Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.
Evidence that knowledge has occurred may see changes in behavior from simple to complex, from moving a finger to skill in synthesizing information, or a change in attitude.
The ability to know possess by humans, animals, and some machines. There is also evidence of some kind of knowledge in some plants.
Some learn immediately, induced by a single event (e.g. being burn by a hot stove), but much skill and knowledge accumulate from repeat experiences.
The changes induced by knowledge often last a lifetime, and it is hard to distinguish known material that seems to be “lost” from that which cannot retrieve.
Definition of learning for Students
1: the act of a person who gains knowledge or skill Travel is a learning experience.
2: knowledge or skill gained from teaching or study. They’re people of great knowledge.
Improve your speak English fluently with practice and gain the skills to speaking the language without stopping or stuttering.
How to Speak English Fluently?
Fluency is the ability to speak a language with ease, without any hiccups! Now, you must be wondering what I mean by ‘without any hiccups’. Do not take that literally! It is an idiom. An idiom is a group of words whose actual meaning is different from the literal meaning. ‘Without any hiccups’ does not mean speaking a language without suffering from a bout of hiccups, what it means is speaking a language without stopping and stuttering, and being unsure of how to use your words.
Fluency means knowing how to use your words with ease and comfort. Fluency comes with practice. You cannot study every “How to speak English” book and expect to be fluent in the language. Practice is a must! Also, if you think you read well and so you must be fluent as well, you are mistaken! Reading and speaking are very different. The thing with leaning English is that you need not concentrate on the grammar while speaking. Concentrate on conversing. English is a weird language with a lot of loopholes.
Practice:
Practicing speaking in English is a must. You cannot learn how to speak fluently otherwise. The reason for this is the slang that has infiltrated the language and also the utter lack of regard for grammatical rules while speaking. However, if one starts using correct grammar, by the book, English would sound extremely weird.
Small talk:
Learn how to begin a conversation. This will also grow your confidence. While standing in line, ask the person in front or behind you a simple question such as ‘What time is it?’ Try continuing with the conversation. If you have trouble understanding the person, politely ask them to repeat what they said. Normally, people say “I’m sorry?” but you could also say “Pardon”.
Confidence:
Practicing English speech will require confidence. During a social gathering, start small conversations. Do not hesitate to ask the person to repeat him or herself. If you do not understand the meaning of a particular word or phrase, ask them to clarify. Chances are they know you are in the learning process and would gladly help. Do not think that you can go home and open Google translations and type in the word or phrase they used. This does not work! Also, do not feel embarrassed when somebody corrects you. You could also go to a karaoke bar!
Listen:
Reading and speaking is not enough. Listen to how people speak, the pronunciations, and the way words are use. Watch T.V., listen to songs etc. This way you are listening to other people speak and observe how they pronounce the words.
Read books:
Read novels. Concentrate on the formation of the sentences. Novels have dialogues, a conversation between two people that you can use to your advantage. Notice how people speak. They do not pay attention to the grammar as much as they do to talking. Also, when you are reading, mark every unusual phrase or word and find out what it means. Incorporate new words into your vocabulary.
Do not translate:
Avoid translating what you hear, or what you say. Translating a phrase from your mother tongue to English or vice versa will completely ruin the actual meaning of the phrase. It will also most likely be incorrect. Instead, use a dictionary.
Study words and phrases:
I’ve been using the term ‘phrases’ a lot. You may know a thousand words in the language, but putting them together and making an intelligible sentence could be difficult. This is because you are not concentrating on using the words you are learning. To speak fluently, you need to learn how to put words together into phrases and sentences.
Idioms:
Idioms are an essential part of the English language. You will find yourself dumbstruck if you do not understand idioms. You might hear somebody saying ‘break a leg’ to you before your English exam, and you would be baffled at why somebody would want you to break a leg. ‘Break a leg’ is actually an idiom meaning ‘best of luck’ or ‘I hope you do well’. Fluency in English requires the knowledge of idioms.
