Tag: National

  • Differences between Brand Local National Private Global

    Differences between Brand Local National Private Global

    Differences between Brand Local, National, Private, and Global; The brand has become a familiar thing toward the consumer, having brands also help consumers in many ways and anything that was unbranded will go hard in the market. The brands also could create value on the product. For example, Nike product that a product could create value among the consumer. Besides that brand also assist the product in numerous ways and also as legal protection. The product that has a brand will difficult for the other product to copy the product.

    Here is the article to explain, the Differences between Brand Local, National, Private, and Global Market consumers!

    In addition, the brand also could make sense to understand that branding is not about getting your target market to choose you over the competition, but it is about getting your prospects to see you as the only one that provides a solution to their problem. The brand can be of various types. Each of them will have their style of branding and use their strategy. The local brand, private brand, national brand, and global brand were the main brand that the manufacturers all over the world use it. So, the manufacturer should know each of these kinds of brands that have been used nowadays.

    Besides that, the strategies that use these four brands also will be different. The brand strategy aims at influencing people’s perception about the brand such as they did persuade to act in a certain manner; for example buying and using the products and services offered by the brand and purchasing at a higher price. In addition, most brand strategies aim to persuade people to buy and use by offering them some form of experience. Branding is typically an activity that did undertake in a competitive environment that aims to persuade people for the brand.

    National Brand;

    Firstly is the national brand. This kind of brand is a brand that circulated throughout the country. The product is only being nationally distributed and marketed. Moreover, the national brands own and advertise by a manufacturer. The national brand also can differ from the local brand or regional brand. On the marketing side, this type of brand is more difficult than the local brand. To market their product they have to know their consumer very well but it may take a long period. The cost also was big.

    This is because to market the national brand they have to know their customer widely. Moreover, this kind of brand will use to market their brand in another country by radio, print, and television advertising. The advertisement also can customize for local and national brands so that the public could get familiar with the brands. Companies that sell national brands count on the reputation of their brands to get the market share. The national brands may appeal to the consumer by their brands’ names. The consumer often looks the brands that are familiar and easy to identify.

    Understand with Example;

    National brands may play on distrust of regional or private label brands to get consumers to buy them. Its’ also have to encourage people to ask question, for example, the quality of generic or store-branded products. Most national brands started with small regional brands then will slowly grow over time. New companies’ products are constantly being established and some of the companies will go on to capture the market; and expand it to a wider area and lastly will become national brands. The example of the product in Malaysia which is from the regional brand and eventually become a national brand is Padini brands

    This type of brand has to create their brands’ strategy to make their products achieve in the market. This national brand has to focus on the brand equity strategy. They have to create a loyal customer and customer who are aware of their brand. Some of the retailers will use the packaging strategy. They will design the unique packaging so that consumers will remember the brand directly. For example, an Avon product is gaining preferred shelf positions by partnering with retailers and using packaging and displays as part of marketing. In the new scenario, the national brands’ equity is often used to endorse a store brand. That could raise the stature of the company brand.

    Local Brand;

    Secondly, the local brand. This type of brand is a brand that sold its product or marketed their brand’s product in a small or restricted geographical area. This type of brand only can see in one country or region. It may also be a brand that develops for a specific national market; however, the amazing thing is the local brand is more often being done by the consumers than by the producers. The local brand is very easy in marketing their products. It was not hard to know their customer because the area that they have to study about their customer is not wide.

    The local brand may use many strategies to make their brand is being aware by the consumer. The local brands were a brand that was easy to develop. For an example of a brand that is only famous in the Philippines could survive in the Philippines market. They have used brand strategy by knowing their customer need and want and the relevant brand name according to their culture. The local brand has to create a modified branding if the product that they sell were similar to the other products. The uniqueness of the brand name or sign may attract consumer attention.

    Private Brand;

    The other type of brand product is the private brand. This is the brand where the retailer or the member buys from a manufacturer in bulk and puts its name on the product. This mare gives more advantages to the retailer, such as will give more freedom and flexibility in pricing. Other than that is more control over product attributes and quality, lowers selling price, and eliminates much of the manufacturer’s promotional costs. The private brand also gives a benefit to the manufacturer. The private brands provide another outlet for distributing their products or services. By producing the same goods as for their national brand distribution and labeling them with private brands for various clients, the volume of production is often higher than it would be otherwise.

