Tag: Motivation

  • Goals Meaning, Definitions, Quotes, Examples, and Synonyms

    Goals Meaning, Definitions, Quotes, Examples, and Synonyms

    Discover the meaning and importance of goals in both personal and professional contexts. Learn about short-term and long-term goals, their significance in decision-making, and how they shape one’s life and career. Get inspired by motivational quotes and real-life examples, and explore the language surrounding goals with relevant synonyms and antonyms. Also, This comprehensive guide offers valuable insights into setting and achieving goals effectively.

    The Meaning and Definition of Goals

    A goal is a desired result or outcome that an individual or organization aims to achieve within a specific timeframe. It represents a target that guides actions and decisions, providing a clear direction for efforts and resources. Goals can vary widely, encompassing everything from personal aspirations to professional milestones. They are essential in shaping the trajectory of one’s life or career, offering a framework within which progress can be measured and success evaluated.

    There are different types of goals, primarily categorized into short-term and long-term goals. Short-term goals are immediate objectives that can be achieved in a relatively brief period, often within weeks or months. These are actionable steps that lead to larger achievements and help in maintaining motivation through quick wins. On the other hand, long-term goals are more extensive and require sustained effort over a longer duration, potentially years. They often represent significant, overarching aims that guide the overall direction of personal and professional endeavors.

    The significance of setting goals cannot be overstated. In personal contexts, goals can enhance self-discipline, improve time management, and foster a sense of purpose. Professionally, they are instrumental in strategic planning, performance measurement, and organizational growth. Goals serve as benchmarks for evaluating progress and determining the effectiveness of strategies employed. They also provide motivation, as having clear objectives can inspire individuals and teams to strive for excellence and persist through challenges.

    Moreover, goals play a crucial role in decision-making processes. By having well-defined goals, individuals and organizations can make informed choices that are aligned with their desired outcomes. This alignment helps in prioritizing tasks, allocating resources efficiently, and avoiding distractions that could derail progress. In this way, goals act as a compass, guiding actions towards the achievement of specific, meaningful results.

    Inspirational Quotes About Goals

    “Setting goals is the first step in turning the invisible into the visible.” – Tony Robbins. This quote by motivational speaker Tony Robbins emphasizes the transformative power of goal-setting. It underscores the idea that ambitions and dreams remain intangible until they are solidified through concrete goals. By setting clear objectives, individuals can visualize their path to success and take actionable steps to achieve their dreams.

    “A goal without a plan is just a wish.” – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. The French writer and aviator, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, highlights the necessity of planning when setting goals. Without a structured plan, goals lack direction and are unlikely to be realized. This quote serves as a reminder that detailed planning is crucial in turning goals into achievable milestones.

    “You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream.” – C.S. Lewis. This quote from author C.S. Lewis delivers a timeless message about the enduring nature of ambition. It reassures individuals that age is not a barrier to setting new goals or pursuing new dreams. Continuous goal-setting is vital for personal growth and fulfillment at any stage of life.

    “Success is the progressive realization of a worthy goal or ideal.” – Earl Nightingale. Earl Nightingale, a pioneer in personal development, defines success in terms of goal achievement. According to Nightingale, success is not merely an endpoint but a journey of progressively realizing one’s goals. This perspective encourages individuals to appreciate the incremental progress they make toward their objectives.

    “Dream big. Start small. Act now.” – Robin Sharma. Robin Sharma, a leadership expert, encapsulates a pragmatic approach to goal-setting with this quote. It motivates individuals to aspire ambitiously, commence with manageable steps, and take immediate action. This step-by-step approach ensures that even the grandest goals become attainable through consistent effort.

    These quotes collectively highlight the importance of goal-setting, planning, persistence, and action. They provide valuable insights and encouragement for anyone looking to set and achieve meaningful goals. By reflecting on these words of wisdom, readers can find the inspiration and motivation needed to embark on their own goal-setting journeys.

    Real-Life Examples of Goals

    When it comes to understanding goals, examining real-life examples can provide valuable insights. In the realm of career, a common goal might be securing a promotion. For instance, an individual working in a corporate setting may set a goal to move from a junior to a senior position within two years. To achieve this, they might engage in continuous professional development by attending workshops, seeking mentorship, and taking on challenging projects. The outcome often involves enhanced skills, increased responsibility, and recognition within the company.

    In the field of education, a student might aim to achieve a specific grade point average (GPA) by the end of the academic year. Strategies to reach this educational goal could include developing a consistent study schedule, participating actively in class, and seeking additional help from tutors or study groups. The result of such dedicated efforts is usually reflected in improved academic performance and a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

    Health-related goals are another area where individuals set specific, measurable objectives. For example, a person might aim to lose a certain amount of weight within six months. This health goal can be approached through a combination of dietary changes, regular exercise, and possibly consulting with healthcare professionals. Success in this area not only leads to physical transformation but also often results in enhanced mental well-being and overall improved quality of life.

    Personal development goals often focus on areas such as improving time management or learning a new skill. For instance, someone might set a goal to learn a new language within a year. To accomplish this, they could enroll in language classes, use language-learning apps, and practice speaking with native speakers. Achieving such a goal not only broadens personal horizons but also can provide a sense of accomplishment and enhanced confidence.

    These examples highlight the importance of clearly defining goals, employing strategic actions, and being persistent. Whether in career, education, health, or personal development, setting and achieving goals requires a combination of planning, effort, and resilience. By understanding the strategies and potential challenges involved, individuals can set more effective goals and pursue them with greater confidence.

    Synonyms and Antonyms of Goals

    The concept of goals is enriched by a diverse vocabulary, offering nuanced perspectives on the idea of setting and achieving objectives. Understanding the synonyms and antonyms of goals can deepen one’s comprehension of this fundamental concept.

    Synonyms for goals include terms such as objective, aim, target, and aspiration. Each of these words carries subtle differences in meaning and usage. An objective often refers to a specific, measurable outcome that one seeks to achieve, typically used in professional or academic contexts. For instance, a company might set an objective to increase its market share by 10% within a year.

    The term aim is similar but slightly broader, implying a general direction or purpose. It is less rigid than an objective and often used in both personal and professional contexts. For example, one might aim to improve their fitness levels or to enhance their skills in a particular area.

    A target denotes a specific point or level that one strives to reach, often used in contexts where precision is crucial, such as sales targets or project milestones. An example might be setting a target to achieve a sales quota by the end of the quarter.

    <aspiration encompasses a more ambitious and often long-term desire or ambition. It implies a higher level of motivation and often relates to personal growth or professional advancement. For instance, aspiring to become a leader in one’s field signifies a deep-seated drive to achieve excellence and recognition.</aspiration

    In contrast, antonyms of goals reflect the absence or opposite of goal-setting. Words like aimlessness, indecision, and disorganization illustrate a lack of direction or purpose. Aimlessness denotes a state of having no plans or objectives, leading to a sense of wandering without purpose.

    Indecision reflects the inability to make decisions, often resulting in stagnation and the inability to progress toward any goal. Finally, disorganization implies a lack of structure or order, making it challenging to set and achieve goals effectively.

    By exploring these synonyms and antonyms, readers can gain a richer understanding of the language surrounding goals, enhancing their ability to articulate and pursue their own objectives with greater clarity and precision.