Do not think of yourself as a student:
To become fluent, think of yourself as a person who can speak English. You will make mistakes, but these are the building blocks. As a student, you would probably find yourself studying Grammar books. This is not important. To speak English properly, you do not need to study Grammar books. You would also be wasting a lot of your time by reading these books.
Recruit a friend as a mentor:
An English-speaking friend is the perfect person to be with when learning the language. Surrounding yourself with people who can speak English fluently is important. You can ask a friend to help you along the way. Make it a point to talk in English, no matter how scattered it sounds. Ask friends and colleagues to correct you if you are wrong.
Movies and songs:
Build a library of English songs and movies. This works better than just reading or listening to others speak. Songs and movies stick to your mind. ‘My Fair Lady’ is a good movie to watch since you are learning English.
Think in English:
Make it a point to think in English and not your mother tongue. Whenever you are talking to yourself or thinking, do it in English. This way you will become more comfortable with the idea of speaking and learning the language.
Record yourself:
Every night before going to bed, record your day’s events in an audio journal in English. You will find that you speak much better when you do not have to worry about embarrassing yourself in front of others. When you realize that you can speak reasonably well without stumbling around, your confidence will grow and you will find yourself initiating conversations. Incorporate these points in your day-to-day life.
Note: Steps to Start Improving instantly;
Watch an English movie twice and concentrate on how a person speaks,
On a piece of paper, note down all idioms and colloquialisms you come across,
Look up their meanings,
Make your own sentences and try incorporating them in your everyday life.
Discover the key features of the Income Tax Act 1961. Get insights into the provisions for exemptions, deductions, rebates, and reliefs.
Income Tax Explained: Key Concepts and Regulations
The Income Tax Department functions under supervision and control of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT). It has around 60,000 personnel located in more than 500 cities and towns across the country. The field offices are divided into regions, and each region is headed by a Chief Commissioner of Income Tax. Every region is assigned annual performance targets, such as revenue collections, and is provided with necessary expenditure budget to meet its operating expenses. Right to Information
The Income Tax Act 1961 lays down the framework or the basis of charge and the computation of total income of a person. It also stipulates the manner in which it is to be brought to tax, defining in detail the exemptions, deductions, rebates and reliefs. The Act defines Income Tax Authorities, their jurisdiction and powers It also lays down the manner of enforcement of the Act by such authorities through an integrated process of assessments, collection and recovery, appeals and revisions, penalties and prosecutions. The Act is fast changing and dynamic in nature and undergoes amendments annually through the Finance Act.
It is a tax imposed by the government on the income earned by individuals and businesses within its jurisdiction. It is one of the primary sources of revenue for the government and is used to fund various public services and infrastructural development projects.
Types of Income Taxes
Individual Tax: Levied on the income of individuals. This includes wages, salaries, bonuses, and other forms of earnings.
Corporate Tax: Imposed on the profits of corporations and businesses.
Capital Gains Tax: Charged on the profit from the sale of assets or investments.
Payroll Tax: Deducted directly from an employee’s salary and used to fund social security and Medicare.
Inheritance Tax: Imposed on individuals who inherit estate or money following the death of the owner.
Economic Redistribution: Helps in redistributing wealth through progressive taxation systems.
Public Investments: Supports public infrastructure like roads, schools, and hospitals.
National Defense: Finances military and security forces.
Social Services: Ensures funding for social welfare programs such as unemployment benefits, pensions, and healthcare.
Advantages of Income Taxes
Revenue Generation: Provides a steady and substantial source of government funding.
Equitable Distribution: Progressive tax rates help in reducing income inequality.
Economic Stability: Government can influence economic growth and stability through tax policies.
Social Welfare: Enables the funding of essential public services and social programs.
Disadvantages of Income Taxes
Compliance Costs: Filing taxes can be complex and costly for taxpayers.
Evasion: High tax rates can lead to tax evasion and underreporting of income.
Economic Impact: High-income taxes can discourage entrepreneurship and investment.
