Tag: Process

  • New Product Development Process PDF under Design

    New Product Development Process PDF under Design

    Introduces the connotation of analytical design management pdf the importance of the new product development process to enterprise development, and the functional management of design management in the new product development process. Due to fierce market competition, shortening the time for new products wins the opportunity. Design runs through and dominates the entire new product development process. Pay attention to the role of design management in the development of new products. Then improve the competitiveness of enterprises in the market.

    Here are the articles to explain, New product development process pdf under design management mode

    Main Keywords: design; design management; new product development process pdf; gate

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    With the development of globalization and the diversified needs of consumers. Enterprises must continuously develop new products to cope with fierce market competition. So the product life cycle is shortening year by year. Customers are becoming more and more demanding of products, and their desire for new products is getting higher and higher. Enterprises must have a product mechanism that can continuously develop products according to market demand. The product development process is the most important aspect of R&D management. The systematic product development process must be cross-functional. Excellent products will not produce naturally in the enterprise. It needs to complete through a series of effective management. The design has become the key to creating products to increase added value, and strengthening the combination of design and management is an effective way to further improve the new product development process with pdf.

    The meaning and necessity of design management

    So far, there is no unified definition of design management. Because design and management have different meanings when considered from two different background disciplines. The definition of design management currently accepted by most scholars refers to:

    “Defining design problems and goals, finding suitable designers, integrating, coordinating or communicating the resources needed for design, using management methods such as planning, organization, supervision, and control, and seeking The most appropriate solution, and through the management of design strategies, strategies, and design activities, solve problems in a timely and effective manner within the established budget, and achieve the intended purpose.”

    In developed countries such as Europe, America, and Japan, companies have a set of systematic methods to manage design to ensure the smooth progress of the entire product development process.

    Design management has the following necessity for enterprise development:

    • The success of the design is affected by many factors, which not only depend on the designer’s ability but also require scientific management design;
    • Social division of labor is becoming more and more refined, individual, or independent The department cannot undertake the entire product research and development at all, and requires the coordination and communication of relevant technical and management personnel;
    • The status of design in the enterprise is becoming more and more important, and the design process and objects are becoming more and more complicated.

    The design itself not only needs to manage, and is itself a management tool.

    Analysis of the new product development process

    Somas H. Perry believes: “The process is a method used to replace the old model and guide the company to maintain a constant supply. It does not isolate, nor is it temporary, nor is it used for a while and then abandoned. “New product development is the key to the prosperity of an enterprise, and the battle of product innovation will be unusual for global companies. Many companies lose their competitiveness because they fail to innovate and fail to make. Their products conform to the trend of the times and are even eliminated by competitors. A successful product innovation process is an important solution to new product development activities. R&D The new product development process pdf focuses on revving product innovation.

    New product development is the key for enterprises to improve their competitiveness

    Although new product development is the riskiest, it is also the most important strategic requirement of the enterprise. Developing new products requires a lot of manpower, material, and financial resources, but its benefits are huge. According to statistics, the average revenue from new products exceeds 1/3 of the company’s total revenue, and this figure is gradually increasing. Even in some dynamic industries, new product revenue is 100% of the company. This figure shows that if you don’t innovate, you may face obsolescence. On the other hand, the return on investment of new products is objective.

    The average return on investment of successful new products is as high as 96.9%, and the average payback period is 2.49 years. The product life cycle time is shortening because successful new products can not only maintain and improve market competitiveness, but more importantly, the innovation ability of enterprises can predict the long-term investment value. New products are the key to the development of an enterprise. There are inevitable driving factors for innovation behind it.

    • First, the exponential development of science and technology has created an objective environment for product innovation, and many fanciful concepts have now become reality;
    • second, the needs of customers. Due to the ever-changing needs of consumers, companies must respond quickly To cater to them;
    • third, the shortening of the product life cycle (PLM), the time of PLM has been shortened to a quarter of the original, if new products are not developed in time, they will surpass competitors;
    • fourth is the trend of globalization, Globalization creates more opportunities for enterprises, so accelerating new product development is the core content of enterprise strategy.
    The systematic new product development process

    Managers of many companies feel that the speed of launching new products is not as fast as before, and competitors are faster than themselves. There are more customer complaints, and the quality of new products is not as stable as before. The marketing department complains that the R&D department has not perfected the product’s functions and quality. The R&D department complains that the customer requirements provided by the marketing department are not complete and timely; product development is still in the serial engineering stage. The most important thing to solve the above problems is to have a systematic product development process.

    First, the goals of the new product development process should be clarified:

    • focus on quality management;
    • accelerate concurrent engineering to improve product development efficiency;
    • implement a cross-functional approach.

    The new product development process is essentially a process of supervision and quality assurance, including the entire process from concept to product.

    At the same time, possible risks need to take into account. Implement concurrent engineering to balance the contradictory goals of quality and speed in the product development process. All stages and departments work at the same time, and timely communicate and adjust. If there are problems, that is, to ensure product quality and increase R&D speed, avoid implementation in sequence.

    If there is a problem in a certain stage of the traditional serial process, it must rework from the beginning. Concurrent engineering requires that the product development process must be a cross-functional department. Each functional department not only has independent research and development rights. But also must communicate with other departments. Processes should be consumer-centric and market-oriented.

    Design management in the new product development process

    The product development process requires a design manager

    According to the role of managers, design managers can divide into market managers, financial managers, design project managers, and personnel managers. Market managers are related to designing the market, making preliminary research, analyzing consumers’ psychological needs, etc. The importance of preliminary research determines the important role of market managers. Proper research and evaluation of the market by managers avoid repetitive work in product development. And reduce the amount of rework, and the profits from new products are naturally greater.

    Financial managers are responsible for designing project fundraising, budgeting, cost accounting, financial monitoring, and other links. This part of managers ensures that the company implements design projects more efficiently and greatly promotes teamwork. Design project managers are responsible for formulating and controlling design activities, design planning, design quality monitoring, design construction, and other related layouts. As the needs of consumers are becoming more and more diversified. The position of design project managers in enterprises is becoming more and more important.

    Managers’ decision-making ability and communication abilities can detect failed projects early. If potential projects may fail discover them early. It will save costs for enterprises, shorten product development time, and improve enterprise competitiveness. Personnel managers are responsible for the management of design human resources, and the essence of competition among enterprises is the talent competition. Each gate in the product development process adopts the principles of cross-functional departments.

    High-quality design talents need to have the ability to work in a cross-functional team. Although different design managers play different roles in product development. They are in the new There is a common role in the product development process to improve teamwork, reduce rework and repetitive work, increase success rates, catch failed projects early, keep new products running smoothly, and shorten product timelines.

    Functional management of design management in the new product development process

    Functional management refers to responsibility and performance management, which plays a role in discovering and solving problems. The purpose of functional management is to ensure the continuous, effective, and healthy development of the enterprise. Provide a strong guarantee for the goal and supervise itself and the enterprise’s behavior with scientific methods. Market demand-oriented process management will replace traditional supply-oriented functional management and become the core of enterprise management.

    The basic functions of design management include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Each phase in the product development process consists of a set of pre-planned, cross-functional, simultaneous activities. The new product development process includes the discovery stage, determining the scope, establishing and generating projects, developing testing, and other stages. The discovery stage requires managers to have a strong strategic awareness and plan a solution that meets market demand and is technically feasible.

    Additional

    If the plan adopts, it will enter the stage of determining the scope, and organizing various departments to conduct investigation and analysis. The next phase establishes the business project and defines a successful new product. In the product development stage, managers need to organize and lead various departments to carry out concurrent engineering, control product quality, and shorten R&D time. The product at the last stage needs to implement the plan of the marketing department and the plan of the production department to control the smooth progress of a complete plan.

    The functional management of design management does not only reflect in each stage of the new product development process but more importantly, it reflects in a gate before each stage. The gate determines whether the development activities can advance to the next stage of the process. It has an important quality control effect. The gate not only has the participation of management personnel but also has relevant technical support and market factors.

    Conclusion

    The success of new products is the premise of improving the competitiveness of enterprises. Optimizing the new product development process and making decisions at each stage are the guarantees for increasing the success rate. The new product development process is a complex, cross-functional process that requires different talents to guide its important parts. The product design and R&D department not only runs through the entire product development process pdf. But the most important thing is that the product innovation ability is the driving force for the growth of the enterprise. The purpose of design management is to ensure that the organization effectively allocates design resources. So design management plays a decisive role in the new product development process pdf.

    New product development process pdf under design management mode Image
    New product development process pdf under design management mode; Photo by Andy on Unsplash.
  • Modern packaging and Printing process design

    Modern packaging and Printing process design

    What is the relationship between modern packaging and printing process design? In the development of the field of packaging design in our country at the present stage. We are facing many challenges and pressures. In the process of packaging design in the future. We need to solve problems that only pay attention to graphic design and despise structural design and production technology.

    Here are the articles to explain, the relationship between modern packaging and printing process design

    The evaluation of the correlation between modern printing processes can maximize the overall level of packaging design and avoid being affected by some design limitations, resulting in products with low value and attractiveness. Packaging design is systematic work, so many elements involve in the design process. For example, material design, structural design, graphic design, and manufacturing techniques.

    In the field of packaging design in some developed countries, the design working group has been subdivided. The members have a certain understanding of materials and structure, which can improve the level of packaging design. An analysis of this article mainly expounds on the relationship between modern packaging design and printing technology. To provide a certain reference for researchers in related fields.

    Research background

    With the development and progress of my country’s modern society, the socialist market economy has achieved comprehensive development and progress. In the future development process of the packaging industry. Whether it is technology, materials, or equipment, there has been a relatively obvious improvement at the technical level. After being applied to packaging design, it can well improve the overall level and effect of packaging design. Printing technology is also widely used in packaging design. The development and progress of printing technology, it has brought an intuitive improvement to the overall effect of packaging design.

    For example, the cam printing process, gravure printing process, hot silver, hot stamping special printing process, etc., have been used in packaging design more comprehensively. These technologies are applied to all aspects of actual packaging design. Which can further improve the packaging design effect and solve various problems in development. Take the gold stamping and silver stamping process of cigarette packs as an example: in the packaging design, hot press transfer can use to promote the transfer of anodized aluminum, and at this time, metallic “gold” or “silver” can appear on the cigarette pack.

    Additional

    Packaging design through hot stamping and hot silver can make the cigarette case more delicate. The current packaging design process has been closely related to the printing process. And with the development and progress of science and technology. The printing process has also brought more influence on packaging design in practical applications.

    The application of various image technologies, text technologies, and plate-making technologies brings more challenges to the development of packaging design. Further promotes the rationality of packaging design, and comprehensively improves the overall effect of packaging design. Therefore, clarifying the relationship and influencing factors between different printing processes and packaging design, and clarifying the direction of development in the future development of packaging design can further strengthen the connection between the printing process and packaging design and improve the overall packaging design. Effect.