  • Difference Between Self Awareness and Self Esteem: Explained

    Difference Between Self Awareness and Self Esteem: Explained

    Explore the difference between self awareness and self esteem with this blog post. Learn how understanding them can help you with emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.

    Difference Between Self Awareness and Self Esteem

    Understanding the distinctions between self-awareness and self-esteem is vital to personal development and emotional intelligence. Here’s an exploration of the two concepts:

    Self-Awareness

    Self-awareness refers to the ability to see oneself clearly and objectively through reflection and introspection. This encompasses:

    • Acknowledging one’s emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
    • Being mindful of one’s strengths, weaknesses, and potential bias.
    • Understanding how one is perceived by others and how one affects the environment.

    Characteristics:

    • Reflective: Involves looking inward to understand one’s inner workings.
    • Objective: Requires the capacity to assess oneself without bias or undue emotional influence.
    • Adaptive: Leads to growth as one becomes aware of areas for improvement.

    Self-Esteem

    Self-esteem is about one’s perception of their own worth or value. It includes:

    • Beliefs about personal value and self-worth.
    • Feelings of confidence or lack thereof in one’s abilities and qualities.
    • Emotional states influenced by the perceived self-competence and worthiness.

    Characteristics:

    • Evaluative: Concerned with judging one’s own value, often subconsciously.
    • Emotional: Closely linked to feelings of worthiness and acceptance.
    • Variable: Can fluctuate based on experiences, feedback, and internal thought processes.

    Understanding the Nuances

    While both concepts pertain to the self, self-awareness is more about understanding, and self-esteem is more about valuing. An individual can be highly self-aware but still have low self-esteem if their self-assessment is overly critical. Conversely, someone might have high self-esteem but limited self-awareness, leading them to overlook their faults and potentially come off as arrogant or self-absorbed.

    Interrelation

    The two are not mutually exclusive but interlinked in complex ways:

    • Improved self-awareness can contribute to healthier self-esteem by allowing a person to make positive changes.
    • High self-esteem can enable better self-awareness by fostering a sense of security needed to confront less favorable aspects of oneself.

    A compression table of Self Awareness Vs. Self Esteem

    AspectSelf-AwarenessSelf-Esteem
    DefinitionSelf-awareness is the conscious knowledge of one’s own character, feelings, motives, and desires.Self-esteem is one’s overall subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth.
    FocusInwardly directed towards understanding oneself.How one values or regards oneself.
    DevelopmentGained through reflection, introspection, and learning.Shaped by experiences, feedback from others, and personal comparisons.
    InfluenceAffects how we understand our actions and reactions.Affects how we perceive our value in social and personal contexts.
    Impact on BehaviorSelf-aware individuals can regulate their behaviors based on self-reflection.High self-esteem can lead to confident behavior; low self-esteem may result in insecurity.
    ChangeabilityCan be enhanced with conscious effort and mindfulness practices.Can fluctuate with life experiences and internal or external validation.
    Role in Well-beingA foundation for personal growth and improved emotional intelligence.Essential for mental health and well-being; protective against stress and depression.
    Objective/SubjectiveMore objective, as it deals with factual awareness of traits and behaviors.More subjective and tied to feelings and perceptions of self-worth.

    Conclusions

    In summary, self-awareness is a tool for understanding oneself, while self-esteem relates to how much we value and appreciate ourselves. Both play crucial roles in the well-being and psychological health of an individual and can be developed over time with intentional effort.

  • A Guide to Inspiring First Day of School Quotes

    A Guide to Inspiring First Day of School Quotes

    Motivate yourself and embrace new opportunities with these inspiring first day of school quotes. Start your new school year with these inspiring quotes to motivate you to explore new horizons and strive for excellence! #inspiringfirstdayofschoolquotes

    A Guide to Inspiring First Day of School Quotes

    Certainly! Here’s an expanded version of the previous answer:

    Starting a new school year is an exciting and transformative time. It’s a chance for students to embark on new adventures, learn new things, and grow both academically and personally. How to The Importance of Effective Project Management on Monday. To help set a positive tone for the first day, here are a collection of inspiring quotes that can motivate students to embrace the opportunities that lie ahead:

    A Guide to Inspiring First Day of School Quotes Image
    Photo from ilearnlot.com

    Oprah Winfrey once said,

    “Education is the key to unlocking the world, a passport to freedom.”

    These words remind us that education empowers us to explore new horizons, broaden our perspectives, and ultimately create a brighter future for ourselves.

    Eleanor Roosevelt inspires us with her quote,

    “The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.”

    This serves as a reminder that having dreams and aspirations is essential – they drive us forward, motivate us to work hard, and give us a purpose to strive for excellence.

    The renowned poet William Butler Yeats once said,

    “Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.”

    This quote reminds us that education is not simply about acquiring knowledge but also igniting a passion for lifelong learning. It encourages us to approach education with curiosity and enthusiasm, always seeking to discover and explore.

    Dr. Seuss, beloved author and illustrator, offers timeless wisdom with his quote,

    “You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself in any direction you choose.”

    These words remind us that we have the power to shape our path, to make choices that align with our goals, and to take charge of our learning journey.

    Theodore Roosevelt’s famous words,

    “Believe you can and you’re halfway there,”

    Serve as a reminder that confidence and self-belief are crucial qualities for success. Believing in oneself and having a positive mindset can make all the difference in overcoming challenges and achieving great things.

    Albert Schweitzer once said,

    “Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful.”

    This quote reminds us to find joy and fulfillment in our pursuits, as true success lies in doing what we love and being passionate about it.

    Steve Jobs quote,

    Steve Jobs, the visionary co-founder of Apple, emphasized the importance of finding meaningful work with his quote,

    “The only way to do great work is to love what you do.”

    This serves as a reminder that when we are engaged in something we are passionate about, our work becomes more fulfilling and the results are often remarkable.

    Sam Levenson encourages us to make the most of our time with his quote,

    “Don’t watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going.”

    This quote reminds us to stay focused and determined, even when faced with challenges or setbacks. It encourages perseverance and the drive to keep moving forward.

    John F. Kennedy believed that taking the first step is crucial, as he said,

    “Every accomplishment starts with the decision to try.”

    This quote highlights the importance of taking initiative and being willing to step out of our comfort zones. It reminds us that every great achievement begins with a single act of courage and determination.

    Abraham Lincoln’s wise words,

    “The best way to predict the future is to create it,”

    Inspires us to take ownership of our lives and strive for excellence. It reminds us that we have the power to shape our destinies and to make a positive impact on the world.

    As you embark on your new school year, remember that education is not only about grades and exams. It’s about embracing opportunities, nurturing curiosity, and developing a passion for lifelong learning. These quotes serve as a reminder to believe in yourself, pursue your dreams with determination, and make the most of every learning experience.

    Wishing you a memorable and successful first day of school! May this new chapter be filled with growth, inspiration, and wonderful achievements!

    How to Make Your First Day of School Memorable?

    To make your first day of school memorable, the inspiring first day of school quotes:

    1. Dress well and feel confident.
    2. Plan and be organized.
    3. Introduce yourself to classmates and teachers.
    4. Engage in icebreaker activities.
    5. Explore the school and get familiar with your surroundings.
    6. Join clubs or extracurricular activities.
    7. Take photos to capture the memories.
    8. Stay positive and open-minded.
    9. Reflect on your experiences.
    10. Enjoy the journey!