Disincentives: High tax rates might reduce incentives to work harder or earn more.
In summary, while income taxes are essential for funding government operations and fostering economic stability, they come with their own set of challenges, including the potential for tax evasion and economic disincentives. Effective tax policy must balance these advantages and disadvantages to ensure fair and efficient taxation.
Why Do We Have To Pay Income Taxes?
They are fundamental to the functioning of modern governments and the provision of essential public services. Here are several reasons why we have to pay taxes:
Funding Government Operations:
They provide the primary source of revenue for the government, enabling it to finance its daily operations. This includes paying salaries for public employees, maintaining government buildings, and running various governmental departments.
Public Services:
The revenue from income taxes funds a wide range of public services that benefit society as a whole. This includes education, healthcare, public safety, transportation infrastructure, and social services like unemployment benefits and pensions.
National Defense:
Taxes are critical for funding a country’s defense and security. This includes the military, law enforcement agencies, and other national security operations.
Economic Stability:
They enables the government to manage economic stability and promote economic growth. By adjusting the tax rates and rebates, the government can influence spending and investment in the economy.
Distribution of Wealth:
Progressive income taxation helps in redistributing wealth more evenly across the society. It ensures that those who earn more contribute more to the public funds, which can be used to assist those with lower incomes.
Reduction of Fiscal Deficit:
They help in reducing the fiscal deficit, which is the difference between the government’s expenditures and its revenues. A lower fiscal deficit can lead to lower national debt and lower interest payments on that debt.
Public Investment:
They revenue is crucial for funding public investments in infrastructure, research and development, education, and other areas that are vital for long-term economic growth and development.
In summary, paying income taxes is a civic duty that supports the functioning and development of the country, ensuring everyone has access to basic amenities and contributing to the overall economic health and stability.
Make Money in Articles Writing; The Way to making money online is to offer content writing services. Do you have the skills to write well? Yes! Start offering blog/WordPress content writing service. You may find WordPress content writing jobs at blogger, blog, Wix, media, Pro-Blogger Job Board, Elance, Odesk, people per hour, etc. Or just visit your favorite online blogs – many have contributor application pages where you can submit your articles and get paid for them. So not only will you get some awesome backlinks from top-ranking sites, but you can get paid for your hard work. So, what it explains? Make Money with Articles Writing.
The Concept is explaining how to Make Money with Articles Writing.
Freelance blogging is a great way to make money writing online because there is an immense demand for awesome blog posts, always! But that doesn’t make it easy! The problem is… finding high-paying freelance writing jobs will take time and loads of effort, especially if you’re a newbie.
If you visit any of those freelance marketplaces or job sites, you can see that it’s crowded with hundreds of thousands of writers/bloggers. And if you don’t have an author profile or pricing that is not attractive enough then your would-be clients can easily find a dozen other writers.
Another problem is, content agencies or clients on freelance sites do not pay much. Even if you meet their criteria you may not earn more than $10-$15 per 500 words (unless you are a native English speaker).
Make Money Writing — As A Freelance Blogger.
First things first. Let me differentiate three terms: freelance blogger, guest blogger, and content marketer. A freelance blogger is someone who is paid for writing blog posts for his clients (can be individuals or companies).
Guest blogger is someone who writes a blog post and gets it published on another person’s website. He can pay for it or is usually do for free — in exchange for a credit, in the form of a backlink at the end of his guest post.
Guest blogging can do for clients as well. It means that a client will pay a guest blogger for writing about his business on another website. And a content marketer is someone who writes content to attract targeted traffic to his website.
For example:
I’m not a freelance blogger or a guest blogger as I haven’t written any guest posts on another blog, yet. And I do not write for clients either. But I can call a content marketer as I’m writing blog posts that are attracting targeted traffic.
Already listed over 51 freelance writing gigs (plus 25 freelance writing tips) a few days back. And it was a comprehensive list of freelance marketplaces, content agencies (I haven’t included any of them here), and other websites that are hiring freelance bloggers and writers.