    Private strategy and example;

    An example of a private brand was Macy’s. It did recognize as a retail industry leader in developing private brand merchandise that differentiates the assortments in their stores and delivers exceptional value to the customer. Merchandise for each private brand available “only at Macy’s”, develops to appeal to a certain customer lifestyle. The marketing programs also have been supported by creating a precisely defined image. Macy’s also develops private-label goods to meet specific customer needs and fill gaps in the assortment.

    The strategy that this private brand should use is, firstly the unit of package. This is the strategy that could develop for this brand. Nowadays it is difficult to assign a private label character even though the product has enhanced customer loyalty because of any reason. This kind of product will not qualify as the private brand label. In addition, using the relabeling strategy also can use. The unit of the pack must bear only the brand name of the particular store or any other party the store may choose for its private label program. Private labels will enhance profitability by increasing the negotiation power of the retailer and the better value that has been created may get customer loyalty.

    Global Brand;

    A global brand can define as a brand perceived to reflect the same set of values around the world. The global brands were more focused on enduring relationships with consumers across countries and cultures. Nowadays there were many global brands did sell in international markets. An example of global brands is Facebook, Apple, Coca-cola, McDonald’s, and Sony. These brands are selling a similar product in multiple markets and they also can consider as successful global brands. These kinds of brands also can easily recognize by the cross-culture of consumers.

    In addition, there were many advantages of the global brand. Firstly the marketing costs will be lower and then the brand imagery was consistent and being maintained. Furthermore, the global brand also has to be variable, it may differ from country to country. The elements that have to be different from one place to another place are the corporate slogan, product, and services, products names, product features, positioning of the products and the marketing mix also have to change. The change will depend on the differences in the language, style of communication, cultural differences, brand development, and consumption patterns.

    Global strategy with Example;

    The global brand can use many strategies; for example, the broad strategy areas that can use are the brand domain. These brand domains are experts in one or more of the aspects. To use this kind of strategy the person must have intimate knowledge, not only about the technologies shaping but also the pertinent consumer behavior and needs. Brand recognition is also one of the branding strategies. This kind of strategy was specialists distinguish themselves from the competition by raising their profiles among the consumers. It can use as to convince the consumer to show their brand is different than the other competitor. However, brand strategy is not a given and needs to be constantly reassessed. The brand managers must decide what the best course of action for their brands is in particular markets, based on an analysis of the relevant internal and external influences on the brands.

    Conclusion;

    In conclusion, there were many differences among the local, private, national, and global brands. The people who use any one of the brands have to understand clearly about the brands so that they can implement many kinds of strategies. Understanding these four types of brand will make the person can decide which one he or she want to use. Any type of brand that chose must have its advantages and disadvantages; it depends on the individual to use it and manage the disadvantage that they may face.

    Differences between Brand Local National Private Global Image
    Differences between Brand Local, National, Private, and Global; Image by Bruno Marques Designer from Pixabay.

    References; Local, National, Private and Global Brand Differences. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/differences-between-local-national-private-and-global-brand-marketing-essay.php?vref=1

  • What is OTCEI (Over The Counter Exchange of India)?

    Learn and Study, What is OTCEI (Over The Counter Exchange of India)?


    Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) was incorporated in October 1990 under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 with the objective of setting up a national, ring-less, screen-based, automated stock exchange. It is recognized as a stock exchange under Section 4 of the Securities Contracts (Regulations) Act, 1956. It was set up to provide investors with a convenient, efficient and transparent platform for dealing in shares and stocks; and to help enterprising promoters set up new projects or expand. Also learned, ISE, NSE, SEBI, What is OTCEI (Over The Counter Exchange of India)?

    Their activities, by providing them an opportunity to raise capital from the capital market in a cost-effective manner. Trading in securities takes place through OTCEI’s network of members and dealers spanning the length and breadth of India.

    Over The Counter Exchange of India was promoted by a consortium of financial institutions including:

    • Unit Trust of India.
    • Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India.
    • Industrial Development Bank of India.
    • Industrial Finance Corporation of India.
    • Life Insurance Corporation of India.
    • General Insurance Corporation and its subsidiaries.
    • SBI Capital Markets Limited.
    • Canbank Financial Services Ltd.