    Printing difficulties

    In the process of packaging design, it is first necessary to understand the process flow in actual production during design. Therefore, to carry out scientific and reasonable design, relevant designers need to analyze the design process and the possible problems in the printing process and use targeted analysis to make corresponding judgments and solutions to ensure the high quality of the packaging design effect presented.

    Color change

    Many designers who do not understand the printing process will directly use the colors. That can display on the monitor to determine the color of the design package. This leads to the problem that the actual color is not the same as the color of the display after printing. This problem of deviation typesetting affects the final effect of the packaging. Such a problem arises because the display and printing color rendering principles are not the same.

    The color rendering method of the display is based on the color light additive method, based on the RGB three primary colors. However, the color development method of printing mainly uses the color subtraction method, based on the four colors of CMYK. However, the color gamut of RGB is larger than the color rendering area of ​​CMYK. So many colors in RGB cannot display by ink. Luckily, UV curing, which uses UV light to instantly dry inks, coatings, and adhesives, can make colors appear more vibrant.

    In addition, the process of color digital typesetting will also affect by different color rendering methods, resulting in different colors. Secondly, due to the different structures of printing patterns, to achieve good color control during the design process. It is necessary to set up a CMYK grid and pay attention to the analysis of the basic principles of printing. To avoid the occurrence of too thin text strokes, which will lead to The problem of inaccurate overprinting occurs.

    Difficulty reading font changes and inverted white characters

    After the packaging design is complete, the content needs to check. And the film can be output after the customer signs and confirms. During the process of checking and analyzing the film, font changes often occur. This is mainly because the desktop publishing system has certain requirements for computer-designed font software. Therefore, during the output process, fonts need to be pre-processed for the presentation of design works.

    Different software fonts have different information processing methods. When processing, targeted analysis require. In the packaging design process, the reverse white characters should use with caution. To make the used reverse white characters readable. You can set a clear color in the shadow position of the reverse white characters. The proportion of dots should be more than 70%, to maximize the control of the unreasonable design.

    Processing sequence

    In packaging design in the past, designers and printers were often out of sync. They did not have a sufficient understanding of the printing process. This led designers to analyze and design from the perspective of appearance. The finished product could not adapt to subsequent production and processing. For example, there is a lack of expansion analysis after printing. So it requires understanding the specific process type in the process of processing to achieve good special effect processing.

    Analysis of the relationship between modern packaging design and printing technology

    Lithographic printing process

    The development and progress of printing technology have brought a relatively direct impact on packaging design. The lithographic printing technology used in the printing process can make wider use of its printing carrier. At the same time, with the development of various technologies, the printing quality has stood significantly improved.

    For example, under the sleeve processing method of computer direct plate making, flexible drive, and convenient operation. It can meet the requirements of various printed materials in the actual application link. For example, it has stood well used in the fields of self-adhesive printing and packaging, trademark labels, food packaging, and pharmaceutical packaging. With the development of the market, people put forward higher design requirements for packaging design.

    Other Process

    In the actual design, it is necessary to ensure the advanced nature and specificity of the entire design process, coupled with the rationalization of energy-saving and environmental protection requirements for packaging materials, it is necessary to conduct a rational analysis of the printing process in the modern packaging design process. The overall consideration of the printing process is basically to use the printing process to comprehensively process the text, graphics, colors, etc. in the packaging design. So that incompatibility can avoid after the various technologies and equipment of the printing process update. question.

    Secondly, in the current development of packaging design. Whether it is in the process of media publicity, corporate image, or environmental design. It is necessary to conduct comprehensive and rational analysis and processing of various designs in daily life. The development of the entire design work will have a more direct impact on the development of the market. Along with the development of printing technology. It is necessary to actively carry out comprehensive and reasonable analysis and processing of modern packaging design links.

    For example, by adopting diversified packaging design methods (such as seals, calligraphy, and traditional pattern comprehensive design methods), the printing process is more complicated, and the process is more, and requirements are higher so a higher level of product packaging can be designed. At the same time, some In the analysis of excellent packaging design products. It stands found that many printing processes are comprehensively used in design works. Such design effects put forward higher requirements for the understanding of printing processes. We must actively use perfect processing methods to comprehensively improve the processing effect and Level. The packaging design shown integrates a variety of printing processes.

    Three-dimensional printing process

    Compared with other types of modern printing processes, the three-dimensional printing process used in the actual use process can help the packaging design to present a more special effect. The use of such a printing process can often present a more obvious three-dimensional visual effect on a two-dimensional plane. Secondly, the reasonable application of three-dimensional printing technology in packaging design can bring an intuitive and positive impact on packaging design. In the processing of the printing process, since it has entered a new field, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis and processing of special process characteristics and advanced technologies in the future development process.

    In my country’s current packaging design field, the use of three-dimensional printing technology divides into several common types, namely holographic three-dimensional printing, dynamic three-dimensional printing, and ordinary three-dimensional printing. The use of three-dimensional printing is mainly based on the use of optical principles to process and analyze two-dimensional image information. Secondly, in the three-dimensional processing method, the three-dimensional printing technology needs to photograph in an arc movement. In this way, the overall effect after printing can comprehensively improve under the special printing process.

    Corresponding printing process

    The corresponding printing process is mainly based on laser holography to form a new three-dimensional printing image, and correspondingly adopts a special laser imaging process to comprehensively improve the overall post-finishing effect of the product. Holographic three-dimensional printing (left) and dynamic three-dimensional printing (right). Three-dimensional printing technology is an advanced technology in the printing process at present. With the development of science and technology in our country, this process will undergo comprehensive development. After printing in the future In the process of processing. It can well help various design elements and pattern information in packaging design to present with high quality and high effect.

    Secondly, when three-dimensional modern printing applies to packaging design, it can get good anti-counterfeiting treatment, especially in the process of anti-counterfeiting treatment, avoiding scanning and copying. Under such a post-processing method, it is also necessary to comprehensively consider the design concept and printing process to ensure that the designed graphic content can display using three-dimensional printing technology. In the development of packaging design in the future, the processing method of the three-dimensional printing process will analyze more from the perspective of the designer, to obtain a more comprehensive performance and processing ability.

    Additional printing process

    On the other hand, after adopting such a three-dimensional modern printing process, the recognition of packaging design has also stood improved. So it has stood well used in the market, allowing consumers to better identify it. For designers, in the packaging design process, the use of three-dimensional printing technology needs to strengthen the concept of printing technology in the early design planning Understand and analyze, use perfect design concepts, such as the PDCA cycle design concept, to comprehensively increase the added value of products, and actively improve the marketing of products accordingly, to avoid serious problems of homogeneity and avoid There is fierce competition in packaging design in the open market.

    To sum up, in modern printing, in the process of packaging design, the subdivision of design work must always conform to the various printing process methods of the product, and at the same time strengthen the design concept. Providing good visual effects, strengthening the added value of product packaging, improving the level of packaging design, and attracting consumers’ attention, is an important considerations for the development of packaging design in the future.

    What is the relationship between modern packaging and printing process design Image
    What is the relationship between modern packaging and printing process design? Photo by Neven Krcmarek on Unsplash.
  • Laser Tattoo Removal Healing Process Doubt

    Laser Tattoo Removal Healing Process Doubt

    Doubt for Laser Tattoo Removal Healing Process return your clean and flawless skin. The price of laser tattoo washing fluctuates in different hospitals, different regions, and different equipment used. Laser tattoo washing has the exact effect and will not leave obvious scars. For larger and darker patterns, it can also remove without damaging other skin. It cannot stand completely washed once, and it needs to wash about 4-5 times in total. Each time the price decreases, the total price is not expensive.

    Here are the articles to explain, the Doubt for Laser Tattoo Removal Healing Process.

    After the process, keep the local skin dry and clean, apply anti-inflammatory lotion, and wear loose, cotton clothes. Techniques and Methods for Tattoo Removal laser return your clean and flawless skin. Eat a light diet, don’t eat spicy and irritating foods, and eat more vegetables and fruits to promote skin recovery. Pay attention to rest and regular work and rest times. If a skin infection occurs, you need to seek medical attention immediately.

    How does the laser get rid of tattoos?

    Laser tattoo removal uses lasers to illuminate the skin at the tattoo site, and lasers of different wavelengths use to selectively absorb dye and pigments. The pigment particles crush into very tiny detritus, which excrete through the scabbing of the skin, or blood circulation excrete.

    Daily care after laser tattoo removal and scabbing. After laser tattoo removal, there will be a burning sensation, slight edema, and a little bleeding in the tattoo area. This is a normal phenomenon. The scab will form in about 7-10 days. Be careful not to forcibly clear the scab. Do not soak or rub it. You can apply some antibacterial ointment to avoid infection. The scab will fall off on its own in about half a month. Strict sun protection after the scab falls off, recommends using a physical sunscreen with repairing ingredients.

    Does laser tattoo removal need to wash many times?

    Ordinary tattoos, because most of the tattoo pigments used are ordinary inks, not only are the particles thick. But also there are many impurities, so the therapy is more complicated than eyebrow tattooing and eyeliner. It usually takes 3-5 times to completely remove it. The interval between the two treatments is 2-3 months, and some patients may need longer treatment. The therapy of color tattoos is also more complicated than ordinary. We will use a combination of multiple lasers according to the situation of different patients. There are individual differences in the body’s response to laser treatment, coupled with the differences in the color, area, and depth of skin lesions of each patient. So there are large individual differences in the number of treatments specific to each person.

    Will laser tattoo removal leave scars?

    Since this laser hardly damages the skin, it generally leaves no spots after treatment and can restore the natural color of the skin. However, people with some scar physique may have scar reactions, and patients should actively communicate with their doctors before surgery. Individual patients may have pigmentation due to improper postoperative care. Under normal circumstances, doctors will take preventive measures to avoid pigmentation. Moreover, even if individual patients have pigmentation, it will disappear on its own within a few months. You can also choose methods such as L-vitamin C introduction, skin care products containing moisturizing and repairing ingredients, and enhanced sun protection to help shorten the time of pigmentation.

    Why is the effect of laser tattoo removal not obvious after one therapy?

    Due to the slow judgment of color by human vision, you may only feel the effect of treatment when the color of the lesion subsides by about 50%. Generally speaking, if the original cyan color becomes brown after one treatment. It means that the pigment has subsided by 50%.

    Laser Removal Tattoo healing process doubt with Q&A

    Tattooing is the piercing of pigment into the dermis of the skin to obtain a certain pattern or permanent makeup effect. Common tattoos are Wen eyebrow, Wen eyeliner, Wen lip line, and some text and patterns on the upper limbs and torso. In recent years, due to changes in social culture, fashion changes, and personal cultivation or job search, the number of people requesting tattoo removal has been increasing, and laser tattoo removal has become one of the hot beauty projects.