But like I have already mentioned, the problem is… most of the websites that are listed on that blog post are big media companies and their acceptance rate and payment rate is on the low side. Also, a good percentage of them accept only native English writers.
So, if you are a freelance writer who wants to make money writing but is tired of low-paying writing gigs, then here is a collection of websites that are paying up to $300 (or sometimes more) for your articles and blog posts. In other words, you get paid when you contribute content to the following websites and blogs.
Note: The idea of this entire blog post is to show you that there are a ton of websites out there willing to pay hundreds of dollars for a single blog post. Just don’t consider this blog post as your ultimate destination for writing gigs. And you know what it takes to get there? Be an expert in at least one topic! Now, go get paid to blog!
Apply: TopTenz serves over 2.4 million pages per month to more than 1.6 million satisfied visitors. We publish the top 10 lists that inform and entertain, focusing on topics that vary from the norm and touch on the bizarre.
Topics of TopTenz Articles Writing: Bizarre, Lifestyle, Travel, Entertainment, Science, etc.
Payment: They pay $50.
Apply: Listverse serves over 30 million pages a month to more than eight million readers. We publish lists that intrigue and educate, specializing in the bizarre or lesser-known trivia. Every day we present three or more new, unique lists.
Topics of Listverse Articles Writing: Entertainment, General Knowledge, Lifestyle, Science, Society, etc.
Payment: They pay $100.
Apply: The Dollar Stretcher is a group of publications dedicated to “Living Better…for Less”. The goal is to provide readers with ways to help them save time and money.
Topics of The Dollar Stretcher Articles Writing: Money, Food, Home & Auto, Lifestyle, Family, etc.
Payment: They Pay $0.10 per word or $50 per post, of 500 words.
Apply: Reverb Press is a news and lifestyle webzine which is the product of the talent and dedication of a team of smart, savvy, talented writers, artists, and technicians dedicated to the maxim Ad Extremum Vero, Semper – The Truth Always Wins In The End.
Topics of Reverb Press Articles Writing: News, Politics, Justice, Business, World, Entertainment, etc. Payment: Unknown what they pay.
Reverb Press is different from other websites that are listed here as they expect content from you regularly. So, if your application is accepted then you can consider its last job and not as another writing gig. You can write about topics that you are passionate about and at the same time they may also give you optional assignments. The pricing is not mentioned but it says you will be paid depending upon your “output and audience engagement.”
Apply: The Everyday Windshield is an online magazine dedicated to the journey of life through faith, family, fashion, food, and fun.
Topics of The Everyday Windshield Articles Writing: Faith, Family, Fashion, Food, Fun
Payment: They pay $10 for the 1st post, $25 for the 2nd-5th posts, and thereafter $50 per post.
Apply: The Daily Heckle is a blog for bloggers who want to get paid for sharing their opinions. Writers can earn money based on how popular their posts are.
Topics of The Daily Heckle Articles Writing: News, Sports, Politics, Travel, TV, Music, Movies, etc. Payment: $7.5-$30.
Note: The Everyday Windshield and The Daily Heckle are listed here as they are regularly publishing new blog posts.
Apply: CollegeHumor Media delivers daily comedic content, including videos, pictures, articles, and jokes, created and/or curated by the CollegeHumor staff. CollegeHumor Media attracts more than 15 million monthly unique and generates more than 100 million video views per month.
Topics of CollegeHumor Articles Writing: Humor
Payment: $25 per post plus bonus
Apply: WOW! is a global magazine, designed to support women’s creativity, energy, blood, sweat, and tears, throughout all stages of the writing process.
Topics of WOW Articles Writing: Only Writing
Payment: $50-$150 per post
Apply: FundsforWriters is an online resource for writers. We emphasize finding money to make writing a realistic career. Of course, you’d write anyway. That’s the way of a writer.
Topics of FundsforWriters Articles Writing: Writing
Payment: $50 per post
Apply: InstantShift is a design and inspiration related community for web designers and developer’s daily resource, inspiration and premium web design and development.
