPR technology directly alters the plant’s DNA but doesn’t mix foreign DNA and therefore isn’t the same as  Genetically Modified Organism editing. Some people are against hampering DNA, and it can say that humans have played a guiding role in the plant’s evolution.

    How to Technology Connects Cannabis Growers Image
    How to Technology Connects Cannabis Growers? Image by Darwin Laganzon from Pixabay.

    Conclusion;

    Technology helps grow crops with accuracy and improves employee productivity, and employees also can work fast and smart because of tech. Information technology also allows the business to communicate information to its customers and regulators.

    When communicating with regulators, the “virtual flow” of its inventory and workflow “from production to sale.” The cultivator uses handheld gadgets with a Radio-frequency identification reader that utilizes the Internet and technology to locate and track plants.

    Information technology is a key to visibility. “Visibility and insight required to identify and solve problems quickly, to reduce costs and above all, to improve end-user experience and business productivity”.

  • 2 Computer Science Development Program Technology Essay

    2 Computer Science Development Program Technology Essay

    2 Computer Science Development, Program, and Technology Essay in desktop and laptop devices; Nowadays we can hardly see people live without either a desktop computer, a laptop, or even a tablet. As we are moving towards a technology-free-world era, our lives revolve around technology and technical devices.

    Here is the article to explain, 2 Computer Program Science Development and Technology Essay!

    Technology advancement has no doubt successfully eased people’s life. They have made things function more simply and systematically. Imagine an accountant who has piles and piles of paperwork and stores them using the traditional ways? To able access old files, these accountants have to search for many files in their archives for ages. However, with the help of computers, these accountants exist only required to key in their file code; and they can easily retrieve the old files which they required. Hence, the creation of computers in the mid-70s has contributed a lot to society whereby able to simplify the everyday task of everyone.

    The term computers define as how a person can perform numerical calculations with the aid of computing mechanical devices. In the mid-70s, the pivotal objective in creating a computer science development is to tackle the future paperless office culture; and thus to make the interaction between people and digital documents easier.

    Generation;

    According to Holmquist, the first computer existed created in the Xerox PARC research lab. However, the computers that we are using today have been evolved through many generations. Most of us have not even realized that the first computer – Abacus, existed created in 2400 BC by John Napier. The computers created in the first generation are normally created using vacuum tubes; hence computers in this generation are normally expensive and bulky.

    In the second generation, vacuum tubes computers replace by transistors. Computers that create by transistors are smaller and cheaper, and thus they are more energy-efficient. However, computers build with transistors tend to release a lot of heat from the computers. Computers in the third generation existed built with integrated circuits; which then evolved to computers that are built with silicon chips in the fourth generation. In the fifth generation, more and more evolution has been taking place and now it is still continuously developing. Hence, in light of completing the task of this assignment; the product that I would like to choose to enhance is laptop computers.

    Part 01;

    The laptop computer that I have chosen to make modifications is the Acer Aspire V5 laptop series. The model which I have chosen is Aspire V5-431. The reason I chose this series of laptop computers is that the design of this laptop is nice; and, the laptop also comes with a reasonable price where everyone can afford to purchase.

    The motto of the design of this series of laptops is “thin, light and charismatic”. The size of this laptop is 23mm in height, 342mm in width, and 245mm in depth. The weight of this laptop is approximately 2.10kg. According to Acer (2014), the operating system of this laptop is “Linpus Linux”, the processor’s manufacturer is “Intel”; the processor type is “Celeron” with the processor model of 1007U and the processor speed is 1.50GHz. This series of laptops possess a “Dual-core” processor core.

    Part 02;

    Besides that, this series of laptops possess 2GB of memory which can maximize to 8GB. The memory technology help in this laptop is DDR3 SDRAM. This laptop only has 2 memory slots, and it also possesses a memory card reader. The type of memory cards that can be read by this laptop is MultiMediaCard (MMC) and Secure Digital (SD).

    Moreover, the hard drive capacity of this laptop is 500GB with a hard drive interface of “Serial ATA”, and it also has a DVD writer. The screen size of this laptop is 14”, the display screen type is “Active Matrix TFT Color LCD” with HD screen mode and LED backlight technology. The screen resolution is 1366 x 768, Intel is the graphic controller manufacturer, and the graphic controller model is HD graphics. The graphic memory technology which is being used is DDR3 SDRAM.

    Part 03;

    The network and communication of this laptop are using IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n for wireless LAN standard, Gigabit Ethernet for Ethernet technology, and the Bluetooth standard is 4.0+ HS. The built-in devices for this laptop are a webcam and microphone. This laptop stands also equipped with HDMI interfaces; 3 USB ports (two USB 2.0 ports and one USB 3.0 port), and an Acer converter port. The input devices for this laptop are the touchpad and keyboard. The type of battery used for this laptop is a 4-cell Li-ion battery with a battery capacity of 2500 mAh, and the maximum battery run time is 4 hours.