    Bottom line

    Starting a new school year is an exciting time for students to embark on new adventures, learn new things, and grow both academically and personally. Inspiring first day of school quotes, Here are some quotes from influential figures such as Oprah Winfrey, Eleanor Roosevelt, Dr. Seuss, and Steve Jobs.

    These quotes emphasize the importance of education, believing in oneself, finding passion in work, perseverance, taking initiative, and creating a meaningful future. Additionally, there are tips to make the first day of school memorable, including dressing well, being organized, introducing oneself, participating in icebreaker activities, exploring the school, joining clubs, taking photos, staying positive, reflecting on experiences, and enjoying the journey.

  • What is the Self-Efficacy? Meaning, Definition, and Source

    What is the Self-Efficacy? Meaning, Definition, and Source

    Self-Efficacy Meaning, Definition, and Source; Self-efficacy, also referred to as personal efficacy, is the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals. Psychologists have studied self-efficacy from several perspectives, noting various paths in the development of self-efficacy; the dynamics of self-efficacy, and lack thereof, in many different settings; interactions between self-efficacy and self-concept; and habits of attribution that contribute to, or detract from, self-efficacy.

    What is Self-Efficacy? also explain their topic Meaning, Definition, and Source.

    Self-efficacy affects every area of human endeavor. By determining the beliefs, a person holds regarding his or her power to affect situations, strongly influences both the power a person actually has to face challenges competently and the choices a person is most likely to make. These effects are particularly apparent, and compelling, concerning behaviors affecting health.

    Meaning and Definition of Self-Efficacy?

    Perceived self-efficacy define as people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective, and selection processes.

    A strong sense of efficacy enhances human accomplishment and personal well-being in many ways. People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to master rather than as threats to avoid. Such an efficacious outlook fosters intrinsic interest and deep engrossment in activities. They set themselves challenging goals and maintain a strong commitment to them. They heighten and sustain their efforts in the face of failure. Also, They quickly recover their sense of efficacy after failures or setbacks.

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    They attribute failure to insufficient effort or deficient knowledge and skills which are acquirable. They approach threatening situations with assurance that they can exercise control over them. Such an efficacious outlook produces personal accomplishments, reduces stress, and lowers vulnerability to depression.

    In contrast, people who doubt their capabilities shy away from difficult tasks which they view as personal threats. Also, They have low aspirations and weak commitment to the goals they choose to pursue. When faced with difficult tasks, they dwell on their personal deficiencies, on the obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes rather than concentrate on how to perform successfully. They slacken their efforts and give up quickly in the face of difficulties. They are slow to recover their sense of efficacy following failure or setbacks. Because they view insufficient performance as deficient aptitude it does not require much failure for them to lose faith in their capabilities. They fall easy victim to stress and depression.

    Source of Self-Efficacy

    People’s beliefs about their efficacy can develop by four main sources of influence. The most effective way of creating a strong sense of efficacy is through mastery experiences. Successes build a robust belief in one’s personal efficacy. Failures undermine it, especially if failures occur before a sense of efficacy firmly establish.

    If people experience only easy successes, they come to expect quick results and easily discourage by failure. A resilient sense of efficacy requires experience in overcoming obstacles through perseverant effort. Some setbacks and difficulties in human pursuits serve a useful purpose in teaching that success usually requires sustained effort. After people become convinced they have what it takes to succeed, they persevere in the face of adversity and quickly rebound from setbacks. By sticking it out through tough times, they emerge stronger from adversity.

    Second way

    The second way of creating and strengthening self-beliefs of efficacy is through the vicarious experiences provided by social models. Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises observers’ beliefs that they too possess the capabilities to master comparable activities required to succeed. By the same token, observing others’ fail despite high effort lowers observers’ judgments of their own efficacy and undermines their efforts. The impact of modeling on perceived self-efficacy strongly influences by perceived similarity to the models. The greater the assumed similarity the more persuasive are the models’ successes and failures. If people, see the models as very different from themselves their perceived self-efficacy is not much influenced by the models’ behavior and the results it produces.

    Modeling influences do more than provide a social standard against which to judge one’s own capabilities. People seek proficient models who possess the competencies to which they aspire. Through their behavior and expressed ways of thinking, competent models transmit knowledge and teach observers effective skills and strategies for managing environmental demands. Acquisition of better means raises perceived self-efficacy.

    Third way

    Social persuasion is a third way of strengthening people’s beliefs that they have what it takes to succeed. People who persuade verbally that they possess the capabilities to master gives activities are likely to mobilize greater effort and sustain it than if they harbor self-doubts and dwell on personal deficiencies when problems arise. To the extent that persuasive boosts in perceived self-efficacy lead people to try hard enough to succeed, they promote the development of skills and a sense of personal efficacy.

    It is more difficult to instill high beliefs of personal efficacy by social persuasion alone than to undermine it. Unrealistic boosts in efficacy quickly dis-confirm by disappointing results of one’s efforts. But people who have been persuaded that they lack capabilities tend to avoid challenging activities that cultivate potentialities and give up quickly in the face of difficulties. By constricting activities and undermining motivation, disbelief in one’s capabilities creates its own behavioral validation.

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    Successful efficacy builders do more than convey positive appraisals. In addition to raising people’s beliefs in their capabilities, they structure situations for them in ways that bring success and avoid placing people in situations prematurely where they are likely to fail often. They measure success in terms of self-improvement rather than by triumphs over others.

    People also rely partly on their somatic and emotional states in judging their capabilities. They interpret their stress reactions and tension as signs of vulnerability to poor performance. In activities involving strength and stamina, people judge their fatigue, aches, and pains as signs of physical debility. Mood also affects people’s judgments of their personal efficacy. A positive mood enhances perceived self-efficacy, a despondent mood diminishes it. The fourth way of modifying self-beliefs of efficacy is to reduce people’s stress reactions and alter their negative emotional proclivities and is-interpretations of their physical states.

    It is not the sheer intensity of emotional and physical reactions that is important but rather how they perceive and interpret. People who have a high sense of efficacy are likely to view their state of affective arousal as an energizing facilitator of performance, whereas those who are beset by self-doubts regard their arousal as a debilitator. Physiological indicators of efficacy play an especially influential role in health functioning and athletic and other physical activities.

    What is the Self-Efficacy Meaning Definition and Source Image
    What is the Self-Efficacy? Meaning, Definition, and Source; Image from Pixabay.
  • Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy

    Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy

    Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy; There is a growing body of evidence that human accomplishments and positive well-being require an optimistic sense of personal efficacy. This is because ordinary social realities strew with difficulties. They are full of impediments, adversities, setbacks, frustrations, and inequities. People must have a robust sense of personal efficacy to sustain the perseverant effort needed to succeed. In pursuits strewn with obstacles, realists either forsake them, abort their efforts prematurely when difficulties arise, or become cynical about the prospects of effecting significant changes.

    Here is the article to explain, What are the Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy?