Topics of InstantShift Articles Writing: Web Design & Development.
Payment Depends on quality and word count.
Apply: Smashing Magazine is an online magazine for professional Web designers and developers, with a focus on useful techniques, best practices, and valuable resources.
Topics of Smashing Magazine Articles Writing: Web Design & Development.
Payment Depends on quality and word count.
Apply – Photoshop tutorials for beginners to experts. Learn tips and tricks on how to use Photoshop for photo editing, manipulations, designs, and more.
Topics of Photoshop Tutorials Articles Writing: Only Design Work.
Payment: They pay $25-$300.
Apply: UX Booth is a publication by and for the user experience community. Our readership consists mostly of beginning-to-intermediate user experience and interaction designers, but anyone interested in making the web a better place to be is welcome.
Topics of UX Booth Articles Writing: Working of UX, Design.
Payment: What they pay Unknown.
Apply: Crazyleaf Design is a web design, illustration, and programming company. We build functional, standards-compliant and aesthetically rich unique websites.
Topics of Crazyleaf Design Articles Writing: Design Work.
Payment: What they pay Unknown.
Apply: AppStorm brings you not just reviews of great (and not so great) apps, but we also round them up into categorized lists, give you how-to tips and tricks to get more out of them and combine it with a healthy dose of related news.
Topics of AppStorm Articles Writing: Apps (Mac, Windows, Web, iPhone, iPad, Android).
Payment: They pay $60 per post.
AppStorm is an app review network and it’s composed of Mac AppStorm, Web AppStorm, iPhone AppStorm, iPad AppStorm, Android AppStorm, and Windows AppStorm. You can contribute to any of those websites and get paid for it.
Apply: WorldStart is looking for tips for our e-mail newsletter, WorldStart’s Computer Tips. This is published daily to 300,000 readers and focuses on tips and tricks the average computer user can utilize. We are also seeking feature articles for our website covering many aspects of computing.
Topics of WorldStart Articles Writing: Tech
Payment: $25-$50 per post.
Apply: Make Tech Easier focuses on computer tutorials, how-tos, hacks, and fixes. Our motto is to “Uncomplicating the complicated, making life easier”.
Topics of Make Tech Easier Articles Writing: Working in Tech
Payment: What they pay Unknown.
Apply: Wise Bread is a community of bloggers here to help you live large on a small budget. Despite what you may have heard, you don’t have to sacrifice your financial independence to enjoy life.
Topics of Wise Bread Articles Writing: Personal Finance
Payment: What they pay Unknown.
Apply: GloHoliday is a travel articles site that provides complete resources for traveling all over the world, including holiday destinations, festivals, public holidays, hotel booking, flight information and travel tips attracting thousands of monthly visitors.
Topics of GloHoliday Articles Writing: Working to Travel.
Payment: They pay $40 per post + $3 per image.
Note: When GloHoliday contacted me to include their website on the previous version of this list, I forwarded their website to my sister without notifying them and she contributed one article.
Apply: At Viator, we believe that travel has the power to make the world a better place. This is our place on the web to share our passion and inspire all of us to make that next trip.
Topics of Viator Travel Blog Articles Writing: Work to Travel.
Payment: They pay or make money $40-$150 per post, depends on upon word count.
Apply: TheExpeditioner is a travel site for the avid traveler featuring travel articles from some of the best travel writers in the world, as well as travel news, commentary, insight, and video from a premiere team of bloggers from around the globe.
Topics of TheExpeditioner Articles Writing: working to Travel.
Payment: They pay or make money $30 per post.
Apply: Wand’rly is an online magazine for full-time travelers.
Topics of Wand’rly Magazine Articles Writing: Work way Travel.
Payment: They pay or make money $0.05 per word for articles and $10 per photo for galleries.
Apply: MetroParent is an online parenting community offering expert advice, stories on parenting trends and issues, and numerous ways for parents to enrich their experience in raising the next generation.