    The Over the Counter Exchange of India is based on the model of the national association of securities dealers’ automated quotation (NASDAQ) of USA, with modifications to suit the Indian conditions. The OTCEI arose out of the need to have a second tire market in the country. It was set up to provide small and medium companies an access to the capital market for raising finance in a cost-effective manner and investors with a convenient, transparent and efficient avenue for capital market investment.

    The OTCEI was the first ring less, electronic and national exchange with a screen-based trading system listing an entirely new set of companies of small size. It allowed companies with paid-up capital as low as 30 lacs to get listed, It brought the screen-based trading system in vogue for the first time; this was quite different from the open outcry system at BSE.

    Moreover, each strip listed on the exchange had at least two market makers who continuously gave two way quotes. Market makers are merchant bankers willing to make a market in securities by continuously offering to buy and sell quotes. They act as a dealer cum stockiest and do not charge any commission or brokerage. Their profit margin is the spread between the bid and offer prices.

    A voluntary market maker can be appointed for a period of six months. Market making is a unique concept of OTCEI. The other player on OTCEI is the custodian or registrar a safe keeper of share certificates. The OTCEI provides a liquid cash market for retail investors with a T+3 rolling settlement systems and no problem of bad of short deliveries.

    Salient Features of Over the Counter Exchange of India:

    1. Ring-less and Screen-based Trading: The over the Counter Exchange of India was the first stock exchange to introduce automated, screen-based trading in place of the conventional trading ring found in other stock exchanges. The network of on-line computers provides all relevant information to the market participants on their computer screens. This allows them the luxury of executing their deals in the comfort of their own offices.
    2. Sponsorship: All the companies seeking the listing on Over the Counter Exchange of India have to approach one of the members of the OTCEI for acting as the sponsor to the issue. The sponsor makes a thorough appraisal of the project; as by entering into the sponsorship agreement, the sponsor is committed to making the market in that scrip (giving a buy sell quote) for a minimum period of 18 months, sponsorship ensures quality of the companies and enhance liquidity for the scrip’s listed on OTCEI.
    3. Transparency of Transactions: The investor can view the quotations on the computer screen at the dealer’s office before placing the order. The OTCEI system ensures that trades are done at the best prevailing quotation in the market. The confirmation slip/trading document generated by the computers gives the exact price at which the deals has been done and the brokerage charged.
    4. Liquidity through Market Making: The sponsor-member is required to give two-way quotes (buy and sell) for the scrip for 18 months from the commencement of trading. Besides the compulsory market maker, there is an additional market maker giving two way quotes for the scrip. The idea is to create an environment of competition among market makers to produce efficient pricing and narrow spreads between buy and sell quotations.
    5. Listing of Small and Medium-sized Companies: Many small and medium-sized companies were not able to enter the capital market due to the listing requirement of Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 regarding the minimum issued equity of Rs.10 crores in case of the Mumbai stock Exchange and Rs.3 crores in case of other stock exchanges. The OTCEI provides an opportunity to these companies to enter the capital market as companies with issued capital of Rs.30 lacks onwards can raise finance from the capital market through OTCEI.
    6. Technology: Over The Counter Exchange of India uses computers and telecommunications to bring members/dealers together electronically, enabling them to trade with one another over the computer rather than on a trading floor in a single location.
    7. Nation-wide Listing: Over the Counter Exchange of India network is spread all over India through members, dealers and representative office counters. The company and its securities get nation-wide exposure and investors all over India can start trading in that scrip.
    8. Bought-out Deals: Through the concept of a bought-out deal, OTCEI allows companies to place its equity with the sponsor-member at a mutually agreed price. This ensures swifter availability of funds to companies for timely completion of projects and a listed status at a later date.

    Benefits of getting OTCEI Listing for Companies:

    The Over the Counter Exchange of India offers facilities to the companies having a issued equity capital of more than Rs. 30 lakhs.

    The benefits of listing at the Over the Counter Exchange of India are:

    • Small and medium closely-held companies can go public.
    • The OTCEI encourages entrepreneurship.
    • Companies can get the money before the issue in cases of Bought-out-deals.
    • It is more cost-effective to come with an issue of OTCEI.
    • Small companies can get listing benefits.
    • Easy issue marketing by using the nation-wide OTCEI dealer network.
    • Nation-wide trading by listing at just one exchange.