    It widely believes that misjudgment breeds personal problems. Certainly, gross miscalculation can get one into trouble. However, the functional value of accurate self-appraisal depends on the nature of the activity. Activities in which mistakes can produce costly or injurious consequences call for accurate self-appraisal of capabilities. It is a different matter where difficult accomplishments can produce substantial personal and social benefits and the costs involve one’s time, effort, and expendable resources. People with a high sense of efficacy have the staying power to endure the obstacles and setbacks that characterize difficult undertakings.

    When people err in their self-appraisal they tend to overestimate their capabilities. This is a benefit rather than a cognitive failing to eradicate. If efficacy beliefs always reflected only what people can do routinely they would rarely fail but they would not set aspirations beyond their immediate reach nor mount the extra effort needed to surpass their ordinary performances.

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    People who experience much distress have been comparing in their skills and beliefs in their capabilities with those who do not suffer from such problems. The findings show that it is often the normal people who are distorters of reality. But they display self-enhancing biases and distort in the positive direction. People who are socially anxious or prone to depression are often just as socially skill as those who do not suffer from such problems. But the normal ones believe they are much more adept than they really are. The no depressed people also have a stronger belief that they exercise some control over situations.

    Social reformers strongly believe that they can mobilize the collective effort needed to bring social change. Although their beliefs rarely fully realize they sustain reform efforts that achieve important gains. Were social reformers to be entirely realistic about the prospects of transforming social systems they would either forego the endeavor or fall easy victim to discouragement. Realists may adapt well to existing realities. But those with a tenacious self-efficacy are likely to change those realities.

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    Innovative achievements also require a resilient sense of efficacy. Innovations require heavy investment of effort over a long period with uncertain results. Moreover, innovations that clash with existing preferences and practices meet with negative social reactions. It is, therefore, not surprising that one rarely finds realists in the ranks of innovators and great achievers.

    In his delightful book, titled, Rejection, John White provides vivid testimony, that the striking characteristic of people who have achieved eminence in their fields is an inextinguishable sense of personal efficacy and a firm belief in the worth of what they are doing. This resilient self-belief system enabled them to override repeated early rejections of their work.

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    Many of our literary classics brought their author’s countless rejections. James Joyce’s, The Dubliners, was canceled by 22 publishers. Gertrude Stein continues to submit poems to editors for 20 years before one was finally accepting. Over a dozen publishers rejected a manuscript by e. e. cummings. When he finally got it to publish, by his mother, the dedication read, in upper case: With no thanks to . . . follows by the list of 16 publishers who had rejected his manuscript.

    Early rejection is the rule, rather than the exception, in other creative endeavors. The Impressionists had to arrange their own exhibitions because their works go to routinely cancel by the Paris Salon. Van Gogh sold only one painting during his lifetime. Rodin was rejected three times for admission to the ‘cole des Beaux-Arts.

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    The musical works of most renowned composers were initially greeted with derision. Stravinsky was run out of town by enraging Parisians and critics when he first serves them the Rite of Spring. Entertainers in contemporary pop culture have not fared any better. Decca records rejected a recording contract with the Beatles with the non-prophetic evaluation, “We don’t like their sound.

    Groups of guitars are on the way out.” Columbia Records was next to turn them down. Theories and technologies that are ahead of their time usually suffer repeat rejections. The rocket pioneer, Robert Goddard, was bitterly rejected by his scientific peers because rocket propulsion would not work in the rarefies atmosphere of outer space. Because of the cold reception given to innovations, the time between conception and technical realization is discouragingly long.

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    The moral of the Book of Rejections is that rejections should not accept too readily as indicants of personal failings. To do so is self-limiting.

    In sum, the successful, the venturesome, the sociable, the no anxious, the no depressed, the social reformers, and the innovators take an optimistic view of their personal capabilities to exercise influence over events that affect their lives. If not unrealistically exaggerated, such self-beliefs foster positive well-being and human accomplishments.

    Many of the challenges of life are group problems requiring collective effort to produce significant change. The strength of groups, organizations and even nations lies partly in people’s sense of collective efficacy that they can solve the problems they face and improve their lives through unified effort. People’s beliefs in their collective efficacy influence what they choose to do as a group, how much effort they put into it, their endurance when collective efforts fail to produce quick results, and their likelihood of success.

    Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy Image
    Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy; Image from Pixabay.
  • Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy

    Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy

    What knows about strengthening self-efficacy? A range of strategies that can use by teachers to enhance self-efficacy has been identified. Strategies that teachers can use to influence self-efficacy include (a) goals and feedback, (b) rewards, (c) self-instruction for verbalization of strategies, (d) participant modeling, and (e) various combinations of these strategies.

    How to Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy? Here is the article to explain.

    Keep in mind that self-efficacy, skill development, and strategy use go hand in hand; whether it be math problem solving, soccer skills, or expository writing. Students learn strategies that enable them to develop skills resulting in increased self-efficacy strengthening.

    Goals, Feedback, Rewards, and Verbalization

    Because task accomplishment is the most powerful source of self-efficacy information; an important approach is to use strategies that can strengthen task accomplishment. The strategies of goal setting, feedback, rewards, and self-talk or verbalization were used in various combinations to help students categorized as LD or remedial to strengthen self-efficacy.

    Schunk and Cox (1986) investigated the combination of strategy verbalization; and, effort feedback on the performance and self-efficacy of students with LD. While solving subtraction problems, students verbalized or said the task steps aloud to themselves; they were then given feedback that their successes were due to their effort. The combination of verbalization and effort feedback led to problem-solving successes, higher self-efficacy, and subtraction skills. The authors believed that the two strategies verbalization and effort feedback serve different purposes. Verbalization was useful for training students to systematically use the task strategy.

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    Giving students feedback that effort is responsible for success communicated that they are developing skills and that they can continue to perform well with hard work. The importance of feedback for enhancing self-efficacy may sometimes overlook by a teacher. Pajares and Johnson (1994) conducted a study in a language arts course for preservice teachers. The students received feedback from their teacher on attempting and completing writing tasks; but, they did not receive feedback on their specific writing skills.

    The end-of-course assessment revealed that, although the students improved on writing skills; their self-efficacy judgments about their skills did not increase. The authors concluded that when teachers note a growth or decline in skills (in this case, writing); they must give the students feedback about their specific skill development. As emphasized earlier, students will make future judgments not just on their actual skills; but, also on their perception of their competence in using the skill. These perceptions of self-efficacy are more likely to increase with specific teacher feedback.

    Participant Modeling

    Vicarious experience is the second most powerful source of self-efficacy. The most frequent form of vicarious experience for students is seeing a model (another student or teacher) perform a skill they are attempting to learn. Who is a more effective model, a peer or teacher, or a mastery or coping model?

    Peer or Teacher Model?

    Schunk and Hanson (1985) had students, ages 8 to 10, observe either a peer or teacher model solving fractions on a videotape. Children who had observed a peer model had higher self-efficacy and achievement scores on the math assessment than did students who had observed the teacher model. The authors concluded that the increase may have been because the children saw themselves as more similar to the peer model. The use of peer models is especially recommended for enhancement of self-efficacy among low-achieving students who are more doubtful about attaining the level of competence demonstrated by the teacher.

    Mastery or Coping Model?