Topics of MetroParent Articles Writing: About Parenting.
Payment: They pay or make money Up to $350 per post.
Apply: Alaska Parent is a free, full-color family and parenting magazine, published 4 times per year. As Alaska’s exclusive, all-in-one parenting resource, our readers include parents with children ages newborn through teens, as well as expectant moms.
Topics of Alaska Parent Articles Writing: About Parenting
Payment: They pay or make money $40-$200 per post.
Apply: WorkingMother is the digital hub of career-focused and entrepreneur moms, including best companies to work for, tips and features focused on work and home.
Topics of WorkingMother Articles Writing: About Parenting.
Payment: What they pay Unknown.
Apply: The Sun is an independent, ad-free monthly magazine that for more than thirty years has used words and photographs to invoke the splendor and heartache of being human.
Topics of The Sun Magazine Articles Writing: Essays, Short Stories, Interviews, Poetry, etc.
Payment: They pay or make money $300-$2,500 for non-fiction; $300-$1,500 for fiction; $100-$250 for poetry; from $1,000-$2,000 for interviews.
Apply: Grasslimb is a twice-yearly literary journal featuring prose, poetry, and artwork. Just the thing to read while you’re having a nice cup of coffee or tea!
Topics of Grasslimb Articles Writing: Poetry, Prose, Cartoons, Book & Music Reviews.
Payment: They pay or make money $5-$20 for poetry; $10-$70 for prose; $15-25 for book & music reviews; $15-$25 for cartoon.
Finding More Freelance Blogging Gigs:
Wondering how to find more freelance blogging gigs? Okay, before that let me give you a word of caution about the above mentioned blogs, websites, and magazines. There is every possibility that ALL the above-mentioned websites are already getting a ton of guest post requests. Why? Because they are inviting everyone. So, be first or be smarter.
Becoming the first is going to be difficult. But you can become smarter. Anyways, if you want to become one of the first to apply for a writing gig then try the following blogging job boards.
Do not apply to every website that is listed here. Your applications are reviewed by real people, so apply only if it’s relevant, and do respect their time.
You don’t have to be a native English speaker to contribute a blog post to any of the above blogs. But you must be passionate about the topic and must possess outstanding writing skills (especially if you are pitching a high authority blog).
You can show your skills by including a link to a sample blog post that you have written. Just make sure that it’s related to the theme of the blog that you are pitching.
An active blog and an active social media presence (especially Twitter and LinkedIn) are always appreciated. You can also make a real connection with one of the authors or editors of the blog (via email or social media) genuinely so that you can eventually pitch them in a friendly way.
None of the above websites are for beginners.
That is, for those who have never written a blog post before? If you are new to freelance writing then check out The Freelance Writer’s Handbook.
It may take several days (if not weeks) to get your articles published on a top blog as most of them are floods with queries and requests. If you didn’t get a reply, say in a week or even in a month, then it probably means that they are either not interesting or you didn’t match their expectations (it’s okay to follow-up but at least wait a week or two).
Finally, do not send the exact pitch to all websites (even if they are in the same industry). Instead, send a custom one to each website and make it short and simple.
Make Money with Articles Writing, Image credit from #Pixabay.
The process of Investment: An organized view of the investment process involves analyzing the basic nature of investment decisions and organizing the activities in the decision process. This process creates a strong yet flexible framework for our investment professionals to work together, sharing ideas and challenging each other’s views. It is constantly evolving and we continue to invest in the resources required to ensure it remains robust. Investment managers participate in our Investment process, from company visits and internal discussions to analyzing external broker research and assessing investment themes. The process informs their decisions but your requirements remain paramount. So, the question is – What is the Process of Investment? Explains.
The Concept is to Explain the Process of Investment.
The investment process governs by the two important facets of investment they are the risk and return. Therefore, we first consider these two basic parameters that are of critical importance to all investors and the trade-off that exists between expected return and risk.