    Benefits of Trading on OTCEI for Investors:

    • The OTCEI trading counters are easily accessible by any investors.
    • The OTCEI provides greater confidence to investors because of complete transparency in deals.
    • At the OTCEl, the transactions are fast and are completed quickly.
    • The OTCEI ensures security, liquidity by offering two-way quotes.
    • The OTCEI is an investor friendly exchange with Single Window Clearance for all investor requests.

    The OTC Exchange Of India (OTCEI), also known as the Over-the-Counter Exchange of India, is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is India’s first exchange for small companies, as well as the first screen-based nationwide stock exchange in India. OTCEI was set up to access high-technology enterprising promoters in raising finance for new product development in a cost-effective manner and to provide a transparent and efficient trading system to investors.

    OTCEI is promoted by the Unit Trust of India, the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, the Industrial Development Bank of India, the Industrial Finance Corporation of India, and other institutions, and is a recognised stock exchange under the SCR Act.

    The OTC Exchange Of India was founded in 1990[3] under the Companies Act 1956 and was recognized by the Securities Contracts Regulation Act, 1956 as a stock exchange. The OTCEI is no longer a functional exchange as the same has been de-recognised by SEBI vide its order dated 31 Mar 2015.


  • What is ISE (Inter-Connected Stock Exchange)?

    Learn, What is ISE (Inter-Connected Stock Exchange)?


    The formation of NSE changed the way in which the stock exchanges were functioning. Modern infrastructure, technology, transparency and corporate governance are now becoming the features in the corporate the world. It also forced BSE to adopt the new technology and with this, NSE and BSE crossed boundaries and started functioning, operating throughout India. This affected the functioning of small and regional exchanges. This led to the birth of the Inter-connected Stock Exchange of India Ltd. (ISE). Federation of Indian stock exchanges, in a meeting held in 1996, constituted a steering committee to evolve an interconnected market system. Also learned, NSE, SEBI, What is ISE (Inter-Connected Stock Exchange)?

    In 1997, the market governing the body of India, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) granted approval to the proposal of the ISE to set up a national level stock exchange promoted by 14 regional stock exchanges.  ISE was launched with an objective of converting small, fragmented and illiquid markets into a large, efficient and liquid market. Inter-Connected Stock Exchange (ISE) has set up an Inter-connected Market System (ICMS) which provides its trading members a facility to trade on the national market in addition to the trading facility at the regional stock exchanges. The trading members of the ISE, who are already the members of the 14 stock exchanges (which are the constituents of the ISE), satisfy the capital adequacy requirements of the ISE separately and in addition to the capital adequacy requirements of the regional stock exchange.

    The ISE has set up a separate clearinghouse for settlement of the trades at the national market. The ISE has also made arrangement to appoint a clearing bank for online transfer of funds from regional centers to the national center. The ISE has an adequate risk management system for safety, integrity of the market and also to protect the interest of the investors. The participating exchanges of ISE have about 4,500 members and a large number of listed securities. It is a stock exchange of stock exchanges, members of the stock exchanges being traders on the ISE. The ISE has provided a highly automated trading system to the traders of the participating regional stock exchanges with direct access to the national level trading platform on an equal footing regardless of the location of the particular stock exchanges.

    Important Features of Inter-Connected Stock Exchange of India

    There are some of the features which make ISE a new age stock exchange are as follows:

    • ISE is a national level recognized stock exchange having moderate listing fees and granting listing and trading permission to small and medium-sized companies having a post public issue paid-up capital of Rs. 3 crore to Rs. 5 crores (subject to the appointment of market makers), besides companies with a capital of above Rs. 5 crores.
    • All traders and dealers of ISE have access to NSE through ISE securities and Services Ltd. (ISS), which ensures the continuous attention of investors.
    • ICSE has set up an ‘Investor Grievance and Service Cell’ which looks after all types of complaints of investors located across the country and provides decentralized support.
    • Listing of stocks with ISE would give the company an advantage of being identified as a technology-savvy and investor-friendly company.