    The methods and disadvantages of removing tattoos in the past?

    In the early stages of tattoo removal, chemical exfoliation, freezing, skin grinding, and other methods stand often used. But the effect is not good, and scars stand often left, which even affects beauty more than tattoos. Later, people tried to use tones close to the color of the skin to cover the pigment, but the effect was not satisfactory. The covered area appeared dirty and lacked the texture of the skin. Then for a long period, a multifunctional ion therapy instrument stood used to remove the pigment. The effect existed improved compared with the above methods. It can dilute the text color, but the disadvantage is that there can stand light brown pigment left, and the cauterization is too deep. Scars will stand left. Surgeons often use the method of cutting off pigment-free skin. But even if the suture is best and most careful, linear scars will stand left.

    The most ideal way to remove tattoos at present?

    The emergence of Q-switched pulsed lasers in the 1990s provided a very ideal method for tattoo treatment. High-energy Q-switched pulsed lasers can cause instant destruction of diseased tissues without having time to transmit heat to the surrounding tissues. That is, the damage to the surrounding normal skin tissues is minimal. It can achieve the magical effect of “shuddering in the fire”. Thus solving the previous beauty treatment equipment “regardless of the enemy”. All burned out, and it was inevitable that it would leave scars due to injury to the dermis. The fatal shortcoming. The perfect unity of effectiveness and safety has existed achieved.

    Skin reaction after laser irradiation?

    After laser irradiation, the tattoo area immediately appears off-white, indicating that the thermal expansion pulverizes the pigment particles. Which can last for ten to ten minutes. After the operation, the wound is scabbed and falls off on its own after 1 to 2 weeks. Generally, tattoos can be removed 1 to 5 times, and the interval between the two treatments is 3 months.

    Can traumatic tattoos also be treated with lasers?

    Permanent pigment spots formed by fine foreign body particles buried in the dermis after trauma are called traumatic tattoos or accidental powder pellet hyperplasia. The thick pigment particles on the surface of the skin during the treatment of traumatic tattoos can be ground and treated first (ultra-pulsed CO2 laser can be used for grinding), and then treated with a Q-switch laser. The combination of ultra-pulsed CO2 laser and Q-switch laser therapy to treat traumatic tattoo therapy can significantly shorten the course of treatment, the efficacy is satisfactory, and the side effects are small.

    Doubt for Laser Tattoo Removal Healing Process Image
    Doubt for Laser Tattoo Removal Healing Process; Photo by Anthony Tran on Unsplash.
  • Accounting Processing Cycle Value-Added Deduction Tax Return

    Accounting Processing Cycle Value-Added Deduction Tax Return

    A brief analysis of the accounting processing cycle of value-added tax deduction tax return essay. To be able to effectively implement the purpose of tax reduction and fee reduction and reduce. The pressure on the capital cost of enterprises, the State Administration of Taxation issued relevant documents. The accounting processing cycle of value-added tax retained tax returns in the year. Clarifying the calculation method of value-added tax retained tax returns for enterprises, applicant conditions, etc. To provide an effective basis for the implementation of value-added tax retained tax returns. However, when the accounting processing cycle of the actual value-added tax deduction. And the tax return of the enterprise stands affected by various factors. It is prone to various risk problems and accounting processing problems.

    Here are the articles to explain, the accounting processing cycle of value-added tax deduction tax return essay.

    Based on this, the following will be a brief discussion, analyzing the accounting treatment methods. And common risk issues under different conditions of value-added tax retention and tax return. Put forward suggestions for common risk prevention measures to strengthen risk prevention. And control of value-added tax retention and tax return processing.

    Keywords:

    • value-added tax;
    • retention tax return;
    • deduction tax return;
    • accounting processing;
    • accounting processing cycle;
    • risk prevention

    The pilot implementation of value-added tax retention. The tax returns can allow enterprises to enjoy the tax reduction and fee reduction policy. With the help of the implementation of value-added tax retention and tax return. It can effectively alleviate the cost pressure on enterprises and enable them to make full use of their capital. Since value-added tax retention and tax return is a new business. The relevant documents do not put forward clear requirements for the accounting processing of value-added tax retention and tax return.

    Therefore, it is easy to hide risks during the processing process, which affects the effect of the accounting processing cycle. Therefore, when enterprises are piloting the work of value-added tax retention and tax return. They should pay more attention to the accounting treatment of value-added tax retention. Tax return and the prevention of risk issues.

    The main precautions for a value-added tax deduction and tax return

    (1) Clarify the concept of incremental tax deduction

    Due to the coexistence of multiple value-added tax rates in our country. There are certain differences in the applicable tax rates between enterprises. The tax inversion may occur in the accounting process of value-added tax deduction and tax return. Therefore, to be able to carry out efficient accounting processing of value-added tax deductions and tax returns. The concept of incremental tax deductions must first clarify. And the accounting processing cycle must carry out according to the requirements of the tax return.

    Before an enterprise conducts the processing of value-added tax retention and tax return, general value-added tax taxpayers and professional processing agencies can understand the relevant notification documents issued by the State Administration of Taxation, correctly understand the concept of incremental tax retention and tax deduction, and carry out accounting processing cycle and value-added tax retention and tax return operations by the relevant notification documents of the State Administration of Taxation, to reduce the probability of tax risks and failure to process applications in the accounting processing cycle process of value-added tax retention and tax return and ensure the orderly advancement of value-added tax retention and tax return work.

    (2) Pay attention to the conditions for applicants for tax returns with tax credits

    The value-added tax retention tax return has certain requirements for the applicant’s credit evaluation and violations of laws and regulations. Therefore, when processing the application for a value-added tax retention tax return. We must pay attention to the analysis of the applicant’s conditions to ensure that the applicant’s conditions meet the requirements. Judging from the documents issued by the State Administration of Taxation. There are strict requirements and regulations on the conditions for the tax return of the retained tax credit for general value-added tax taxpayers.

    Only taxpayers with a credit rating of C or above allow applying for the tax return of the retained tax credit. And general value-added tax taxpayers must also ensure that they have not committed illegal and illegal tax operations. Within 36 months of applying for the tax return of the retained tax credit. And their application for the tax return of the retained tax credit will approve and enjoy the value-added tax return policy. Suppose the tax credit rating and tax behavior of the general value-added tax taxpayer meet the application requirements when applying for a tax return. But the subsequent tax credit rating drops, and the application conditions cannot meet.

    In that case, the tax authority will not recover the tax return. In addition, due to the coexistence of multiple tax policies in our country. There can be different tax treatment plans for the same tax situation. Therefore, when taxpayers apply for value-added tax retention and tax return. They must pay attention to whether taxpayers have also enjoyed other tax preferential policies. And properly handle the application for value-added tax retention and tax return.

    (3) Calculate the return of the incremental tax credit

    When the value-added tax retains for a tax return, the tax amount can calculate scientifically to avoid tax risks. And ensure the implementation of the purpose of the tax reduction and fee reduction policy. The calculation of the tax return amount of the incremental retained tax credit can obtain by multiplying the three data of the incremental retained tax credit. The proportion of input, and the tax return rate that ordinary value-added tax taxpayers can enjoy. Judging from the research on relevant national tax policies, the tax return rate that ordinary taxpayers of value-added tax can enjoy is 60%. While taxpayers of advanced manufacturing can enjoy a 100% tax return rate.

    Therefore, when calculating the value-added tax deduction tax return amount, we should pay attention to the analysis of the taxpayer’s industry, distinguish whether the taxpayer belongs to a general taxpayer or an advanced manufacturing taxpayer, determine the tax return rate that it can enjoy, and then scientifically calculate the amount of tax return that the taxpayer should receive based on the actual situation and related policies.

    (4) Other precautions for value-added tax retention and tax return

    In addition to the above common precautions for the processing of value-added tax retention and tax return. There will be various situations in the accounting processing cycle process of value-added tax retention and tax return. If you don’t pay attention to it, it will affect the accounting processing cycle results and create tax risks. Therefore, when processing the value-added tax retention tax return, it is necessary to combine relevant policy documents and pay attention to the processing requirements of the value-added tax retention tax return to process the value-added tax retention tax return application scientifically.

    Accounting processing cycle of value-added tax deduction and tax return

    (1) Accounting processing and analysis of the tax deduction amount retained by ordinary taxpayers at the end of the period

    The main accounting processing cycle situations encountered by general taxpayers in the value-added tax deduction and tax return stand divided into five common processing situations, such as the processing of the tax deduction at the end of the period, the processing of the tax deduction for the relocation of the business location, the processing of the tax deduction for asset reorganization, the processing of the tax deduction during the liquidation period, and the processing of the tax deduction for the tax payable.

    In the process of accounting for the tax deduction at the end of the value-added tax period for general taxpayers, the “Interim Regulations on Value-added Tax” indicate that the tax payable obtain after subtracting the input tax amount from the current sales tax amount of the general taxpayer. If in the calculation process of the tax payable by ordinary taxpayers, the current sales tax amount is not enough to deduct. The remaining tax amount can carry forward and deduct in the next processing process.

    For example

    For a general tax-paying company, the taxpayer’s outstanding value-added tax account credit balance before June 1, 2022, was 120,000 yuan, and the purchase price of the business occurred in June was 4 million yuan, of which the value-added tax was 680,000 yuan, the price of the product sold was 2 million yuan, and the current sales tax was 340,000 yuan. During the processing of value-added tax deduction and tax return, since the amount of tax deduction generated after June cannot offset the amount of tax owed before, the current sales tax amount of 340,000 yuan is the value-added tax deduction at the end of the month. There is no need to transfer it to the unpaid value-added tax for processing, and it can stand directly retained until the next month for the deduction.

    (2) Accounting treatment of the tax deduction for the relocation of the business location of the general taxpayer

    In the process of processing the value-added tax deduction and tax return for ordinary taxpayers, the problem of changes in the taxpayer’s business location will also encounter. It learns from the relevant announcement of the State Taxation Bureau that when the business location of ordinary taxpayers changes, after the industrial and commercial department has registered the change, if the competent tax authority changes, it is necessary to do a good job of cancellation and re-registration of the business location. At the same time, ordinary taxpayers can continue to deduct the amount of input tax that has not stood deducted before the tax stood canceled after re-registration.

    For example

    A company’s previous business location was in Area B of City A. Due to the company’s business development, it moved to Area C of City A for production. Before the relocation, the company had 150,000 input taxes that had not stood deducted. After the company has completed the tax cancellation and re-registration, the newly relocated tax authority in Area C confirms the amount of input tax that has not stood deducted and it is correct, the company can continue to use the 150,000 input tax that has not stood deducted for the deduction.