Given the foundation for making investment decisions the trade-off between expected return and risk- we next consider the decision process in investments as it is typically practiced today. Although numerous separate decisions must be made, for organizational purposes, this decision process has traditionally been divided into a two-step process: security analysis and portfolio management. Security analysis involves the valuation of securities, whereas portfolio management involves the management of an investor’s investment selections as a portfolio (package of assets), with its unique characteristics.
Security Analysis:
Traditional investment analysis, when applied to securities, emphasizes the projection of prices and dividends. That is, the potential price of a firm’s common stock and the future dividend stream are forecasted, then discounted back to the present. This intrinsic value is then compared with the security’s current market price. If the current market price is below the intrinsic value, a purchase recommendation, and if vice versa is the case sale recommend.
Although modern security analysis is deeply rooted in the fundamental concepts just outlined, the emphasis has shifted. The more modern approach to common stock analysis emphasizes return and risk estimates rather than mere price and dividend estimates.
Portfolio Management:
Portfolios are combinations of assets. In this text, portfolios consist of collections of securities. Traditional portfolio planning emphasizes the character and the risk-bearing capacity of the investor. For example, a young, aggressive, single adult would advise buying stocks in newer, dynamic, rapidly growing firms. A retired widow would advise purchasing stocks and bonds in old-line, established, stable firms, such as utilities.
Modern portfolio theory suggests that the traditional approach to portfolio analysis, selection, and management may yield less than optimum results. Hence a more scientific approach needs, based on estimates of risk and return of the portfolio and the attitudes of the investor toward a risk-return trade-off stemming from the analysis of the individual securities.
Characteristics of Investment:
The characteristics of investment can understand in terms of as:-
Return,
Risk,
Safety,
Liquidity etc.
Now, explain;
Return:
All investments characterize by the expectation of a return. Investments are made with the primary objective of driving return. The expectation of a return may be from income (yield) as well as through capital appreciation. Capital appreciation is the difference between the sale price and the purchase price. The expectation of return from an investment depends on the nature of the investment, maturity period, market demand and so on.
Risk:
The risk is inherent in any investment, the risk may relate to the loss of capital, delay in repayment of capital, nonpayment of return or variability of returns. The risk of an investment is determined by the investments, maturity period, repayment capacity, nature of return commitment and so on.
Risk and expected return of investment are related. Theoretically, the higher the risk, the higher the expected return. The higher return is compensation expected by investors for their willingness to bear a higher risk.
Safety:
The safety of investment identifies with the certainty of the return of capital without loss of time or money. Safety is another feature that an investor desires from investments. Also, Every investor expects to get back the initial capital on maturity without loss and delay.
Liquidity:
An investment that is easily scalable without loss of money or time says to be liquid. A well-developed secondary market for security increases the liquidity of the investment. An investor tends to prefer maximization of expected return, minimization of risk, the safety of funds and liquidity of the investment.
Investment categories:
Investment generally involves a commitment of funds in two types of assets:
Real assets
Financial assets
Realassets:
Real assets are tangible material things like building, automobiles, land, gold, etc.
Financialassets:
Financial assets are a piece of paper representing an indirect claim to real assets held by someone else. These pieces of paper represent debt or equity commitment in the form of IOUs or stock certificates. Also, investments in financial assets consist of – Securities (i.e. security forms of) investment Non-securities investment.
The term ‘securities’ used in the broadest sense, consists of those papers which quote and are transferable.
Under section 2 (h) of the Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) ‘securities’ include:
Shares., scrip’s, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or another body corporate. Government securities. Such other instruments may declare by the central Government as securities, and, iv) Rights of interests in securities.
Therefore, in the above context, security forms of investments include Equity shares, preference shares, debentures, government bonds, Units of UTI and other Mutual Funds, and equity shares and bonds of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). Non-security forms of investments include all those investments, which are not quoted in any stock market and are not freely marketable. viz., bank deposits, corporate deposits, post office deposits, National Savings and other small savings certificates and schemes, provident funds, and insurance policies.