    Inter-connected Stock Exchange Ltd. (ISE) is an Indian national-level stock exchange, providing trading, clearing, settlement, risk management and surveillance support to its trading members. It started its operation in 1998 in Vashi, Mumbai, and has 841 trading members, who are located in 18 cities. These intermediaries are administratively supported through the regional offices at Delhi, Kolkata, Patna, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, and Nagpur, besides Mumbai.

    The ISE is promoted by 12 regional stock exchanges namely at Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Chennai, Kochi, Coimbatore, Guwahati, Indore, Jaipur, Kanpur, Mangalore, Magadh, and Vadodara. The participating exchanges of ISE have 4,500 members and listed securities. It is a stock exchange of stock exchanges, members of the stock exchanges being traders on the ISE.


  • Explain, What is SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India)?

    Explain, What is SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India)?

    Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the nodal agency to regulate the capital market and other related issues in India. It was established in 1988 as an administrative body and was given statutory recognition in January 1992 under the SEBI Act 1992 which came into force on January 30. The Act charged the SEBI, the first national regulatory body in India with comprehensive statutory powers over practically all aspects of capital market operations, “to protect the interests of the investors and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities markets by such measures as it thinks fit.” Also learned, NSE, Explain, What is SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India)?

    Learn, Explain, What is SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India)?

    Explain What is SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) - ilearnlot

    SEBI has been vested most of the functions and powers under the Securities Contract Regulation (SCR) Act, which brought stock exchanges, their members, as well as contracts in securities which could be traded under the regulations of the Ministry of Finance. It has also been delegated certain powers under the Companies Act.

    In addition to registering and regulating intermediaries, service providers, mutual funds, collective investment schemes, venture capital funds and takeovers, SEBI is also vested with the power to issue directives to any person(s) related to the securities market or to companies in areas of issue of capital, transfer of securities and disclosures. It also has powers to inspect books and records, suspend registered entities and cancel the registration.

    Before the establishment of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the principal legislation governing the securities market in India was the capital issues control act 1956 and the securities contract act 1956. The regulatory powers were vested with the controller of capital issues for the primary market and the stock exchange division for the secondary market in the Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

    SEBI has been constituted on the lines of Securities and Exchange Commission of USA. SEBI is consisting of the Chairman and 8 Members (one member representing the Reserve Bank of India, two members from the officials of Central Government and five other public representatives to be appointed by the Central Government from different fields). SEBI has been playing an active role in the Indian Capital Market to achieve the objectives enshrined in the SEBI Act, 1992.

    The major objective of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) may be summarized as follows:
    • To provide a degree of protection to the investors and safeguard their rights and to ensure that there is a steady flow of funds in the market.
    • To promote fair dealings by the issuer of securities and ensure a market where they can raise funds at a relatively low cost.
    • To regulate and develop a code of conduct for the financial intermediaries and to make them competitive and professional.
    • To provide for the matters connecting with or incidental to the above.
    Section 11 of the SEBI Act deals with the powers and functions of the SEBI as follows:

    It shall be the duty of Board to protect the interests of the investors in securities and to promote the development of and to regulate the securities market by measures as deemed fit.

    To achieve the above, the Board may undertake the following measures:
    • Regulating the business in stock exchanges;
    • Registering and regulating the working of stock brokers, sub-brokers, share transfer agents, bankers to an issue, merchant bankers, underwriters, portfolio managers;
    • Registering and regulating the working of the depositories, participants, credit rating agencies;
    • Registering and regulating the working of venture capital funds and collective investment schemes, including mutual funds;
    • Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities markets;
    • Promoting investors education and training of intermediaries of securities markets;
    • Prohibiting insider trading in securities;
    • Regulating substantial acquisition of shares and take-over of companies; and
    • Calling for information from undertaking, inspection, concluding inquiries and audits of the stock exchanges, mutual funds, other persons associated with the securities market intermediaries and self-regulatory organizations in the securities market.

    In order to attain these objectives, SEBI has issued Guidelines, Rules, and Regulations from time to time. The most important of these is the “SEBI (Disclosure and Investor Protection) Guidelines,2000”. The provisions of these Guidelines,2000 are aimed to protect the interest of the investors in securities.