    (3) Analysis of the accounting treatment of the tax deduction for the reorganization of assets of general taxpayers

    The relevant announcement of the State Administration of Taxation stipulates that after the general taxpayer undergoes asset reorganization, transfers all assets and liabilities to the new general taxpayer, and performs tax cancellation and re-registration by the announcement, the amount of input tax that has not stood deducted before the asset reorganization can still carry forward to the new general taxpayer for the deduction.

    For example

    Company A and Company B are both ordinary taxpayers. When Company A restructures its assets and transfers all assets and liabilities to Company B, Company A still retains 200,000 value-added tax credits that have not stood deducted. During the tax cancellation process, Company A does not need to re-transfer this part of the tax amount, and Company B only needs to declare and deduct 200,000 TAX credits by the original process.

    (4) Accounting treatment and analysis of the number of tax credits retained by general taxpayers during the liquidation period

    In the process of paying taxes on the operation of an enterprise, in the case of bankruptcy and liquidation of the company due to poor management or other factors, the accounting treatment of value-added tax deduction and tax return shall consider based on the “Notice of Certain Value-added Tax Policies”. It stands clearly stated in the relevant policy notice that when the general value-added tax taxpayer liquidates and cancels the company’s assets, the tax deduction amount will not process for a tax return, and the company’s inventory cannot transfer out as the input tax amount.

    Therefore, during the liquidation period of ordinary taxpayers, the processing of the value-added tax deduction can only convert into inventory costs for calculation. At the same time, when the company calculates the taxable income, the company’s value-added tax deduction can deduct. By the relevant announcements and notices of the State Taxation Bureau, the issue of value-added tax retention and tax return can stand effectively dealt with, and the accounting processing of value-added tax retention and tax return can stand done well to avoid tax problems during the processing operation.

    (5) Accounting treatment of the tax deduction amount of the tax payable by ordinary taxpayers

    In the process of paying taxes for general value-added tax taxpayers, there will also stand value-added tax arrears. When this situation stands encountered in the accounting processing of value-added tax withholding tax return, the accounting processing operation of the amount of tax payable by general taxpayers and the amount of tax withholding tax deduction can carry out based on the relevant notice of the State Taxation Bureau to avoid tax problems during the accounting processing process.

    In the relevant documents issued by the State Taxation Bureau for the accounting and processing of tax deductions for general taxpayers, there are clear regulations on the order and scope of the deduction of value-added tax arrears by the input tax amount. When the input tax amount stands deducted from the value-added tax arrears, the tax amount stands mainly deducted by the chronological order in which the company’s tax arrears occur, that is, the tax arrears that occur first stand deducted, and the tax arrears that occur later stand deducted afterward.

    The value-added tax arrears

    What can deduct are mainly bad debts, tax arrears, and late fees for tax arrears, and the actual deduction amount is based on the notice issued by the competent tax authority. If during the accounting process of the tax deduction for the tax payable by ordinary taxpayers, the tax deduction at the end of the period is less than the total amount of tax payable, the tax deduction at the end of the period shall use as the actual tax deduction.

    At the same time, according to the corresponding calculation method, the bad debts and tax arrears, and late fees that can deduct from the tax deduction at the end of the period stand calculated, and the accounting processing of the tax deduction for the tax payable carry out rationally, to avoid the probability of risk problems in the process of value-added tax deduction and tax return, and ensure the quality and efficiency of accounting processing.

    Prevention of the risk of value-added tax retention and tax return

    (1) The risk and prevention of incorrect calculation of the incremental tax deduction amount

    In the process of value-added tax deduction and tax return. Incorrect calculation of the incremental tax deduction amount is a common processing risk problem. Which will have a direct impact on the application for a value-added tax deduction and the processing results. Therefore, when calculating the amount of incremental tax deduction, special attention should pay to the accuracy of the calculation results to avoid the failure of the application for incremental tax deduction due to errors in the calculation results.

    The calculation of the incremental tax credit can consider the taxpayer’s application conditions. Accountants should have a clear understanding of the rolling calculation method of the incremental tax credit. Judging from the relevant documents issued by the State Administration of Taxation. General value-added tax taxpayers can enjoy a 60% tax return rate. While individual advanced manufacturing companies can enjoy a 100% tax return rate.

    Therefore, when enterprises calculate the incremental tax credit, they must also conduct calculation and analysis by their industry policies to ensure the accuracy of the calculation results of the incremental tax credit and control the risk of accounting for the incremental tax credit. If an enterprise has problems in the calculation process of value-added tax deduction and tax return, it can also request advice from the competent tax authority or a professional tax processing service agency promptly to prevent and control the occurrence of accounting and processing risks of incremental tax deduction in advance.

    (2) Risks and precautions that the taxpayer’s prescribed standards have not been met

    In the process of value-added tax retention and tax return, there will also be a risk of value-added tax retention and tax return due to non-compliance with the taxpayer’s prescribed standards, which will affect the implementation of value-added tax retention and tax return. Therefore, when carrying out the work of value-added tax retention and tax return, the taxpayer’s credit rating, violations of laws and regulations, and the enjoyment of relevant tax incentives should be understood and analyzed to assess whether the taxpayer meets the application criteria for value-added tax retention and tax return.

    At the same time, taxpayers themselves should also strengthen their attention to the improvement of the tax credit. Maintain their tax credit, and avoid the occurrence of illegal tax evasion and tax evasion during the tax payment process. Which leads to the inability to meet the value-added tax deduction and tax return standards. If the taxpayer’s situation can adapt to multiple tax policies. The final tax method should still base on the optimal solution.

    And after choosing the corresponding tax policy, we must also pay attention to the compatibility of other tax policies. With the value-added tax deduction and tax return policy to avoid tax risks in the process of tax accounting. In addition, since the newly established corporate tax credit rating is M-level. It does not meet the requirements for value-added tax retention and tax return. So special attention should pay to the criteria for evaluating taxpayers.

    (3) The content of the time regulations ignores risks and precautions

    In the accounting processing process of value-added tax deduction and tax return. It is also easy to deal with risks due to inattention to time regulations. The relevant documents issued by the State Taxation Bureau are clearly stated. That is the general value-added tax taxpayer has already applied for a total tax deduction. And then the tax deduction amount generate. The tax deduction amount calculated in the previous application can no longer use for secondary purposes.

    Therefore, in summary, there are only two processing opportunities for value-added tax retention tax returns in a year at most. General value-added tax taxpayers can apply for an incremental value-added tax return in any month. After meeting the requirements for value-added tax retention and tax return. The specific application time is based on the taxpayer’s situation.

    In addition, if taxpayers file tax return exemption and tax return declaration at the same time. The tax authorities will give priority to the tax return exemption requirements they apply for. Therefore, to avoid such risks during the processing of tax return business. Taxpayers should have a general understanding of different tax return businesses. And pay attention to the application time of each tax return business.

    (4) Failure to obtain the application materials in a timely and accurate manner, risk prevention

    From the analysis of the calculation formula of the value-added tax deduction amount. It can be found that in addition to the prescribed application materials and certificates. The input tax amount on other deduction certificates cannot be used as the value-added tax deduction tax return application certificate.

    Therefore, to avoid the risk of value-added tax retention and tax return due to incomplete collection of application materials, it is necessary to collect relevant documents during the process of value-added tax generation, collect and organize the declaration materials promptly, and ensure that the submitted application materials and certificates are true and reliable, in line with the requirements of the relevant declaration regulations of the State Administration of Taxation, and the application materials and certificates shall not be forged.

    Once it is found that the applicant has used illegal means to falsify the application materials. And defrauding the incremental tax deduction amount will bear corresponding legal responsibilities. Through the improvement of the reliability and authenticity of the value-added tax retention tax return application materials. High-quality accounting processing work is carried out.

    Conclusion

    In summary, when the value-added tax retained tax credit is returned. Attention should be paid to clarifying the concept of the incremental retained tax credit. Reviewing whether the applicant conditions for the tax return of the retained tax credit are up to standard. And carefully calculating the return of the retained tax credit to ensure that the value-added tax retained tax return is correct.

    At the same time, corresponding accounting processing should be carried out according to the different value-added tax retention. And tax return conditions of ordinary taxpayers and attention should be paid to the calculation of incremental value-added tax retention. And tax return errors in the process of value-added tax retention and tax return. Insufficient application conditions for taxpayers, time regulations are ignored, and the application materials are not accurate enough. Comprehensive and other risks prevention, scientific development of value-added tax retention, and tax return work. Promote the implementation of the national tax reduction and fee reduction policy.

    A brief analysis of the accounting processing cycle of value-added tax deduction tax return essay Image
    A brief analysis of the accounting processing cycle of value-added tax deduction tax return essay; Photo by Markus Winkler on Unsplash.
  • What is Consumer Decision Making Process?

    What is Consumer Decision Making Process?

    Consumer Decision Making Process Meaning, Definition, Types, and Stages. The purchaser selection-making method includes the shoppers figuring out their needs, gathering information, evaluating alternatives, and then making their shopping decision. Consumer behavior may additionally decide with the aid of monetary and psychological elements and influenced using environmental elements like social and cultural values.

    Here are the articles to explain, the Meaning, Definition, Types, and Stages of the Consumer Decision Making Process.

    Consumer decision making behavior is a complicated technique and includes a whole lot beginning from hassle attention to post-purchase activities. Every patron has extraordinary wishes in their everyday lives and these are these wants that make to make one-of-a-kind decisions.

    Decisions can be complex, comparing, evaluating, and choosing as properly as buying from a range of merchandise relying upon the opinion of a customer over a precise product. This renders perception and realization of the fundamental hassle of the client selection-making technique for entrepreneurs to make their merchandise and offerings specific to others in the marketplace.

    Meaning and Definition of Consumer Decision Making Process:

    The buying process begins when customers recognize an unsatisfied need. Then they seek information about how to satisfy their need- what, products might be useful and how they can buy them. Customers evaluate the various alternative sources of merchandise such as stores, catalogs, and the Internet and choose a store or an Internet site to visit or a catalog to review. This encounter with a retailer provides more information and may alert customers to additional needs.

    After evaluating the retailer’s merchandise offering, customers may make a purchase or go to another retailer to collect more information. Eventually, customers make a purchase, use the product, and then decide whether the product satisfies their needs. In some situations, customers like Sania spend considerable time and effort selecting a retailer and evaluating the merchandise. In other situations, buying decisions stand made automatically with little thought.

    The types of Consumer Decision Making Process:

    The three types of customer decision-making processes are:

    1. Extended problem solving,
    2. Limited problem solving, and
    3. Habitual decision making.

    Extended Problem Solving:

    Extended problem solving is a purchase decision process in which customers devote considerable time and effort to analyzing alternatives. Customers typically engage in extended problem solving when the purchase decision involves a lot of risk and uncertainty. There are many types of risks. Financial risks arise when customers purchase an expensive product. Physical risks are important when customers feel a product may affect their health or safety.