Another popular investment in physical assets such as Gold, Silver, Diamonds, Real estate, Antiques, etc. Indian investors have always considered the physical assets to be very attractive investments. Also, there are a large number of investment avenues for savers in India.
Some of them are marketable and liquid, while others are non-marketable, Some of them are highly risky while some others are almost risking less. The investor has to choose proper avenues from among them, depending on his specific need, risk preference, and return expectation. Learning is best things, How to Earn a Profit process of investment?
Investment avenues can be broadly categorized under the following heads:
Concept of Management Notes; To satisfy his/her wants, a person has to perform numerous activities. An individual alone cannot perform all the necessary activities. Therefore, human beings join or cooperate in the form of groups and organizations. Also, Every organization is a group of people seeking to attain some common objectives. A central organ or agency is required to coordinate the activities and efforts of various individuals working together in an organization so that they can work collectively as a team, such an organ is called management. So, the question is – What is Management and Concept of Management?
What is Management and Concept of Management Notes?
What is Management: The term “Management” conveys different meanings depending upon the context in which it is useful. Also, Some of the important notes concepts of Management:
Now, explain; Some information Concept of Management, what they are:
Management as an Economic Resource:
Like land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship, management is a vital factor in production. Also, It is management that coordinates various factors of production.
Management as a Team:
As a team or a group of persons, management consists of all those individuals who guide; and, Also, direct the efforts of other individuals to achieve specified objectives.
Management as an Academic Discipline:
It has become a very popular subject of study as is evident from the great rush for admissions into institutes; and, Also, universities imparting education and training in management.
Management as a Process:
Defining the aims or objectives of the organization, bringing together men, money, materials, machinery and other factors of production.
Effective motivation and democratic managerial leadership are the keys to sound management, management by participation, management by objectives or results; and, Also, management by delegation help get things done through others.
Related Types of Question:-
A) What is Management?, B) What is the Concept of Management?, C) What is the Meaning of Management?, and, Also, D) What do you mean about Management?
Types of Management:
The following types below are;
Top-Level Management:
The top-level managers include boards of directors, presidents, vice-presidents, CEOs, general managers, and senior managers, etc. Also, Upper-level managers are responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization.
Rather than direct the day-to-day activities of the firm, they develop goals, strategic plans, and company policies; as well as make decisions about the direction of the business.
Middle-Level Management:
Most organizations have three management levels: first-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. Also, These managers are classified according to a hierarchy of authority and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers at each level gives the organization a pyramid structure.
Middle management is the intermediate leadership level of a hierarchical organization, being subordinate to the senior management but above the lowest levels of operational staff. For example, operational supervisors may be considered middle management; they may also be categorized as non-management staff, depending upon the policy of the particular organization.
Front-line Management:
Most organizations have three management levels: first-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. Also, These managers are classified according to a hierarchy of authority and perform different tasks. Front-line managers belong to the first level of management. Front-line managers are managers who are responsible for a work-group to a higher level of management.
They are normally in the lower layers of the management hierarchy, and the employees who report to them do not themselves have any managerial or supervisory responsibility. Also, Front-line management is the level of management that oversees a company’s primary production activities.
Front-line managers provide critical value to a company’s success because they must motivate employees who perform essential production duties. They also must generate efficient productivity and control to minimize costs. Front-line managers are most often involved in operations (as opposed to marketing, accounting, finance, etc.).
Functional vs. General Management:
Functional management and general management represent two differing responsibilities sets with an organization. Also, Functional managers are most common in larger organizations with many moving parts; where different business functions are led by managers within those respective fields (i.e. marketing, finance, etc.).
General management is more common in smaller, more versatile, environments where the general manager can actively engage in every facet of the business.
Management in Different Types of Business: For-Profit, Non-Profit, and Mutual-Benefit. All Things about Management, Concept of management, and Types of Management.
What is Management and Concept of Management Notes? Image credit from #Pixabay.
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