    Which model do you think will be more effective in strengthening self-efficacy; an expert who demonstrates a high level of expertise or one who is competent, but demonstrates the strategies they used to acquire the skill? Previous research found that observer’s beliefs about competence influence by their perceived similarity incompetence to the model. Models can reflect either mastery or coping behaviors. A mastery model demonstrates a task at a high level of expertise with a high level of confidence. In contrast, a coping model demonstrates the task along with the difficulties students experienced and the strategies (e.g., effort) they used to overcome the difficulties. The effectiveness of coping versus mastery peer models was compared by Schunk et al.

    Types of models

    The two types of models demonstrated strategies as follows:

    1. Peer coping model; Made errors at first and verbalized negative statements that reflected self-efficacy (e.g., “I’m not sure I can do this”). The teacher then gave a prompt (e.g., “What do you do when denominators are the same?”). Next, the coping model made statements about how they overcame failure (e.g., “I need to pay attention to what I’m doing”) and eventually performed at a mastery level.
    2. Peer mastery models; Performed all problems correctly while working at the average rate. Verbalized high self-efficacy and ability (e.g., “I’m good at this.” “That was easy”).

    The findings indicated that the subjects judged themselves as more similar to the peer coping model. Students who observed the peer coping model demonstrated higher self-efficacy for learning, greater post-test self-efficacy, and skill development compared with those who observed a peer mastery model.

    Modeling is a resource that is readily available in the classroom. This is a case of positive social comparisons with others (Schunk, 2001). The important implication for teachers is to use caution in choosing peer models. An alert, the sensitive teacher can identify peer coping models in their classrooms and use them to strengthen the self-efficacy of many students.

    Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy Image
    Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy; Image from Pixabay.
  • The Motivated Personality born in India They inspire Always

    The Motivated Personality born in India They inspire Always

    These Indian’s have gone places and brought great glory to the country they were born in. The Motivated Personality born in India They inspire Always – From science to arts, business to literature here is a list of best 20+ exceptionally talented Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) who have given us several more reasons to be proud of them. Are Entrepreneurs Made or Born! Explanation Why?

    The Motivated Personality born in India They inspire Always. Best 20+ Non-Resident Indians (NRI) across The World, Who have Made to proud India.

    #Satya Nadella

    Personality born in India; This current CEO of Microsoft was born in Hyderabad and earlier worked with Sun Microsystems as a member of its technology staff before joining Microsoft in 1992. He was Executive Vice President of Cloud & Enterprise Group and President of Server & Tools at Microsoft Corporation before becoming the CEO in February this year. They played an important role in the transformation to the cloud infrastructure and services business which occupied the market. He has also been a key person in taking various internal decisions at Microsoft.

    #Narinder Singh Kapany

    Personality born in India; This Punjab-born genius is known for his contribution to the field of fiber optics. He was included in the list of seven ‘Unsung Heroes’ by Fortune magazine in their ‘Businessmen of the Century’ issue. He is considered as one of the founders of fiber optics and revolutionized the way information is transmitted today. Kapany has played many roles in his life including that of an entrepreneur, philanthropist, and scholar, which won him major international acclaim.

    #Salman Rushdie

    Personality born in India; Born in Mumbai, this 67-year-old Kashmiri Indian author is best known for his contribution to English Literature. His second novel, Midnight’s Children, won the Booker Prize in 1981. He also won the ‘Booker of Bookers’ prize in 1993 for the same novel. In 2008, The Times ranked him 13th on its list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945. He started his career as a copywriter with the advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather.

    He is also known for the controversy due to his book Satanic Verses. They have authored eleven novels so far and written several short stories. His books have been translating in over 40 languages. He was appointed Commandeur de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France in January 1999 and was also knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his services to literature. More than one reason to be proud of this amazing scholar, right?

    #S. Chandrasekhar

    Personality born in India; Born in Lahore, British India, he is famous for his mathematical theory of black holes for which he won a Nobel Prize in 1983. The Chandrasekhar limit is named after him. His most celebrated work concerns the radiation of energy from stars, particularly white dwarf stars, which are the dying fragments of stars. R. J. Tayler in the Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society of London wrote, “Chandrasekhar was a classical applied mathematician whose research was primarily applied in astronomy and whose like will probably never see again.”

    #Amartya Sen

    Personality born in India; Born in Santiniketan, West Bengal, this Indian economist, and philosopher is best known for his amazing contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, and indices of the measure of well-being of citizens of developing countries. His extraordinary work in welfare economics won him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998. He is the chancellor at Nalanda University and also a Fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows. He is also internationally acclaimed for his writing. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity is one of his best works.

    #Har Gobind Khorana

    Personality born in India; This Indian American biochemist won a Nobel prize in 1968 for Physiology or Medicine for cracking the genetic code along with Robert Holley and Marshall Nirenberg. Born in Raipur, Punjab, Khorana was the first scientist to chemically synthesize oligonucleotides. His contribution to science is tremendous and has won him immense international acclaim.

    #Rohinton Mistry

    Personality born in India; This internationally acclaimed writer was born in Mumbai and did his BA from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. He, later on, shifted to Canada in 1975 with his wife. He published his first book, 11 connected short stories titled Swimming Lessons and Other Stories from the Firozsha Bag in 1987. His second book Such a Long Journey, was published in 1991 and achieved huge national and international acclaim. And, other works received similar popularity. His third book A Fine Balance is considered to be one of his finest works and was a finalist for the Booker Prize.

    #Pan Nalin

    Personality born in India; This award-winning film director, screenwriter, and documentary maker was born in Gujarat and is best known for his amazing and award-winning films like Samsara, Valley of Flowers and Ayurveda: Art of Being. He received international acclaim just after the release of his first film Samsara which made him win over 30 international awards.

    His other feature film Valley of Flowers was pre-sold in 35 countries and is considered a major underground hit. He was invited to be on the panel for the France-India Co-production forum at Salon du Cinema in Paris along with the delegation headed by Mr. Amitabh Bachchan. Nalin says that Indians are “hungry for good documentaries”. And we think his amazing work is satiating that hunger.

    #Vinod Khosla

    Personality born in India; Listed as a billionaire by Forbes Magazine, Khosla is one of the co-founders of Sun Microsystems, a company which created the Java programming language and Network File System. He later formed his own company, Khosla Ventures. He was born in Delhi and attended Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.

    They were a key player in the founding of Daisy Systems and TiE. They have also played an important role as an investor in environmental startups. Khosla has committed around $450 million of his personal wealth to various “green” initiatives like ethanol factories, solar-power parks, etc. His green investing has made him immensely popular in the media globally.

    #Kalpana Chawla

    Personality born in India; Who forget this lady needs no introduction. Born in Karnal, India, she was the first Indian-American astronaut and also the first Indian woman in space. She began working at NASA’s Ames Research Center in 1988. In her career span and two space missions, she spent 30 days, 14 hours, and 54 minutes in space. She was killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster along with six other crew members in 2003. India’s first weather satellite was renamed ‘Kalpana-1’ in her honor. She was a role model for many young women internationally and inspired many people to pursue a career in Aerospace Engineering.

    #Mira Nair

    Personality born in India; This amazing filmmaker was born in Rourkela, Orissa and started her career as an independent short-film maker, going on to win the Best Documentary prize at the American Film Festival for India Cabaret, an investigative documentary of Bombay’s strippers. She runs a production company called Mirabai. Her debut feature film Salaam Bombay! (1988), won the Golden Camera award at the Cannes Film Festival and was also a nominee for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

    Her most popular works include The Namesake and Monsoon Wedding. She was also awarded India’s third highest civilian award, the Padma Bhushan, in 2012. Her work is globally acclaimed and she even got an offer to direct Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix, which she rejected.