    Social risks arise when customers believe a product will affect how others view them. Consumers engage in extended problem solving when they are making a buying decision to satisfy an important need or when they have little knowledge about the product or service. Due to high risk and uncertainty in these situations, customers go beyond their knowledge to consult with friends, family members, or experts.

    They may visit several retailers before making a purchase decision. Retailers influence customers engaged in extended problem solving by providing the necessary information in a readily available and easily understood manner and by offering money-back guarantees. For example, retailers that sell merchandise involving extended problem solving provide brochures describing the merchandise and its specifications; have informational displays in the store (such as a sofa cut in half to show its construction); and use salespeople to make presentations and answer questions.

    Limited Problem Solving:

    Limited problem solving is a purchase decision process involving a moderate amount of effort and time. Customers engage in this type of buying process when they have had some prior experience with the product or service and their risk is moderate.

    In these situations, customers tend to rely more on personal knowledge than on external information. They usually choose a retailer they have shopped at before and select merchandise they have bought in the past. The majority of customer decision-making involves limited problem-solving.

    Retailers attempt to reinforce this buying pattern when customers are buying merchandise from them. If customers are shopping elsewhere, however, retailers need to break this buying pattern by introducing new information or offering different merchandise or services.

    For example;

    Sania Mirza’s buying process illustrates both limited and extended problem-solving. Her store choice decision was based on her prior knowledge of the merchandise in various stores she had shopped in and an ad in the San Francisco Chronicle. Considering this information, she felt the store choice decision was not very risky, thus she engaged in limited problem solving when deciding to visit Macy’s. But her buying process for the suit stood extended. This decision was important to her, thus she spent time acquiring information from a friend and the salesperson to evaluate and select a suit.

    One common type of limited problem solving is impulse buying. Impulse buying is a buying decision made by customers on the spot after seeing the merchandise. Sania’s decision to buy the scarf was an impulse purchase.

    Retailers encourage impulse buying behavior by using prominent displays to attract customer attention and stimulate a purchase decision based on little analysis. For example, sales of a grocery item are greatly increased when the item stands featured in an end-aisle display when a “BEST BUY” sign stands placed on the shelf with the item, and when the item stands placed at eye level (typically on the third shelf from the bottom), or when items stand placed at the checkout counter so customers can see them as they wait in line.

    Supermarkets use these displays and prime locations for the profitable items that customers tend to buy on impulse, such as gourmet food, rather than commodities such as flour and sugar, which are usually planned purchases. Impulse purchases by electronic shoppers are stimulated by putting special merchandise on the retailer’s home page and by suggesting complimentary merchandise.

    Habitual Decision-Making:

    Habitual decision-making is a purchase decision process involving little or no conscious effort. Today’s customers have many demands on their time. One way they cope with these time pressures is by simplifying their decision-making process.

    When a need arises, customers may automatically respond with, “I’ll buy the same thing bought last time from the same store.’ Typically, this habitual decision-making process is used when decisions aren’t very important to customers and involve familiar merchandise they have bought in the past.

    Brand loyalty and store loyalty are examples of habitual decision-making. Brand loyalty means that customers like and consistently buy a specific brand in a product category. They are reluctant to switch to other brands if their favorite brand isn’t available. Thus, retailers can only satisfy these customers’ needs if they offer the specific brands desired. Brand loyalty creates both opportunities and problems for retailers.

    Customers stand attracted to stores carrying popular brands. But since retailers must carry high-loyalty brands, they may not be able to negotiate favorable terms with the supplier of the popular national brands. Store loyalty means that customers like and habitually visit the same store to purchase a type of merchandise.

    All retailers would like to increase their customers’ store loyalty. Some approaches for increasing store loyalty are selecting a convenient location, offering complete assortments and reducing the number of stockouts, rewarding customers for frequent purchases, and providing good customer service.

    Stages of Consumer Decision Making Process:

    The buying behavior model stands as one method used by marketers for identifying and tracking the decision-making process of a customer from the start to the end. The process stands categorized into 5 different stages which stand explained as follows:

    Need Recognition:

    Need recognition occurs when a consumer exactly determines their needs. Consumers may feel like they are missing out on something and needs to address this issue to fill in the gap. When businesses can determine when their target market starts developing these needs or wants, they can avail the ideal opportunity to advertise their brands.

    An example who buys water or cold drink identifies their need as thirst. Here; however, searching for information and evaluating alternatives are missing. These consumer decision-making steps stand considered to be important when an expensive brand is under buying consideration such as cars, laptops, mobile phones, etc.

    Problem Recognition:

    The buying process begins when consumers recognize they need to satisfy. This stands called the problem recogni­tion stage. Imagine leaving class to find that high winds had blown one of the oldest trees on campus directly onto your car. You need your car to get to school, work, and social events with your friends and family.

    Because your current car stands destroyed, you would immediately recognize that you need a new type of transportation. In this case, due to a lack of pub­lic transportation and the distance you must travel to meet your day-to-day obligations, you need to purchase a new car.

    Information Search:

    The information search stage in the buyer decision process tends to change continually as consumers require obtaining more and more information about products that can satisfy their needs. Information can also obtain through recommendations from people having previous experiences with products.

    At this level, consumers tend to consider risk management and prepare a list of the features of a particular brand. This is done so because most people do not want to regret their buying decision. Information for products and services can be obtained through several sources like:

    • Commercial sources: advertisements, promotional campaigns, salespeople, or packaging of a particular product.
    • Personal sources: The needs are discussed with family and friends who provided product recommendations.
    • Public sources: Radio, newspapers,s, and magazines.
    • Experiential sources: The own experience of a customer of using a particular brand.

    Information searches fall into two main categories- external and internal.

    External Information Search:

    When consum­ers seek information beyond their knowledge and experience to support them in their buying deci­sion. They are engaging in an external information search. Marketers can help consumers fill in their knowledge gaps through advertisements and prod­uct websites. The Internet has become an increasingly powerful tool. Because it provides consumers with on-demand product information in a format. That offers them as much or as little detail as they prefer.

    Many firms use social media to empower consum­ers’ external information search. For example, Ford uses Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, and Scribd to communicate information and deepen relationships with customers. Ford combined paid advertising and content on Facebook by placing a sponsored video about the Ford Mustang on the Facebook logout page. Over 1 million people viewed the video in just one day. Allowing Ford to provide external information about the Mustang to a large audience of consumers.

    The consumer’s friends and family serve as perhaps the most important sources of external information. Think about the example of buying a new car and what those in your life might say about different brands or types of vehicles. You might be impressed by the salespeople and commercials for a certain type of car. But if your parents or friends tell you about a bad experience they had with it. Their opinions probably carry more weight.

    The power of these personal external infor­mation sources highlights why marketers must establish good relationships with all customers. It’s impossible to predict how one consumer’s experience might influence the buying decision and information of another potential customer.

    Internal Information Search:

    Not all purchases require consumers to search for information externally. For frequently purchased items such as – sham­poo or toothpaste, internal information often provides a sufficient basis for making a decision. In an internal information search, consumers use their past experi­ences with items from the same brand or product class as sources of information. You can easily remember your favorite soft drink or vacation destination. Which will likely influence what you drink with lunch today or where you go for spring break next year.

    In our car example, your experience with automobiles plays a significant role in your new car purchase. If you have had a great experience driving a Ford Escape or Toyota Camry. For example, you may decide to buy a newer model of that same car. Alterna­tively, if you have had a bad experience with a specific car, brand, or dealership. You may quickly eliminate those automobiles from contention.

    Evaluation of Alternatives:

    This step involves evaluating different alternatives that are available in the market along with the product lifecycle. Once it has been determined by the customer what can satisfy their need. They will start seeking out the best option available. This evaluation can be based upon different factors like quality, price, or any other factor which are important for customers.

    They may compare prices or read reviews and then select a product that satisfies their parameters the most. Once consumers have acquired information. They can use it to evaluate different alternatives, typically with a focus on identifying the benefits associated with each product. Consumers’ evaluative criteria consist of attributes that they consider important about a cer­tain product.

    For example, you would probably con­sider certain characteristics of a car. Such as price, warranty, safety features, or fuel economy, are more important than others when evaluating which one to buy. Car marketers work very hard to convince you that the benefits of their car, truck, or SUV reflect the criteria that matter to you. Marketing professionals must not only emphasize the benefits of their goods or service. But also use strategies to ensure potential buyers view those benefits as important.

    A company marketing an extremely fuel-efficient car might explain that you can use the several thousand dollars a year you will save on gas to pay off credit card debt or fund a family vacation. In contrast, a company marketing a giant SUV with poor fuel efficiency might tell you about the vehicle’s safety fea­tures and how it can protect your family or the flexibility it will give you to take more family members on trips.

    Purchase Decision:

    When all the above stages have been passed, the customer has now finally decided to make a purchasing decision. At this stage, the consumer has evaluated all facts and has arrived at a logical conclusion. Which is either based upon the influence of marketing campaigns or upon emotional connections or personal experiences, or a combination of both. After evaluating the alternatives, a customer will most likely buy a product. Usu­ally the marketer has little control over this part of the consumer decision-making process. Still, consumers have several decisions to make at this point.

    For example, once you have decided on the car you want, you have to decide where to buy it. Price, sales team, and experience with a specific dealership can directly impact. This decision can finance terms such as lower interest rates. If you decide to lease a car rather than buy one, you would make that decision during this step.

    An effective marketing strategy should seek to encourage ritual consump­tion. Ritual consumption refers to patterns of consumption that are repeated with regularity. These patterns can be as simple as buying the same soft drink or stopping at the same place for breakfast every morn­ing. These types of repeat purchases often provide firms with higher profits and a steady stream of cus­tomer sales.

    Post Purchase Behavior:

    The purchase of the product is followed by a post-purchase evaluation. Which refers to analyzing whether the product was useful for the consumer or not. If the product has matched the expectations of the customer, they will serve as a brand ambassador. Who can influence other potential consumers which will increase the customer base of that particular brand? The same is true for negative experiences; however, they can halt the journey of potential customers toward the product. Post-purchase evalua­tion is even more important to marketers today because of the power of customer reviews available on the Internet.

    Such reviews can become critical factors in the firm’s ability to win over new customers. Though the decision-making process provides marketers with a framework for understanding how consumers decide to purchase a product, consumers don’t always follow the orderly stages discussed. Marketers should not assume that because their strategy succeeds at one stage of the consumer decision-making process it will succeed at the next.

    For example, a car company might do an excel­lent job of providing external information to help interest you in its car but still not receive your business. Because of your inability to secure financing or the objections of your family members. Numerous situational influences like these can occur at various points in the decision-making process and change the customer’s path.

    Meaning Definition Types and Stages of the Consumer Decision Making Process Image
    Meaning, Definition, Types, and Stages of the Consumer Decision Making Process; Photo by Francois Le Nguyen on Unsplash.