    There are certain features I would like to add to this model; they are a stylus pen, a built-in printer, and a scanner; as well as using fingerprint to log in to the laptop. With these features being installed in this laptop; this laptop will be suitable to be used by all kinds of people. For example, it can bring benefits to businessmen, as they are often required to print and scan important documents. Besides businessmen, even students or all classes of people are also able to benefit from using this laptop. Apart from that, with these features, even all age range of people also can benefit from these features of computer science development.

    Stylus Pen;

    Nowadays laptops possess touch screens; hence, it is wise to have a stylus pen being installed in this model of laptop. For instance, stylus pens made signing for documents, painting, drawing, and sketching easier. Moreover, for people who used to draw drafts will be easier when using a stylus pen. This is because stylus pens allow us to precisely do drafting. Moreover, businessmen who always travel for business may find it useful; because they can draw at any place and any time. Matulic suggests that this innovation can gain huge public acceptance.

    Built-in printer and scanner;

    Apart from the stylus pen, another new feature that I propose to add is a built-in printer and scanner. This is because for travel types of businessmen; it will be extremely troublesome for them to search for a print shop in a city with which they are not familiar. Though they are familiar with the city they are traveling to, it is also difficult for them to find a printer shop in the middle of the night. Moreover, it is also easier for them to print urgent documents at any place (Idea Storm, 2014). With the built-in scanner, it is easier for them to scan company documents which they have verified or signed to the recipient. These features can save a lot of their time.

    Use the fingerprint to log in to the laptop;

    With a lot of scams and fraud cases happening every day, it is wise to use fingerprints to log in to the laptop. With all the booming security issues, also it hope that with the install of fingerprint readers, these security issues could tackle. The sole reason I propose this new feature is because everyone’s fingerprint is unique. No one has the same fingerprint. Hence, except for the owner of the laptop, no one can have access to the laptop.

    Most of the time we will only lock our laptop using self-created passwords, however, passwords can hack. It means that locking our laptops using passwords is very vulnerable. Besides that, using biometric password also bring benefit to people who often have trouble remembering their self-created password. Moreover, Heckle, Patrick & Ozok’s study suggest that there is 88 percent of respondents say that using fingerprint to tackle personal security issue is very useful.

    Part 01;

    The old features of this laptop actually should all maintain. This is because people nowadays always like to bring their portable laptop computers everywhere they go so that they will be able to do their work on the go. Besides that, some analysts suggested that the demand for laptop computers in emerging markets is still booming. According to King, the market share for the demand for laptop computers has jumped approximately as much as 5.1 percent.

    The originally built-in features of this laptop – i.e. webcam and microphone, as well as the touchpad will still maintain. For webcams, there are still people who used them to have video conferencing or teleconferencing. Besides that, a microphone also comes in handy for people who are conducting video communication or telecommunication. For example, people who are using Skype to be able to communicate with their opponents will still require both a webcam and microphone. Lack of one of the tools above – i.e. webcam and microphone, will disable their medium of communication.

    Part 02;

    Besides that, as for the touchpad, the creation of the touchpad is to replace the use of a mouse. Since the laptop is a portable computer, the creation of a touchpad has saved the users a lot of energy in carrying an extra mouse. Moreover, the touchpad can solve ergonomic issues, whereby users will feel more comfortable compared to the use of a mouse in a long-term period. Hence, the originally built-in features – i.e. webcam and microphone, as well as the touchpad should remain.

    Moreover, the DVD-writer should not remove it, though it is kind of old school. However, there are still times we require to install computer science development software programs or games through DVD. Indeed Apple did release an iMac with no optical drive, as indicated by Apple’s senior vice president of worldwide marketing – Phil Schiller, in their product release conference in June 2010, by dropping the optical drive able to save more power consumed by the iMac.

    However, there are still users who find that without the installation of an optical drive on their laptop will be troublesome, as they cannot install software programs or games or play movies from CD or DVD, instead they need to download them all from the internet. So, what if the users have trouble in receiving the internet conception due to the place they are staying? Hence, I find that there are no more other features that should remove from this laptop computer.

    Features or Functions;

    The features or functions of computer science development, that are with this laptop are all serving their purpose in making this laptop computer align with the theme as “portable”. The principles that will adopt in designing this new generation of laptop computers are the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the six philosophies of Steve Jobs.

    Technology Acceptance Model (TAM);

    First of all, what is the technology acceptance model or TAM? TAM is being extended from the theory of reasoned action (TRA). The TRA suggests that the intention of an individual will have an impact in affecting one behavior. TAM is being used to explain the factors that able affect one to use of IT technology. In TAM five elements are being tested; they perceive ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), attitude (AT), intention to use (IU), and external variables (EV).