    #Anita Desai and Kiran Desai

    Personality born in India; This mother-daughter duo is famous for exceptional writing skills. Kiran Desai’s novel The Inheritance of Loss won the Man Booker Prize in 2006 and the National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award. The exceptional writing comes as an inheritance, as Kiran’s mother Anita Desai has also been short-listed for the Booker Prize thrice. Kiran has been winning accolades from various notable figures ever since she published her first book.

    Anita won the Sahitya Academy Award in 1978 for her novel Fire on the Mountain and has also won the British Guardian Prize for The Village by the Sea. Anita is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, the American Academy of Arts and Letters and also writes for the New York Review of Books. Her novel In Custody is one of her finest works.

    #Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

    Personality born in India; Born in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, this structural biologist won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath, “for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome”. He is an elite member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Louis-Jeantet Prize for his contribution to Medicine in 2007. His great contribution to science also won him India’s second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan, in 2010.

    #C.K.Prahlad

    Personality born in India; Renowned as one of the most influential business thinkers in the world, he was the distinguished professor of Corporate Strategy at the University of Michigan. Born in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, he became established as a business guru when he helped Philips in reconstruction as it was on the verge of collapse.

    He was also a prominent writer until his death in 2010 and had authored many books like The Future of Competition (with Venkat Ramaswamy, 2004), and The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits. They were a member of the Blue Ribbon Commission of the United Nations on Private Sector and Development. He was also the first recipient of the Lal Bahadur Shastri Award for contributions to Management and Public Administration in India in 1999.

    #Manu Prakash

    Manu was born in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh and completed his BTech in computer science and engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur before moving to the United States for his masters and Ph.D. Currently, An assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford University, Manu is famous for his super cool inventions. The inventors include the foldable microscope, The Foldscope, that is easy to use and fold from a single sheet of A4 size paper! The cost of this microscope is 50 cents (or Rs. 30) only. He also recently invented the computer that runs on water. They used the unique Physics of moving water droplets to design a clock that is required in a computer.

    #Lakshmi Mittal

    Personality born in India; This business tycoon is the chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal, the world’s largest steel-making company. Born in Sadulpur, Rajasthan, he completed his B.com from St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata. He was the richest man of Asian descent in the United Kingdom in 2007 and was ranked as the sixth richest person in the world by Forbes in 2011. He is also 47th “most powerful person” in the Forbes list of 2012 and one of the “100 most influential persons in the world” by TIME in 2007. They hold a 34 percent share in Queens Park Rangers F.C. He has set up the Mittal Champions Trust with $9 million to support 10 promising Indian athletes.

    #Lakshmi Pratury

    Personality born in India; This strong lady was the co-host of TEDIndia 2009, host and curator of The INK Conference and founder of Ixoraa Media. She aims at strengthening the relations between India and America through sponsored corporate, cultural, and media events. She was part of the “100 Most Powerful Women” list by Forbes Asia in 2010. They also played a key role in the American India Foundation, an organization that raised over 30 million dollars in five years towards development activities in India.

    #Pranav Mistry

    Personality born in India; Hailing from Palanpur, Gujarat, this 33-year-old computer scientist, and inventor is currently Vice President of Research at Samsung and is the head of Think Tank Team. He has contributed to Wearable Computing, Augmented reality, Ubiquitous computing, Gestural interaction, AI, Machine vision, Collective intelligence, and Robotics. He was also honored as the Young Global Leader 2013 by World Economic Forum. His groundbreaking technology ‘SixthSense’ won him international acclaim. SixthSense is a device that interprets human gestures and has both a data projector and a camera.

    #Indra Nooyi

    Personality born in India; She is the Chairperson and CEO of PepsiCo, the second largest food and beverage business in the world by net revenue. This Chennai born girl has been included in the list of “World’s 100 Most Powerful Women” on a regular basis. In spite of this, Nooyi is still fighting to “have it all” and maintain work and personal life balance. As per Bussiness Week, the company’s annual revenues have risen 72 percent and net profit has doubled since she became CFO in 2000. She was also included in the Wall Street Journal’s list of 50 women to watch in 2007 and 2008.

    #Sabeer Bhatia

    Personality born in India; This Indian-American entrepreneur born in Chandigarh founded the Hotmail email services and Jaxtr. He grew up in Bangalore and went to BITS Pilani for his bachelor’s degree. Later on, he was transferred to California Institute of Technology from BITS where he completed his graduation. Hotmail was the world’s second-largest e-mail provider with over 369 million registered users in 2011.

    He sold Hotmail to Microsoft in 1997 for $400 million and it was then called MSN Hotmail. He also started a free messaging service called JaxtrSMS. The venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson named him ‘Entrepreneur of the Year 1997’, MIT chose him as one of 100 young innovators who is expected to have the greatest impact on technology and awarded him the ‘TR100’.

    #Zubin Mehta

    Personality born in India; Born in Mumbai, he is one of the world’s leading conductors. This amazing orchestral conductor and musical director are best known for his expressiveness on the stage. He is Music Director for Life of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra and the Main Conductor for Valencia’s opera house. His conducting is considered as flamboyant, vigorous and forceful.

    His name has been mentioned in the song “Billy the Mountain” on the 1972 album Just Another Band from L.A. by Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention. Also, received a special prize in Israel for his extraordinary contribution to the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. He also received the 2,434th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, putting India on the international map.

    #Raghava KK

    Personality born in India; This Bangalore born contemporary artist was named by CNN as one of the 10 most fascinating people the world is yet to know of. The genres he dabbles in vary from painting, film, installation, multimedia, performance, and even his own wedding. He began as a cartoonist in Indian publications. And, he has lectured at New York University and several other art institutions across the globe. Also, he was invited as a guest of the French city of Nîmes to exhibit his work at the Carre d’Art Musee d’Art Contemporain.

    #Ajit Jain

    Personality born in India; Having started his career as an employee with IBM who knew nothing about insurance, Orissa-born Ajit Jain is now the President of Berkshire Hathaway Insurance group. Warren Buffet had once said that Jain’s mind is an “idea factory”. Having worked with Buffet for around three decades, Jain is being speculated as to the successor to this renowned American business magnate. The IIT Kharagpur graduate is currently leading Berkshire’s Indian insurance market venture.

    #Dipak C. Jain

    Personality born in India; Born in a small town Tezpur in Assam, he is the current Dean of Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration of Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. Earlier he was Dean of INSEAD and currently holds a position of Chaired Professor of Marketing there. Also, held the position of Dean at the Kellogg School of Management.

    He holds another important position of Independent Director on the Board of Indian Conglomerate Reliance Industries Limited. He has received several awards and honors for his contribution as a teacher, including The Sidney Levy Award for Excellence in Teaching in 1995 and The John D.C. Little Best Paper Award in 1991.

    #Amar Bose

    Personality born in India; Born in a Bengali Hindu family, this amazing electrical engineer and sound engineer served as a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for over 45 years. Also, the founder and chairman of Bose Corporation which he later donated to MIT. He was also listed as the 271st richest man in the world by Forbes in 2007. And, He has received various teaching awards during his lifetime. The Bose Award for Excellence in Teaching and the Junior Bose Award were established in his honor for his services at MIT. He was also an honorary member at Audio Engineering Society.

    The Motivated Personality born in India They inspire Always
    Image Credit from Pixabay.

  • Creative Accounting: Definition, Motivation, and Ethical Considerations

    Creative Accounting: Definition, Motivation, and Ethical Considerations

    Creative accounting is a euphemism referring to accounting practices that may follow the letter of the rules of standard accounting practices but deviate from the spirit of those rules. The Concept of Creative Accounting: Definition of Creative Accounting, Motivation for Creative Accounting, the existence of Creative Accounting, and Ethical Perspective of Creative Accounting! They are characterized by excessive complication and the use of novel ways of characterizing income, assets, or liabilities and the intent to influence readers towards the interpretations desire by the authors.

    Learn, Explain Creative Accounting: Definition, Motivation, and Ethical Considerations!

    The terms “innovative” or “aggressive” are also sometimes used. Other synonyms include Cooking the books and Enronomics. Creative accounting is a euphemism referring to accounting practices that may follow the letter of the rules of standard accounting practices but deviate from the spirit of those rules – by Wikipedia.

    Definition of Creative Accounting:

    Creative accounts an accounting practice that falls outside the regulation and gives benefits to certain people. It can describe as a practice with a clear aim to interrupt the financial reporting process which affects reported income to make it looked normal; and, provides no true economic advantages to relevant parties like shareholders. Concisely, it is the transformation of financial accounting figures from what they are to what users desire by taking advantage of the accounting policies which permit by the accounting standard.

    Creative accounts a practice that potentially undertakes as a result of some individual care more on their interest and indirectly causes issues to arise in the ethical dimension of creative accounting. From the information perspective, agency theory gives a clear picture of the creative accounting scenario. Whereby managers misuse their privileged position in manipulating financial reporting in their interest which providing superior information content to the shareholder. Lack of personal skill or unwillingness to carry out detailed analysis making individual shareholders do not have a clear view of the effect of accounting manipulation gives a high possibility of the incidence of creative accounting.

    The motivation for Creative Accounting:

    Several motivations have to identify in stimulating the behavior of creative accounting in the organization. Firstly, the significant motivator for creative accounting is to report a decrease in business income to lower the tax paid. Second, to enable the company’s performance to appear better in the future; the company will maximize the reported loss to make a bad loss that year. This is calls ‘big bath’ accounting to smooth the income. Thirdly, to provide a positive view on expectations, securities valuation, and reduction on risk for analysts in anticipated capital market transactions; and, maintain the firm’s performance in analyst’s expectations.

    Other motivations are to manipulate profit to match the reported income to profit forecasts; and, to distract attention from negative news by boosting company profit figures through the change in accounting policies. Manager’s motivations in managing earning aim to report a stable growth in profit not only to reduce the perception of variability toward an organization’s earnings but also are about income measurement. To make the company faces less risk and gain more benefit in the aspect of raising funds; takeover bids as well as prevent the takeover by other companies.

    It is needed to maintain or promote the share price and create a good profit growth. To gain benefit from inside knowledge, the director of the company engages creative accounting to postpone the release of information to the market. Last but not least, many types of contractual rights, obligations, and constraints based on the amount reported in the accounts also motivate the company to apply creative accounts. What are the Role and Duties of the Management Accountant?

    The existence of Creative Accounting:

    Theoretically, the manager’s motivation in there is acceptable. However, certain companies apply a particular technique of creative accounting to some extent; for example, applied in the non-discretionary component of the bad debts provision. Other evidence is Classificatory smoothing by using the extraordinary items; such as pensions cost, dividends from unconsolidated subsidiaries, extraordinary charges and credits; and, research and development costs in manipulating the figure of income in financial statements.

    The behaviors can identify by having a thoughtful analysis of a financial statement or observe by the reasonably well-inform user of the financial statement. But, how clearness the users of statement observe creative accounting is questionable. Anyway, the value of the information contained in the financial statement is concerned even though financial statements give adequate information that enables users to adjust for them as certain investors rely on reported earning numbers in an income statement.

    Creative Accounting Definition Motivation and Ethical Considerations
    Creative Accounting: Definition, Motivation, and Ethical Considerations! #Pixabay.

    Ethical Perspective of Creative Accounting:

    There are some ethical issues concerning the exercise of creative accounting. Loopholes in accounting standards provide managers some spaces in the sense of manipulating the timing in income reporting. Accounting is a tool to supervise contracts between managers and financial groups, identify the possibility of accounting manipulation; and, how properly it reflected in pricing and contracting decisions. Ethics of bias in choosing accounting policy which implies in they can see through accounting regulators and management level.

    Managers tend to misapply accounting principles to give a better appearance in the financial statement to investors. Conflict of interest, client requests to alter account, and tax evasion are the most frequent ethical issues. Accountants’ attitudes toward creative accounting depend on whether it has arisen from the misuse of accounting principle and manipulation of transactions. Accountants more critical in the misuse of accounting principles as the accountant’s duty is rule-based; and, it falls within their expertise. Failure to act ethically may damage the reputation as an accountant unless he or she reports the abuse to the appropriate party. Slotting is not an acceptable accounting treatment in company practices.

    There is some action can take by accounting regulators to restrain creative accounting:
    • Decrease allowable accounting method or fixed method used in the different conditions so that the scope for choosing the accounting method can narrowly down. Companies should also be consistent in using the method chosen by them.
    • Some rules should establish to reduce the abuse of justice. For instance, International Accounting Standards presently have almost removed the “extraordinary item” from operating profit. Also, companies should be consistent in applying accounting policy to restrain the abuse of justice.
    • Implementation of “Substance over form” can decrease artificial transaction and this can make linked transactions become one as the whole.
    • To restrict the use of timing of the genuine transaction, item in the account should regularly evaluate. Also, the increases or decreases in value should state in the account each year the revaluation occurs. International Accounting Standards also tends to value items at fair value rather than historical cost.
    • Besides alteration in accounting regulations, ethical standards and governance codes must be properly executed to avoid individuals from performing creative accounts.
    How Enron Played the Game of Creative Accounting:

    According to Mulford, the expert in the field, the most common creative accounting practices include improper revenue recognition and misreporting expenses. However, Enron’s game, explains Mulford, involved special-purpose entities.

    “Enron conducted much of its business in these entities that they controlled. They transacted with themselves. That kind of self-dealing allowed them to report profits when they weren’t traditionally making a profit.”

    Though Mulford wrote the book before and published shortly after Enron’s dealings became public; the authors included a special note in the preface regarding the company’s accounting practices, noting that Enron’s; “investors and creditors had not fully discounted the risk associated with the firm’s trading activities; its off-balance sheet liabilities, and its related-party transactions”.

    The authors add they believe careful attention to steps outlined in The Financial Numbers Game; “would have provided an early alert to the possibility of developing problems”.

  • Different types Theories of Organization

    Different types Theories of Organization

    Here are Different types Theories of Organization


    First, remembering What is an Organization? it is very helpful for understanding Theories of Organization “An organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department. The action of organizing something, the quality of being systematic and efficient. The way in which the elements of a whole are arranged.”