    Reference;

    • It is retrieved from https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/consumer-behaviour/consumer-decision-making/99878 and https://www.marketingtutor.net/consumer-decision-making-process-stages/
    • Image Source from https://unsplash.com/photos/X6rUQ4lH40I
  • Software Project Management Plan and Control Method Essay

    Software Project Management Plan and Control Method Essay

    Example of Software Project Management Plan (SPMP) and Control Method PDF Essay; From the perspective of the modern information society, computer technology has become an important part of all walks of life; and many production processes are based on computer technology. Similarly, in the process of rapid development of computer technology; software projects also have different characteristics in types and modes; the content involved is gradually increasing, and its scope covers the entire software engineering process. It is necessary to strengthen the management of software projects in all aspects; to improve the effectiveness of the software application process. Personnel can conduct specific analyses in this regard.

    Here are the articles to explain, What is an example of a software project management plan (SPMP)? and Control Method with PDF Essay!

    This article discusses the specific methods of software project management quality control by expounding; on the content of software project management, analyzing the planning process of software project management; and explaining the principles of quality control in software management. Software is an effective combination of computer data and instructions organized in a series of specific sequences.

    Generally speaking, it can divide into application software and system software according to different states during operation. It can not only apply to the computer as a system program; but also It can refer to the corresponding management system, which is a part of the computer. From the perspective of development language, the software is an effective combination of programs, data, and documents. In addition, the software does not have a specific physical form; it is a virtual concept, and can only have a specific understanding of functions, characteristics, etc. through the running status.

    In a sense, the software is an activity that penetrates mental labor and has a very close relationship with people’s logical thinking, intelligent activities, and technical level. It will not age and wear like hardware, but it also needs to stand maintained and updated. The dependence on the computer system environment is very large. From the current stage, software project management has become a popular industry; and it has certain research value in control and planning.

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    Content of software project management plan;

    Project Management;

    From the perspective of the software development process; it will go through six stages, namely the requirements analysis stage, outline design, detailed design, coding, testing, and installation & maintenance. This is a necessary process for software projects. Generally speaking, project management Refers to the effective management of the software development process as a whole.

    First of all, software development needs to maintain a life cycle plan according to stages to ensure; the strictness of the management process, especially in the six-stage management process; they should maintain independence from each other and will not interfere with each other, after completing a period of supervision; the review work should stand done well to find out the possible problems in time.

    On the other hand, in the process of project management, strict control technology should implement. Based on modern program design, different stages of review work can accurately stand carried out; and the practicality of software projects can continuously improve to realize theoretical and the two-way development of practice.

    Configuration Management;

    In software project management, the larger the scale and the richer the types of software; the more important the configuration management is. It refers to the management of software identification, control, and software change process in the process of software project development. There is a certain level of complexity and a high level of risk. First of all, judging from the current software development process, people’s requirements for product quality are getting higher and higher, and the scale of the program is constantly improving.

    It is necessary to carry out all-around management work on the software, including maintenance and other aspects. Secondly, for the version of each software project, it should stand effectively identified; the focus of the management process should stand clarified; the configuration management work should stand formulated and improved in detail; and, the work tasks within the time limit should stand done well. On the other hand, in the process of configuration management, incremental storage can stand used to provide some modification functions to ensure permission settings.

    The planning process of software project management;

    In the process of software project management, writing a project management plan plays a very important role. It has a certain guiding role for the follow-up management work. It is necessary to arrange the schedule in the plan according to the actual situation and identify different resources. To improve the effective communication between different departments; and to understand the specific situation of the software project in general, it can divide into the following steps.

    Start the software project;

    Before formulating a project, the relevant personnel should have an effective understanding of the specific type and scale of the software project, strengthen communication and exchanges with relevant personnel, clarify the specific goals of project management in this process, and design the current plan. , to confirm the technical and management requirements involved in it promptly, to facilitate the follow-up work. To improve the application effect of software project management, before the project launch, a corresponding project team should establish, seminars should stand held, design work within the team should stand carried out, a deep understanding of the project goals, and unified arrangements for organizational forms and management methods should stand made.

    Develop a project plan;

    After the preparations for software project management stand done, the relevant personnel need to make specific settings for the management process, to organize, coordinate and control the development work of the software project. In the process of project planning, first of all, the staff should clarify the specific scope of the project, and provide specific solutions according to the needs. Generally speaking, they will consider different aspects of the project and make arrangements for the connection of management work. Secondly, the main purpose of formulating the software management project plan is to do a good job in the division of labor, to clarify the main factors affecting project management, and also the main basis for work assessment, to facilitate the unified management of relevant departments.

    Tracking and control of the project plan;

    After completing the preparation of the project plan, the relevant personnel also need to proceed from the actual situation of the software project, do a good job in the control of the progress, and effectively track and control the implementation process of the project according to specific requirements. During the process, arrangements should stand strengthened in all aspects, corresponding reports and records should provide, and the existing management model should adjust promptly according to the contract or the needs of users, to improve work efficiency on the premise of ensuring quality.

    Principles of software project management quality control;

    The principle of balance;

    First of all, in the process of software project management; it is necessary to consider the perspective of the principle of balance and integrate the possible management and technical problems. Generally speaking, in this process, the input cost is reduced and the quality of software development is improved; to improve the existing development efficiency, and also the final direction of user needs. However, it should be noted that in the process of software project management, speed is what both users and developers want; but for the rapid start of the project, the results it brings may have certain disadvantages; so it should be from multiple angles. to understand.

    The principle of high efficiency;

    From the four elements of requirements, resources, progress, and quality, quality is the focus of software project management; but progress is also a very critical component. Many project decision-makers have special requirements for the progress cycle, especially for the current stage. For example, market competition is becoming more and more intense, and efficiency can represent the economy to a certain extent. In the process of management, it is necessary to reasonably select technical and management personnel; clarify the goals and scope of the current stage, and do a good job promptly. Communication work can also improve the enthusiasm of employees through some incentive mechanisms.

    Specific measures for software project management quality control;

    The quality in software project management is the soul of the work process; it reflects the matching and crossing between the project and the project requirements. The quality control work of software project management is a series of plans formulated to meet the overall requirements. Generally speaking, quality control in software project management can effectively ensure; the orderly progress of the work and reduce the occurrence of unexpected situations.

    Establish quality policy and objectives;

    In the process of software project management, quality does not mean that every indicator of the software in the development process must meet certain standards. It should consider from the perspective of contracts or user needs. If there are no quality requirements in certain aspects, you can consider ignoring the establishment of quality objectives, and try to consider it from the perspective of cost in the process of improving quality. In addition, for software project management, some quality indicators need to stand balanced and considered from the perspective of security.

    Quality planning work;

    For most quality control work, a quality plan needs to carry out before execution to ensure that it can use to its maximum benefit. First of all, the relevant personnel should clarify the quality policy at the current stage, put forward the final expectation of quality from the perspective of the contact party of the software project and the relevant decision-making part, etc., conduct investigation and research on the relevant documents, and analyze the implementation ability. On the other hand, the relevant personnel should also conduct a specific check on the quality management process in the project development process, clarify the possible influencing factors, strengthen the effective control in all aspects, determine whether the project meets certain quality standards, and take effective measures. measures to deal with.

    Improve the quality of managers;

    For the quality control of software project management; it is necessary to improve the comprehensive quality of managers, strengthen their awareness of quality and responsibility in the process of work, and clarify some theoretical and technical knowledge involved in the process of project implementation. It is also possible to set up a special software testing group to find out the quality problems existing in the software in time. For the current stage, some advanced technologies can also use to improve the existing work efficiency and effectively track the work process.

    Conclusion

    To sum up, software project management is an important part of the development process at this stage, and its application is very wide. From the perspective of principles, etc., strengthen the quality control work, to promote the further development of software project management.

    Example of Software Project Management Plan (SPMP) and Control Method Essay image
    Example of Software Project Management Plan (SPMP) and Control Method Essay; Photo by Felipe Furtado on Unsplash.
  • What is the Process of Human Resource Planning?

    What is the Process of Human Resource Planning?

    Human Resource Planning Process; HR Planning is the process of determining destiny employee desires and identifying steps or strategies to achieve the wishes of the one for carrying out organizational dreams and objectives. It is a Human Resource Management function that makes a specialty of presenting the agency with adequate manpower. The essential objective of Human Resource Planning is to make sure that the enterprise has the proper human beings at the right location at the proper time doing the right work.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define the Process of Human Resource Planning?

    Human Resource Planning enables the management of the enterprise to decide destiny employee desires, to make use of human resources greater successfully and successfully, control employment charges, broaden excessive skills employees, and formulate and effectively put into effective techniques. HRP or body of workers planning is one of the maximum impactful aspects of these days’ business.

    Human Resource Planning is an ongoing procedure in place of a manner restrained to at least one stand-point after which implemented. Also, It is the broadest feel that covered each of the strategic and operational human assets of the company. It exists a strategically pushed HRM function that leads the company to gather aggressive benefits. Human sources gain competitive blessings using gaining fee economics, via working productively, efficaciously, and efficaciously, and by changing operations and acquiring new organizations.

    This record starts with discussing the matter of Human Resource Planning applying to a specific corporation. It may mention the issues concerning the employment and the employees consisting of the legal and organizational framework, organizational environment, criticism, subject, and dismissal strategies.

    Discuss the Drocess of Human Resource Planning.

    HRP is fairly interdependent with all elements of the commercial enterprise. Also, It exists laid low with all other sections’ strategies and destiny instructions. Therefore the scope and targets of the HRP need to exist thoroughly understood to acquire sustainable competitive advantages. Any HR method should be dealing with corporate and enterprise-level strategies. HRP has to accomplish within the corporation’s strategic planning process so that a definition for enlargement of the future wishes might exist strategically developed.

    Analyzing the Corporate Level Strategies:

    Human Resource Planning has to begin with analyzing company-degree strategies; which include growth, diversification, mergers, acquisitions, discount in operations, generation for use, the technique of production, etc. Therefore Human Resource Planning needs to begin with studying the company plans of the enterprise before setting out on enjoyable its duties.

    Demand forecasting:

    Forecasting the general human useful resource requirement following the organizational plans is one of the key factors of call for forecasting. Forecasting of great of human sources like skills, understanding, values, and skills wanted similarly to the wide variety of human sources exists executed via the following methods:

    Executive or Managerial Judgment:

    Here the managers determine the number of employees within the future. They undertake one of the three processes cited below:

    • Bottom-Up method: Here the worried supervisors send their proposals to the pinnacle officials; who evaluate these with the organizational plans, make important adjustments and finalize them.
    • Top-Down approach: Here the control prepares the necessities and sends the statistics downwards to the supervisory –degree finalizes the draft and approves it.
    • Participative Approach: Here the supervisors and the management take a seat together and projections make after joint consultations.

    The leader downside of these techniques is that estimation of manpower makes using guesswork.