    PEOU is how one perceives that the use of technology is effortless; PU is how one perceives that the use of technology able help them to solve their problem; both PEOU and PU as well as the external variables such as age or gender can influence one’s attitude towards technology. The study conducted by Park & del Pobil, their study confirms that these five elements possess the ability in influencing their acceptance of technology.

    Six philosophies of Steve Jobs;

    As Kuang identified, the key principles for Steve Jobs to design a product are “craft”, “empathy”, “focus”, “impute”, “user-friendliness”, and “simple”. According to Steve Jobs, though no one will ever find out what is inside the laptop, the designer needs to craft the best elements for their consumers. Hence, the designer needs to be empathetic with the end users’ needs, then the designer should focus on making the end users’ needs meet. Impute is the first impression that the end-users gain from the first glance of the product. Therefore, the designer needs to deliver the product professionally to gain positive impute from their potential consumers.

    Besides that, the product should design in a way that is user-friendliness. This is because, if the first impression that the end-users gain from the first glance of the product is uncomfortable and complicated. This “perceived” feeling will draw them not to purchase the product because it is not user-friendliness. Despite having the product being designed in a user-friendly way, the product should also design in a way whereby the end-users will feel that it is “simple”. Simplicity is also one of the important elements for the end-users to decide whether they should purchase the product or not.

    Part 01;

    In short, the key principles that should adopt in designing the new generation computers should possess both the elements from TAM as well as the key principles from Steve Jobs. Though there are plenty of principles that can adapt, I find that both the elements from TAM as well as the key principles from Steve Jobs are very useful in guiding one to design a product which able to gain wider public acceptance.

    In summary, as we are moving towards a technology-free-world era, our lives revolve around technology and technical devices. Technology advancement has no doubt successfully eased people’s life. They have made things function in simpler and systematic ways.

    Part 02;

    To accomplish this assignment, the laptop computer that I have chosen to make modifications is the Acer Aspire V5 laptop series. The model which I have chosen is Aspire V5-431. The reason I chose this series of laptop computers is that the design of this laptop is nice, and the laptop also comes at a reasonable price where everyone can afford to purchase.

    The features that I would like to propose to add to this laptop computer are a stylus pen, built-in printer, and scanner, as well as using fingerprint to log in to the laptop. With these features being installed in this laptop, this laptop will be suitable to use by all kinds of people. However, I find that the old features that are with these laptop computers should all remain. These old features do serve their purpose in making the laptop computer a whole.

    There are two principles which I have adopted in designing this new generation laptop computer. They are the five elements from TAM – i.e. perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), attitude (AT), intention to use (IU), and external variables (EV), and the six principles from Steve Jobs in designing computer science development products.

    2 Computer Science Development Program Technology Essay Image
    2 Computer Science Development Program Technology Essay; Image by Pexels from Pixabay.

    References; Development of Computer Technology. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/computer-science/computers.php?vref=1

  • Computer Intelligence Debate Technology Essay

    Computer Intelligence Debate Technology Essay

    Computer Intelligence has been in hot debate since the 1950s when Alan Turing invented the Turing Test. The argument over the years has taken two forms: strong AI versus weak AI. That is, strong AI (Artificial Intelligence) hypothesizes that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems, with computers having an element of self-awareness, but not necessarily exhibiting human-like thought processes. While Weak AI argues that computers can only appear to think and are not conscious in the same way as human brains are.

    Here is the article to explain, Computer Intelligence Debate Technology Essay!

    These areas of thinking cause fundamental questions to arise, such as:

    ‘Can a man-made artifact be conscious?’ and ‘What constitutes consciousness?’

    Turing’s 1948 and 1950 papers followed the construction of universal logical computing machines, introducing the prospect that computers could program to execute tasks that would call intelligent when performed by humans. Turing’s idea was to create an imitation game on which to base the concept of a computer having its intelligence. A man(A), and a woman (B), separate from an interrogator; who has to decipher who is the man and who is the woman. A’s objective is to trick the interrogator; while B tries to help the interrogator in discovering the identities of the other two players. Turing asks the question:

    ‘What will happen when a machine takes the part of A in this game?’ Will the interrogator decide wrongly as often when the game is played like this as he does when the game is played between a man and a woman?’

    Essay Part 01;

    Turing’s test offered a simple means test for computer intelligence; one that neatly avoided dealing with the mind-body problem. The fact that Turing’s test did not introduce variables and existed conducted in a controlled environment were just some of its shortfalls. Robert French, in his evaluation of the test in 1996, stated the following; ‘The philosophical claim translates elegantly into an operational definition of intelligence; whatever acts sufficiently intelligent is intelligent.