    Organization theory means the study of structure, functioning, and performance of an organization and the behavior of individuals and groups in it. 14 Principles of Management by Henri Fayol.

    The Five type theories of Organization are:
    1. Classical theory
    2. Neo-classical theory
    3. Modern theory
    4. Motivation theory
    5. Decision theory

    Now, Explanation of each Theory following are;

    Classical Theory


    It was found by F.W.Taylor, father of scientific management.

    This theory is base on the following four principles


    Division of labor: The production of a commodity is divide into the maximum number of different divisions. The work of each division is look after by different persons. Each person is specialize in a particular work. In other words, the work is assign to a person according to his specialization and the interest he has in the work. The division of labor results in the maximum production or output with minimum expenses incurred and minimum capital employed.

    Scalar and functional processes: The scalar process deals with the growth of organization vertically. The functional process deals with the growth of organization horizontally. The scalar principles refer to the existence of the relationship between superior and subordinate. In this way, the superior gives instructions or orders to subordinates of various levels of management and gets back the information from the subordinate regarding the operations carried out at different levels or stages. This information is used for the purpose of taking the decision or remedial action to achieve the main objectives of the business.

    The scalar chain means the succession of domination by the superior on the subordinate from the top to the bottom of an organization. The line of authority is base on the principle of unity of command which means that each subordinate does work under one superior only. Reward Strategy with Developing System for Your Organization.

    Structure: The organization structure may define as the prescribe patterns of work-related behavior of workers which result in the accomplishment of organizational objectives. Specialization and coordination are the main issues in the design of an organizational structure.

    The span of control: It means an effective supervision of a maximum number of persons by a supervisor.

    To summarize, classical theory emphasizes the unity of command and principle of coordination. Most of the manager’s time is wasted in coordination and control of the subordinates. According to Lyndall Urwick, “A superior can supervise a maximum of four members at higher levels and between 8-12 members at lower levels to constitute an ideal span of control.”

    Characteristics of classical theory

    • It is base on the division of labor.
    • It’s base on objectives and tasks of the organization.
    • Concerns with the formal organization.
    • It’s base on the coordination of efforts.
    • Division of labor has to balance by unity of command.
    • It fixes a responsibility and accountability for work completion.
    • It is centralize.

    Neo-classical Theory


    It is developed to fill up gaps and deficiencies in the classical theory and is concerns with human relations movement. The study of an organization is base on human behavior such as how people behave and why they do so in a particular situation. The main contribution of this theory highlights the importance of the committee management and better communication. Further, this theory emphasizes that the workers should encourage and motivate to evince active participation in the production process. The feelings and sentiments of the workers should be taken into account and respect before any change is introduce in the organization. The classical theory was production oriented while neo-classical theory was people oriented.

    Contributions of neo-classical theory


    • A person should the basis of an organization.
    • Organization should be view as a total unit.
    • Individual goals and organization goals should integrate.
    • Communication should move from bottom to top and from top to bottom.
    • People should allow to participate in fixing work standards and decision making.
    • The employee should given more power, responsibility, authority and control.
    • Members usually belong to formal and informal groups and interact with others within each group or sub-group.
    • The management should recognize the existence of the informal organization.
    • The members of sub-groups are attach with common objectives.

    Modern Organization Theory


    This theory is compose of the ideas of different approaches to management development. The approach is fully base on empirical research data and has an integrating nature. The approach reflects the formal and informal structure of the organization and due weight age is giving to the status and roles of personnel in an organization.

    1. The modern theory studies the individuals in aggregates and the movement of individuals in and out of the system.
    2. It studies the interaction of individuals with the environment found in the system.
    3. It studies the interaction among individuals in the system.

    Modern theories include the systems approach, the socio-technical approach, and the contingency or situational approach.

    Systems approach: It considers the organization as a system composed of a set of inter-related and thus mutually dependent sub-systems, linking processes and goals.

    Socio-technical approach: It considers the organization as composed of a social system, technical system, and its environment. These interact among themselves and it is necessary to balance them appropriately for the effective functioning of the organization.

    Contingency or situational approach: It recognizes that organizational systems are inter-relate with their environment and that different environments require different organizational relationships for effective working of the organization.

    The following are essentials of modern theory


    1. It views the organizations as a whole.
    2. It’s base on systems analysis.
    3. The findings of this theory are base on empirical approach.
    4. Integrating into nature.
    5. Gives importance to inter-disciplinary approach to organizational analysis.
    6. Concentrates on both quantitative and behavioral sciences.
    7. It’s not a unified body of knowledge.

    Motivation Theory


    It is concerned with the study of work motivation of employees of the organization. The works are perform effectively if proper motivation is giving to the employees. The motivation may be in monetary as well as non-monetary terms, the inner talents of any person can identifies after giving adequate motivation to employees.

    Decision Theory


    This theory was giving by Herbert A. Simon who was award Nobel Prize in the year 1978 for it. He regarded organization as a structure of decision makers. The decisions was taking at all levels of the organization and important policy decisions was taking at higher levels of the organization. Simon suggest that the organizational structure is design through an examination of the points at which decisions must made and the persons from whom information is require if decisions should satisfactory.

    Different types Theories of Organization - ilearnlot


  • What Are My Goals?

    What Are My Goals?

    What Are My Goals? Motivating Yourself!


    Begin your “learning to learn” course by asking students about their goals. Each year I find many differences in the abilities of students to articulate their goals. Some students have clear and well-defined goals. They know why they are in college and what they are attempting to attain. At the other end of the spectrum, some students have not even defined their personal goals and are not sure why they are in college. Some of your students who are raising families or who have returned to college after some absence appear to have more specific goals than do some students who come directly from high school.

    How would you explain this difference? Think about a musician, athlete, or businessperson who wants to excel in his or her area of expertise but has no specific goals to direct his or her behavior. It is very difficult to be motivated without personal goals. It is important to set goals in different life areas because such goals serve to motivate behavior.

    My Goals enhance performance in five major ways (Locke & Latham, 1990):

    Effort: The goals you set for yourself influence. What you attend to and how hard you try to maximize your performance. The more difficult the goal, the harder you are likely to work to attain it.

    Duration or persistence: When you work on a task without a goal, you are likely to allow your attention to drift. Become more easily interrupted, and even stop working without completing the task. When you have a goal in mind. You have a more clearly define point in the performance that defines. When it is time to quit or withdraw from the task (i.e., when the goal is attain).

    A direction of attention: Goals direct your performance toward the task at hand and away from unrelated or irrelevant tasks.

    Strategic planning: To accomplish a goal, you need to develop an action plan or strategy. Goal setting encourages strategic planning because the presence of a goal encourages you to decide how to proceed. What is My Goal Orientation? 

    Reference point: When you identify where it is you are head (i.e., have a goal) and receive feedback on where you are, you can evaluate your performance and determine. What further actions need to taken (if any). In fact, it is your satisfaction or dissatisfaction with this evaluation that may have the greatest impact on your motivation. What are Motivational Problems?

    Understanding of What Are My Goals; Have you identified some goals you would like to attain this term or year? If so, do you have goals in any of the following areas: academic, social, occupational, or personal? How has your success or failure in attaining previous goals influenced your motivation in different areas of your life?

    What Are My Goals - ilearnlot