    Statistical Techniques:

    These strategies use statistical methods and mathematical techniques to forecast and are expecting the supply and call for Human Resources inside the future.

    Ratio-Trend analysis:

    In this approach depending on the beyond records concerning the number of personnel in every branch, like manufacturing department, income branch, advertising branch, workload level, and so forth ratios for manpower exist estimated. Past values exist plotted and extrapolated to get pretty correct destiny projections.

    Work-Study approach:

    This approach is suitable to have a look at the correlation among the volume of labor and hard work i.E. Call for human assets exists anticipated based totally on the workload. The paintings-have a look at technique is extra appropriate for repetitive and manual jobs; while it’s far feasible to measure paintings and set standards.

    Delphi Technique:

    ‘Delphi’ Technique knows after the Greek Oracle in the town of Delphi. In this technique, the views of various specialists associated with the industry take into consideration, and then a consensus approximately the Human Resource requirement arrive at. Delphi method exists used frequently to evaluate the lengthy-term needs of human sources.

    Analyzing Human Resource Supply:

    Every employer has resources for delivering Human Resources: Internal & External. Internally, human assets may receive for sure posts via promotions and transfers. To choose the internal delivery of human sources in future human aid stock or human assets, an audit is vital. Human resource inventory helps in determining and comparing the amount of inner human resources available. Once the future inner delivery anticipates, the delivery of outside human sources analyze.

    Estimating manpower gaps:

    Manpower gaps can exist identified by comparing call for and supply forecasts. Such evaluation will display both deficit or surplus of Human Resources in the future. Deficit suggests the variety of humans recruited from out of doors; while surplus implies redundant employees to exist re-deployed or terminated. Employees envisioned to exist deficient can train while employees with higher, higher competencies can give greater enriched jobs.

    Action Planning:

    Once the manpower gaps diagnose, plans organize to bridge those gaps. Plans to fulfill the surplus manpower may be redeployment in different departments and retrenchment. People can persuade to give up voluntarily through a golden handshake. The deficit can stand met thru recruitment, selection, transfer, and promotion. Because of the lack of certain professional personnel; the enterprise has to take care now not only of recruitment but additionally retention of current employees. Hence, the organization has to plot for maintaining present personnel.

    Modify the Organizational plans:

    If the destiny delivery of human assets from all of the external sources stands envisioned to be insufficient or less than the requirement; the manpower planner has to indicate to the management the alterations or changes inside the organizational plans.

    Controlling and Review:

    After the movement plans stand implemented, the human aid shape and the tactics ought to exist controlled and reviewed to preserve them following action plans.

    What is the Process of Human Resource Planning Image
    What is the Process of Human Resource Planning? Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • What is Process Mapping Meaning and Advantages?

    What is Process Mapping Meaning and Advantages?

    Process Mapping Meaning is a workflow diagram to carry forth clearer know-how of a process or collection of similar operations. It perspectives the machine from the affected person’s point of view following their expedition across organizational limitations. Also, It enables the crew to understand how complicated and perplexing tactics appear to the patient. It is corporation precise. It is diagnostic and applied as a basis for redesign, actively involving the frontline crew within the process.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define the Process Mapping Meaning and Advantages?

    Process Mapping or layout meaning is the activity of figuring out workflow, system, and different aid desires, for a method (activity) to paintings correctly. Good technique layout generally makes use of flowcharting as a tool for a technique to advance; it is generally an excellent idea to first illustrate the system to apprehend it, organization communicate this to others “visually”, after which paintings on its improvement.

    Process mapping is the use of glide charts or diagrams e.G. Arrows, symbols, and shapes to facilitate the expertise of a manner. It is a tool that assists with the correct process layout. Each image in a procedure map uses to demonstrate the flow of a procedure from beginning to complete. Many other flowchart symbols also can use, however extra importantly, going with the flow charts will help to communicate know-how of a manner.

    • Oval shapes or elongated circles represent the start or termination of a technique.
    • Rectangles characterize procedures, instructions, or moves.
    • Diamonds display decisions that need to made.

    Advantages or Benefits or Pros of Process Mapping or layout;

    The following Process Mapping or layout Advantages or Benefits below are;

    • Management knowledge of techniques is higher while mapping use.
    • Supports other tools which include benchmarking, business technique re-engineering, and lean control (or waste removal) to reap dramatic upgrades in purchaser pride or price reduction.
    • Worker information of where their roles and duties are related inside a system and how this integrates with different tactics.
    • Diagrammatically can highlight manner inefficiencies or loss of fee and assist consciousness on where improvement need.
    • Can use for dependent “walk through” testing to verify the common sense of a system.
    • Can use to set up prototype designs for brand spanking new methods.
    • Step-by means of-step glide without existing overwhelmed with the aid of the larger picture.

    Mapping methods can be complex, lengthy-winded, and awkward, and getting anybody to agree with what a brand new system “ought to be like” might also take many redrafts. Microsoft Visio is an instance of a ready-to-use software package deal for procedure mapping; which can use to reduce work effort for professionally designing system maps.

    Work-Study;

    Work-Study manner is the systematic examination of methods or techniques that perform sports, to improve the green and effective use of resources that guide workflow. Work-look at can also assist layout standards of overall performance to monitor pastime higher. Work-examine should encompass inspecting a process to make it extra efficient or time-motion research undertaken to decide trendy performance for a way lengthy a task or one-of-a-kind elements of a technique have to take. Process mapping meaning is a beneficial tool to help paintings research and so is BPR when looking to re-engineer work tactics for higher performance.

    What is Process Mapping Meaning and Advantages Image
    What is Process Mapping Meaning and Advantages?
  • Process Reengineering Examples Meaning Definition Steps 2400

    Process Reengineering Examples Meaning Definition Steps 2400

    What does mean Process Reengineering with their Examples, Meaning, Definition and Steps involved 2400 words Essay; It isn’t just a change, but actually, it’s a dramatic change and dramatic improvements; this can only achieve through overhauling the organization structures, job descriptions, performance management, training, and therefore the most significant, the utilization of IT i.e. Information Technology. it’s the act of adjusting an organization’s major functions to extend efficiency, improve product quality, and/or decrease costs. This starts with an in-depth analysis of the business workflows and identifying key areas that require improvement; those that do that quite work are often remarked as PR specialists hire by companies to facilitate transitions to more standardized processes.

    Here is the article to explain, Process Reengineering Examples, Meaning, Definition and Steps involved 2400 words Essay!

    Your agency is making first-rate progress. You’re assembly goals without problems, but the way you meet desires is wherein the problem is. Business strategies play a vital position in driving dreams; but, they’re now not as efficient as you’d like them to be. Making modifications to the procedure gets increasingly hard as your business grows due to conduct and investments in old techniques. But in reality, you can’t enhance procedures without making changes.

    Process Benchmarking, Processes ought to be reengineered carefully because experiments and errors carry in lots of confusion. In Process Re-engineering, corporations start with a blank sheet of paper and rethink existing procedures to deliver more fees to the patron. They usually undertake a brand new value gadget that locations increased emphasis on customer wishes. Companies reduce organizational layers and remove unproductive activities in two key areas. First, they redecorate practical companies into go-useful groups. Second, they use the era to improve statistics dissemination and choice-making.

    It’s important to differentiate between this and enterprise process development; which makes it a specialty of clearly updating an employer’s modern-day procedures. PR, however, has ambitions to make fundamental adjustments to the whole scope of a business’ structures. PR specialists exist in all sorts of industries, so the specific everyday obligations will vary from process to activity. Below are you’ll study process reengineering examples, their history, meaning and definition, and also the Steps involved.

    History of Reengineering;

    The concept of reengineering started in the nineteen nineties when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) conducted research entitled “Management in 1990”. The sole purpose of that research was to know the role played by information technology organizations during that time. Since that time a lot of research has been done on reengineering and different authors have different views on reengineering; which has raised a lot of controversy and disagreement among authors.

    There are some like Druker who believed that inputs from new and innovative concepts should be used to optimize the productivity of all the operations; while there are some who believed that reengineering is a misconception and will soon disappear. In the 1880s Frederick Taylor suggested that process reengineering was used by managers to discover; the best process (way) to perform the work thereby increasing the productivity of the whole operation.

    In the early 1900’s Henri Fayol originated the concept of reengineering and explained; it as a concept to derive optimum advantage from all the available resources by finding the best process to perform the work. During the time of Taylor and Fayol, technology was a bit of a constraint; and it was really difficult for the large companies to design the process in a cross-functional or cross-departmental manner.

    Meaning and Definition of Reengineering;

    The most popular meaning and definition of reengineering is;

    “the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed.”

    This definition of reengineering includes four essential points which can summarize as follows:

    Fundamental Rethinking:

    While doing reengineering, business officials must ask them basic questions about their business like “what is their business”? “What are they do they want to do in their business”? And “what do they want to change?” Asking these questions brings clarity about the business operations and forces the people to look at the tactic rules; which their organization follows for doing business. Reengineering works in two steps. First, it determines what the company must do for the improvement and second, how they have to do it. Reengineering accepts nothing as it is, it ignores what is it like and concentrates on what it should be like.

    Radical Redesign:

    The radical redesign means to get into the details of the things and not to make superficial arrangements for the things which are already in the place; but, to get into the roots of the things and look for new innovative and efficient ways to do the same thing more productively.

    Dramatic improvements:

    It is often said that business reengineering is about business reinvention and not about business enhancement, business improvement, or business modification. Hence, Reengineering is not about making small improvements but about making big, efficient, and noticeable changes to achieve quantum leaps in performance. Marginal improvement requires the fine-tuning of the operations but reengineering should only buy-in when there is a need for big changes for dramatic improvements Reengineering should buy in only when there is a need for drastic improvements which include changing the old things with the new things.

    Processes:

    The word “process” is central to reengineering and it gives hard time to most of the managers of the organizations; because most of the managers job-Oriente rather than process-oriented. Job-oriented managers focus mainly on the job (task) at hand rather than the process involved in the job. Business processes are the collection of activities that takes in inputs of different kinds and create the output; which is of value for the client or the customer of the organization. Reengineering not only focuses on the different departments of the organization; but also the organization as a whole because of which reengineering sees the full picture of the work moving from one department of the organization to the another with keeping an eye on the operational hindrances on the way.

    Steps involved in Process Reengineering;

    Process reengineering methodology mainly includes the following steps below are;

    Planning for reengineering:

    Planning and preparation play a vital role for any process or event to be successful and the same applies to reengineering. Since reengineering involves major changes and is not for small improvements; and also it may include heavy costs, there should be a dire need for reengineering. This step starts with the consensus of executives of the firm for the process of reengineering. During reengineering the processes are reengineers in such a way that they actively work in tandem with the mission & vision statements of the firm. Understanding customer expectations is most important because the processes need to be re-engineered in a way that will lead to the maximization of customer satisfaction.