    However, as he perceived, the test failed to explore the fundamental areas of human cognition and could pass ‘only by things that have experienced the world as we have experienced it. He thus concluded that ‘the Test provides a guarantee, not of intelligence but culturally-oriented human intelligence’. Turing postulated that a machine would one day create to pass his test and would thus consider intelligent.

    However, as years of research have explored the complexities of the human brain, the pioneer scientists who promoted the idea of the ‘electronic brain’ have had to re-scale their ideals to create machines that assist human activity rather than challenge or equal our intelligence.

    Essay Part 02;

    John Searle, in his 1980 Chinese Room experiment argued that a computer could not attribute with the intelligence of a human brain as the processes were too different. In an interview he describes his original experiment:

    Just imagine that you’re the computer, and you’re carrying out the steps in a program for something you don’t understand. I don’t understand Chinese, so I imagine I’m locked in a room shuffling Chinese symbols according to a computer program; and, I can give the right answers to the right questions in Chinese, but all the same, I don’t understand Chinese.

    All I’m doing is shuffling symbols. And now, and this is the crucial point; if I don’t understand Chinese based on implementing the program for understanding Chinese, then neither does any other digital computer on that basis because no computer’s got anything I don’t have.

    Essay Part 03;

    John Searle does not believe that consciousness can reproduce to an equivalent of the human capacity. Instead, it is the biological processes that are responsible for our unique make-up. He says that ‘consciousness is a biological phenomenon like any other; and, ultimately our understanding out it is most likely to come through biological investigation’. Considered this way it is indeed far-fetched to think that the product of millions of years of biological adaptation can be equal by the product of a few decades of human thinking.

    John McCarthy, Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at Stanford University advocates the potential for computational systems to reproduce a state of consciousness, viewing the latter as an ‘abstract phenomenon, currently best realized in biology,’ but arguing that consciousness can realize by ‘causal systems of the right structure.’ The famous defeat of Garry Kasparov, the world chess champion, in 1997 by IBM’s computer, Deep Blue, promoted a flurry of debate about whether Deep Blue could consider intelligent.

    Essay Part 04;

    When asked for his opinion, Herbert Simon, a Carnegie Mellon psychology professor; who helped originate the fields of AI and computer chess in the 1950s, said it depended on the definition of intelligence used. AI uses two definitions for intelligence: “What are the tasks, which when done by humans, lead us to impute intelligence?” and “What are the processes humans use to act intelligently?” Measured against the first definition, Simon says, Deep Blue “certainly is intelligent. According to the second definition he claims it partly qualifies.

    The trouble with the latter definition of intelligence is that scientists don’t as yet know exactly what mechanisms constitute consciousness. John McCarthy, Emeritus professor at Stanford University explains that intelligence is the ‘computational part of the ability to attain goals in the world’. He emphasizes that problems in AI arise as; we cannot yet characterize in general what computational procedures we want to call intelligent. To date, computers can perform a good understanding of specific mechanisms through the running of certain programs; which McCarthy deems ‘somewhat intelligent.’

    Essay Part 04;

    Computing language has made leaps and bounds during the last century, from the first machine code to mnemonic ’words’ In the ’90s the so-called high-level languages were the type used for programming, with Fortran being the first compiler language. Considering the rapid progress of computer technology since it first began over a hundred years ago; unforeseeable developments will likely occur over the next decade. A simulation of the human imagination might go a long way to convincing people of computer intelligence.

    However, many believe that it is unlikely that a machine will ever equal the intelligence of the being who created it. Arguably it is the way that computers process information and the speed with; which they do it that constitutes its intelligence, thus causing computer performance to appear more impressive than it is. Programs trace pathways at an amazing rate; for example, each move in a game of chess, or each section of a maze can complete almost instantly.

    Essay Part 05;

    Yet the relatively simple process – of trying each potential path – fails to impress once it’s realized. Thus, the intelligence is not in the computer, but in the program. For practical purposes, and certainly, in the business world, the answer seems to be that if it seems to be intelligent; it doesn’t matter whether it is. However, computational research will have a difficult task to explore the simulation of, or emulation of, the areas of human cognition.

    Research continues into the relationship between the mathematical descriptions of human thought and computer thought, hoping to create an identical form. Yet the limits of computer intelligence are still very much at the surface of the technology. In contrast, the flexibility of the human imagination that creates the computer can have little or no limitations. What does this mean for computer intelligence? It means that scientists need to go beyond the mechanisms of the human psyche, and perhaps beyond programming; if they are to identify a type of machine consciousness that would correlate with that of a human.

    Computer Intelligence Debate Technology Essay Image
    Computer Intelligence Debate Technology Essay; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.

    References; Debate on Computer Intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/technology/are-computers-really-intelligent.php?vref=1