    The Guidelines, 2000 deals with the following areas :
    • Eligibility norms for companies issuing securities,
    • Pricing of securities by companies,
    • Promoters contribution and lock-in requirements,
    • Pre-issue obligations of the merchant bankers,
    • Contents of the prospectus/abridged prospectus letter of offer,
    • Post issue obligation, of merchant bankers,
    • Green shoe option,
    • Guidelines on advertisements,
    • Guidelines for issue of debt instruments,
    • Guidelines for the book building process,
    • Guidelines on public offer through the stock exchange on-Line system,
    • Guidelines for issue of capital by financial institutions,
    • Guidelines for preferential issues of securities,
    • Guidelines for bonus issues,
    • Other operational and miscellaneous matters.

    In order to regulate and control and to provide a code of conduct for the merchant bankers, other participants of the capital market, and other matters relating to the trading of securities, Securities, and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has issued several Rules and Regulations.

    These are related to Bankers to the issues, Buyback of securities, Collective Investments Schemes, Delisting of securities, Depositors, Derivatives, Employee stock options, Foreign Institutional Investors(FII’s), Insider Trading, Lead Manager, Market Makers, Merchant Bankers, Mutual Funds, Ombudsman, Portfolio Manager, Registrars and Share Transfer Agents, Securities Lending Scheme, Sweat Equity, Stock Brokers and sub-brokers, Takeover Regulations, Transfer of Shares, Underwriters, Unfair Trade Practices, venture capital Funds, Annual Reports, etc.

  • Explain, What is NSE (National Stock Exchange)?

    Explain, What is NSE (National Stock Exchange)?

    Learn, Explain, What is NSE (National Stock Exchange)?


    The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) was set up by leading institutions to provide a modern, fully automated screen-based trading system with national reach. The Exchange has brought about unparalleled transparency, speed & efficiency, safety and market integrity. It has set up facilities that serve as a model for the securities industry in terms of systems, practices, and procedures. Also learned, Corporate Planning, Explain, What is NSE (National Stock Exchange)?

    Explain What is NSE (National Stock Exchange) - ilearnlot
    Image: #NSE (National Stock Exchange).

    The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has played a catalytic role in reforming the Indian securities market in terms of microstructure, market practices, and trading volumes. The market today uses state-of-art information technology to provide an efficient and transparent trading, clearing and settlement mechanism, and has witnessed several innovations in products & services viz. demutualization of stock exchange governance, screen-based trading, compression of settlement cycles, dematerialization and electronic transfer of securities, securities lending and borrowing, professionalization of trading members, fine-tuned risk management systems, emergence of clearing corporations to assume counterparty risks, market of debt and derivative instruments and intensive use of information technology.

    The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has genesis in the report of the High Powered Study Group on Establishment of New Stock Exchanges, which recommended promotion of a National Stock Exchange by financial institutions (FIs) to provide access to investors from all across the country on an equal footing. Based on the recommendations, NSE was promoted by leading Financial Institutions at the behest of the Government of India and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company unlike other stock exchanges in the country. On its recognition as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 in April 1993, NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital Market (Equities) segment commenced operations in November 1994 and operations in Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.

    The National Stock Exchange of India Limited’s mission is setting the agenda for change in the securities markets in India. The NSE was set-up with the following objectives:
    • Establishing a nation-wide trading facility for equities, debt instruments, and hybrids,
    • Ensuring equal access to investors all over the country through an appropriate communication network,
    • Providing a fair, efficient and transparent securities market to investors using electronic trading systems,
    • Enabling shorter settlement cycles and book-entry settlements systems, and
    • Meeting the current international standards of securities markets.

    The standards set by The National Stock Exchange of India Limited in terms of market practices and technologies have become industry benchmarks and are being emulated by other market participants. NSE is more than a mere market facilitator. It’s that force which is guiding the industry towards new horizons and greater opportunities.

    Till the advent of The National Stock Exchange of India Limited, an investor wanting to transact in a security not traded on the nearest exchange had to route orders through a series of correspondent brokers to the appropriate exchange. This resulted in a great deal of uncertainty and high transaction costs. One of the objectives of NSE was to provide a nationwide trading facility and to enable investors spread all over the country to have an equal access to NSE.

    NSE has made it possible for an investor to access the same market and order book, irrespective of location, at the same price and at the same cost. NSE uses sophisticated telecommunication technology through which members can trade remotely from their offices located in any part of the country. NSE trading terminals are present in 363 cities and towns all over India.

    The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has been promoted by leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries NSE is one of the first demutualized stock exchanges in the country, where the ownership and management of the Exchange is completely divorced from the right to trade on it. Though the impetus for its establishment came from policymakers in the country, it has been set up as a public limited company, owned by the leading institutional investors in the country.

    From day one, NSE has adopted the form of a demutualized exchange – the ownership, management, and trading is in the hands of three different sets of people. NSE is owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries and is managed by professionals, who do not directly or indirectly trade on the Exchange. This has completely eliminated any conflict of interest and helped NSE in aggressively pursuing policies and practices within a public interest framework.

    The NSE model, however, does not preclude, but in fact accommodates involvement, support, and contribution of trading members in a variety of ways. Its Board comprises of senior executives from promoter institutions, eminent professionals in the fields of law, economics, accountancy, finance, taxation, etc, public representatives, nominees of SEBI and one full-time executive of the Exchange.

    While the Board deals with broad policy issues, decisions relating to market operations are delegated by the Board to various committees constituted by it. Such committees include representatives from trading members, professionals, the public and the management. The day-to-day management of the Exchange is delegated to the Managing Director who is supported by a team of professional staff.

    The National Stock Exchange replaced open outcry system, i.e. floor trading with the screen based automated system. Earlier, the price information can be accessed only by few people but now information can be seen by the people even in a remote location. The paper-based settlement system was replaced by electronic screen-based system and settlement of trade transactions was done on time. NSE also created National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) which permitted investors to hold and manage their shares and bonds electronically through a demat account.

    An investor can hold and trade in even one share. Now, the physical handling of securities eliminated so the chances of damage or misplacing of securities reduced to the minimum and to hold the equities become more convenient. The National Security Depository Limited’s electronically security handling, convenience, transparency, low transaction prices and efficiency in trade which is affected by NSE, has enhanced the reach of Indian stock market to domestic as well as international investors.

    #Promoters of National Stock Exchange of India (NSE):

    Following financial institutions were the promoters of National Stock Exchange :

    • Industrial Development Bank of India(IDBI).
    • Industrial Finance Corporation of India(IFCI).
    • Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India(ICICI).
    • Life Insurance Corporation of India(LIC).
    • General Insurance Corporation of India(GIC).
    • SBI Capital Markets Limited.
    • Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited.
    • Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited.

    #Market Segments of National Stock Exchange of India (NSE):

    The National Stock Exchange of India Limited was intended to establish a viable and vibrant debt market which was in an underdeveloped stage. Now, it provides the traditional retail market for securities and also operates a Wholesale Debt Market (which may be termed as money market segment).

    The NSE consists of three mutually exclusive segments :

    1. Wholesale debt market segment, started operations in June 1994.
    2. The capital market segment started operations in November 1994, and
    3. Derivatives (Futures and Options) Trading, started operations in June 2000.

    The Wholesale Debt Market segment of The National Stock Exchange of India Limited is a facility for institutions including subsidiaries of banks engaged in financial services and corporate bodies including companies to enter into high value transactions in instruments such as Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) bonds, Treasury Bills (T-BilIs), Governments Securities, Units of UTI, Commercial Papers (CPs), Certificate of Deposits (CDs), Floating yields bonds, etc. Members of the Wholesale Debt Market segment can trade on their own behalf and on behalf of their clients. NSE trading system facilitates making two ways quotes in a highly flexible manner.

    The Capital Market segment covers trading in equities and retail trade in the convertible or non-convertible debentures and hybrids. This particular segment comprises the securities of medium and large companies with nation-wide investors base. These will also include securities which are being traded on their stock exchanges. By virtue of equal access nationwide, such securities can be traded at the same price from any part of the country. This provides good trading and investment opportunities, increases the volume of the trade and increases the liquidity considerably.

    Besides the capital market segment, The National Stock Exchange of India Limited also provides the opportunity to the investors to deal in the derivative products, i.e., futures and options. At present, NSE provides facility to trade in Nifty Futures, Nifty Options, Individual Stock Options and Individual Stock Futures.