    Mapping and Analysing As-Is Process:

    Before reengineering any process, the reengineering team should know the existing process. The underline aspect of business process reengineering is to bring the changes drastically. Process reengineering is not for small and slow changes. Many people advocate that it should be a “To-Be” Analysis instead of an “As-If” Analysis. The usefulness of this step is in identifying anything that prevents the process from achieving desired results and in particular information transfer between organizations or people and value-adding processes and implemented by using different models used for the creation and documentation of activity and process models. Then with the use of activity-based costing amount of time and amount of cost consumed by each activity calculate.

    Designing To-Be process:

    This phase starts with looking for alternatives in the current situation; which molds well with the strategic goals of the organization. The first part of this phase begins with benchmarking which is a comparison of the firm with the other firms in the same industry. It’s a general practice to select industry leaders for the comparison so that the firm can use its best practices. This is not necessary to select the firm for comparison from the same industry; one can choose any firm from any industry with similar processes.

    For example, both textile mills and food processing industries use Reverse Osmosis technology (process) for water purification; hence they can compare for the water treatment process. Next, we do activity-based costing analysis for analyzing the time and costs involved for different processes. Once ABC analysis is done To-Be models prepare using different modeling techniques. This is important to know that this modeling is an iterative process and different To-Be models prepare for the analysis. At last, we make a trade-off matrix to select the best To-Be scenario.

    Implementing Reengineered Process:

    The implementation phase is that phase where reengineering encounter maximum resistance. It is because the environment is not readily changeable and hence; it is the most difficult phase of all the phases in reengineering. As the firm invests a lot of time and incurs heavy expenses for the planning phase; it is justifiable to invest in training programs for the employees of the firm for the cultural change. Winning the hearts of all the employees and motivating them is crucial for process reengineering.

    The next step is to make a transition plan to move from As-Is to the redesign process. The plan should choose in a fashion that goes well with the long-term strategy of the firm. Implementation of information technology that supports reengineering is a must for the process. The total amount of work that needs to be done for the reengineering broke down into different components using work break down structure techniques and these individual components are worked upon.

    Improve Process Continuously:

    The last but most important phase of any reengineering process is continuous monitoring of processes and the results which come from modified/improved processes. If there are deviations from the expected to actual then they should take care of immediately. The performance of reengineering measures the competitive advantage the firm gain by reengineering; the amount of satisfaction of the employees, and the amount of commitment management shows. Next, you know and understand why we need process reengineering in business from a few examples.

    Process Reengineering Examples:

    The ascendant popularity of business process reengineering since the 1990s means there are many business process reengineering examples. The most illustrative and frequently cited model is that of Ford Motor Company. In the 1990s, Ford began to use business process reengineering to make itself more competitive against global competitors such as Toyota, Honda, and Mazda.

    In comparing operations to their more efficient Japanese competitors; Ford noticed they were employing a hugely outsized number of people in their Accounts Payable division: 500 in comparison to Mazda’s 100. Also, Ford used business process reengineering to understand and solve the problem of this overstaffing. Ford found that every time their purchasing department wrote an order for purchase.

    A series of processes were triggered that required accounts payable to do not one but three things process the order from the purchasing department; process the copy of the order sent by the material control department, and process the copy of the receipt sent by the vendor. All of this took place before the accounts payable clerk could match the three orders and finally issue a payment. As part of the business process reengineering, Ford used digital technology to redesign the process and eliminate the inefficiency.

    Ford process reengineering examples;

    In the 1980s, many expanding American companies were looking for ways to cut down on administrative and overhead costs. Ford was no different. When ford started looking for things that could improve in the organization; they have spotted that their account payable department currently employs 500 people.

    When Ford looked at their smaller competitor, Mazda, they were astounded to find out that their accounts payable department consisted of 5 workers. This meant if Ford implemented a similar technology, the company could reduce the number of workers to 100.

    To understand, how they can make the department more efficient, Ford analyzed the old process:

    • Once the purchasing department writes a purchase order, they have to send a copy to accounts payable manually.
    • Then, the person responsible for resource allocation would receive the goods, and send a copy of the related document to accounts payable.
    • Afterward, the vendor would send a receipt for the goods to accounts payable.
    • The old process involved 3 distinct human interactions that required approvals, which had to obtained manually.

    Ford decided to implement the innovative (at that tie) strategy of using computer software and databases to store and transfer information automatically. When done digitally, accounts payable processing becomes quicker and reduces the number of workers involved. The redesigned process worked like this:

    • Purchasing office issues an order and inputs it into an online database.
    • The resource manager receives the goods and checks if the order matches the information in the database
    • If there’s a match, material control accepts the order on the computer.
    The company selling commemorative cards Examples;

    In a company that offers products such as Christmas, anniversary, commemorative cards, etc., renewing the stock and changing the design of the cards is constantly fundamental. On average, it takes three months for new items to reach the shelves. Across market research, it’s possible to realize that there would ideally be new products every month.

    At first glance, it’s easy to say that the delay was at the production stage. When analyzing and mapping the process, it’s verified that the creation stage was the most time-consuming. Oftentimes the creative team receives the concept and several employees begin to perform the same task (duplicate actions), or an idea takes days to get off the paper. With this information, we can redesign the process completely, defining a cross-functional team from concept and creation, with incredible results in speed, costs, and effectiveness.

    Cereal products Examples;

    The process of transforming food into cereal products begins on the farm with the harvest. This follows by primary processing, packing, and transportation to the processing plants (depending on the grain). This large company analyzed its process and discovered a serious logistical problem. It lost almost 20% of the grains harvested during transportation from farms to the factories, located near the biggest consumption centers, due to the precariousness of the roads.

    After a study, this Business Process Reengineering case concluded that it would be more profitable to move the factories nearer to the farms. Afterward, they transport final products to large centers with much fewer losses. The old factory sheds were transformed into distribution centers, helping to reduce the impact of the initial investment; they already had haddocks and other ready-made logistics infrastructure. The above examples of process reengineering are a very simple explanation, you may try our best Studybay Essay writer.

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    Process Reengineering Examples, Meaning, Definition and Steps involved 2400 words Essay; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • Process Benchmarking Meaning Definition Steps 1000 Essay

    Process Benchmarking Meaning Definition Steps 1000 Essay

    Meaning, Definition, and 6 Steps, 4 Important of Process Benchmarking 1000 words Essay; Benchmarking involves the comparison of 1 firm’s processes thereupon of other firms while reengineering worry about the redesign of operational processes. Benchmarking involves thorough research into the most effective practices followed by other organizations within the industry where the corporate operates and it helps in breaking down the organizations’ activities to process operations and modifies them to the best-in-class for a specific operation.

    Here is the article to explain, Process Benchmarking Meaning, Definition, 6 Steps, and 4 Important 1000 words Essay!

    The word benchmarking has been derived from the set of activities employed by cobblers to mark the scale of the foot of their customers. For measuring the dimensions of the foot they are accustomed to asking the customer to place their foot on the “bench” so that they’ll “mark” the foot employing a pen. Benchmarking processes of a 1 company compare with the processes of the industry leader to determine the practices and the way these industry leaders operate and to change their processes.

    Process benchmarking may be a popular method for developing requirements and setting goals. In general, Process benchmarking consider as measuring one firm’s performance against that of firms that are leaders in their respective industries, it helps in knowing how the industry leader firms achieve excellence in their processes, then using that information as a reference for processes in one’s own company’s mission, long run and short term strategies, and implementation.

    6 best Steps involved in Process Benchmarking;

    Process benchmarking methodology mainly includes the subsequent steps;

    Identifying problem areas:

    Process benchmarking requires inputs within the style of information for comparison. the kind of knowledge required by benchmarking process depends on the method which must compare. a spread of research techniques used for the processing of the data so that comparisons are often made quickly and effectively. It includes getting information on all the mandatory sources.

    Customers are vital for any business and are the simplest source of knowledge for the firm hence their inputs should include processes should design in ways that include their suggestions and processes should make sure of their issues associated with the processes. Exploratory research supported one-to-one interviews and group interviews can sometimes influence be very useful during this exercise.

    Identifying industries with similar processes:

    In this step, we glance for industries that have similar processes. Sometimes different industries use similar processes, in this case, one can choose companies from other companies to check particular processes. Say as an example boiler employe within the cement industry also as the sugar industry. Hence, a sugar company may compare its boiler processed steam operation therewith of cement industries’ boiler processed steam.

    Identifying industry leaders in these areas:

    In this step, we glance for firms with whom one must compare its processes. Normally industry leaders chose for the comparison and it’s due to their superior processes which play an important role within the overall performance of any firm. For this one must do thorough research, customers of the corporate, its staff and internet is wont to get this information.

    Involving domain experts for measures and practices:

    Domain experts and survey companies are very useful within the selection of comparable companies and processes as they’re expert in getting information and masking the counseling of the client firm which give data theft security to the client.

    Visit companies to search out their “best practices”:

    In this step, one has to visit different companies, people who consider pretty much as good companies therein industry. During the visit, he should notice all the simplest practices followed by the corporate and think logically about whether he can apply those practices in his company or not since every organization is different. Generally, companies readily exchange those details and data which are helpful to any or all members within the benchmarking group.

    Implement new and improved business practices:

    After knowing all the business processes of one’s company and therefore the best practices of other leading companies; one can compare the operation processes of his company to the leading company.

    4 important of Process Benchmarking;

    Here are some reasons why process benchmarking is important for a business:

    Helps understand your current position;

    When you have process benchmarking in situ; you recognize where your business process stands compared to the opposite process that you simply are comparing it with; also this could facilitate your knowing where you’re currently and where you wish to travel; this can be not a foul thing because you can’t do something unless you recognize something is missing. This clear path enables you to grasp exactly where you’re thereby what must be done to attain your goals.

    Enables making improvements that matter;

    Without process benchmarking in situ, you won’t understand how far better you’ll be able to get. Process benchmarking provides you with a particular outcome that you simply have the goal to realize; and, it enables you to understand that you just can do better; this could be wont to set standards and thereby make improvements. Through benchmarking, making improvements that benefit your business overall becomes easier because you recognize what your aim is.

    Encourages planning and aligns goals;

    Your business won’t grow if you don’t do something about where you’re lacking or not doing the most effective you’ll; after you have a process like a process benchmarking in situ; then you encourage to plan because you set goals and ways to attain them so you grow your business; this allows a radical to explore your process shortcomings and allows you to figure on them; also this permits for zero confusion to be present.

    Helps outline clear roles;

    Your employees will love what they are doing after they know what must be done. Through process benchmarking, this becomes a doable task. The processes and also the people behind those processes mention and analyzed so your employees know their roles intimately; this may help encourage them to figure out their best for the advantage of the corporate; and that they become productive within the process thereby benefiting the business.

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    Process Benchmarking Meaning Definition Steps 1000 Essay; Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay.