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To learn new things is beneficial at any age, and any kind of learning can benefit other aspects of your life. For instance, taking music lessons can increase your language skills. If you’re interested in a topic, study it. If you’d like a new skill, practice it. Your life is ever-changing and infinitely complex, and your ability to experience it depends on your willingness the learn. The more you learned, the more you live.

Embrace failure and confusion. When you are learning a new thing, you are entering into unknown territory. Allow yourself to experience the confusion of unanswered questions and unfamiliar parameters. When you study a new topic, don’t look up answers to your questions right away. Instead, spend some time trying to figure the answers out on your own. This kind of trying (and failing) helps you better understand what you are learning.


  • How to Explain, What is Sole Proprietorship?

    How to Explain, What is Sole Proprietorship?

    A sole proprietorship (In Hindi), also known as the sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of enterprise. That is owned and run by one natural person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. The owner is in direct control of all elements and is legally accountable for the finances of such business and this may include debts, loans, loss, etc. Also learn, What is Manpower Planning? Example, with Importance.

    Learn and Study, What is Sole Proprietorship? Meaning and Definition.

    A sole proprietor may use a trading name or business name other than his, her, or its legal name. They may have to legally trademark their business name if it differs from their own legal name. The process varying depending upon the country of residence. The sole trader receives all profits (subject to taxation specific to the business) and has unlimited responsibility for all losses and debts. The proprietor owns every asset of the business, and all debts of the business are the proprietors. It is a “sole” proprietorship in contrast with partnerships (which have at least two owners).

    Meaning of Sole Proprietorship:

    A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole trader or a proprietorship, is an unincorporated business with a single owner. Who pays personal income tax on profits earned from the business. With little government regulation, a sole proprietorship is the simplest business to set up or take apart. Making sole proprietorships popular among individual self-contractors, consultants, or small business owners. Many sole proprietors do business under their own names because creating a separate business or trade name isn’t necessary. Also learn the Definition, Importance, and Affected Factors of Manpower Planning.

    Definition of Sole Proprietorship:

    Simplest, oldest, and most common form of business ownership in which only one individual acquires. All the benefits and risks of running an enterprise. In a sole-proprietorship. There is no legal distinction between the assets and liabilities of a business and those of its owner. It is by far the most popular business structure for startups because of its ease of formation. Least record-keeping, minimal regulatory controls, and avoidance of double taxation.

    Also, A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business owned by one individual, making it the simplest form of business to start and operate. Over 20 million sole proprietorships are operating in the United States and Canada, making it by far the most popular form of business ownership.

    The key feature of the sole proprietorship definition is that unlike an incorporated business or a partnership there is no legal separation between the business and the owner in a sole proprietorship – the business is considering to be an extension of the owner and as such the owner is personally responsible for any debts or liabilities incurred by the business.

    An Example of a Sole Proprietorship:

    Most small businesses start as sole proprietorships and change to different legal structures as they grow. For example, in 2005, Kate Schade started her company, Kate’s Real Food, as a sole proprietor. The company creates and sells energy bars, and it began as a local vendor in Schade’s town of Victor, Idaho. The sole proprietorship sold its energy bars at local farmer’s markets and then expanded to sell online and to a few accounts in Jackson, Idaho.

    Personal liability for business debts:

    A sole proprietor can hold personally liable for any business-related obligation. This means that if your business doesn’t pay a supplier, defaults on a debt, or loses a lawsuit, the creditor can legally come after your house or other possessions.

    Examples:

    Example 1: Lester is the owner of a small manufacturing business. When business prospects look good, he orders $50,000 worth of supplies and uses them in creating merchandise. Unfortunately, there’s a sudden drop in demand for his products, and Lester can’t sell the items he’s produced. When the company that sold Lester the suppliers demand payment, he can’t pay the bill. As the sole proprietor, Lester is personally liable for this business obligation. This means that the creditor can sue him and go after not only Lester’s business assets but his other property as well. This can include his house, his car, and his personal bank account.

    Example 2: Shirley is the owner of a flower shop. One day Roger, one of Shirley’s employees, is delivering flowers using a truck owned by the business. Roger strikes and seriously injures a pedestrian. The injured pedestrian sues Roger, claiming that he drove carelessly and caused the accident. The lawsuit names Shirley as a co-defendant. After a trial, the jury returns a large verdict against Roger and Shirley as the owner of the business. Shirley is personally liable to the injured pedestrian. This means the pedestrian can go after all of Shirley’s assets, business, and personal.

    By contrast, the law provides owners of corporations and limited liability companies (LLCs) with what’s called “limited personal liability” for business obligations. This means that, unlike sole proprietors and general partners, owners of corporations and LLCs can normally keep their house, investments, and other personal property even if their business fails. If you will engage in a risky business, you may want to consider forming a corporation or an LLC. You can learn more about limiting your personal liability for business obligations by reading Nolo’s articles on corporations and LLCs.

    Registering your sole proprietorship:

    Unlike an LLC or a corporation, you generally don’t have to file any special forms or pay any fees to start working as a sole proprietor. All you have to do is declare your business to be a sole proprietorship when you complete the general registration requirements that apply to all new businesses. Also, learn the advantages and disadvantages of the sole proprietorship.

    Most cities and many counties require businesses, even tiny home-based sole proprietorships, to register with them and pay at least a minimum tax. In return, your business will receive a business license or tax registration certificate. You may also have to obtain an employer identification number from the IRS, a seller’s permit from your state, and a zoning permit from your local planning board.

    Also, And if you do business under a name different from your own, such as Custom Coding, you usually must register that name, known as a fictitious business name, with your county. In practice, lots of businesses are small enough to get away with ignoring these requirements. But if you are caught, you may be subject to back taxes and other penalties.

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  • Definition Importance Affected Factors of Manpower Planning

    Definition Importance Affected Factors of Manpower Planning

    Factors of Manpower Planning with their Definition and Importance; According to Gorden MacBeath, manpower planning involves two stages. The first stage is concerned with the detailed; “Planning of manpower requirements for all types and levels of employees throughout the plan”; and, the second stage is concerned with; “Planning of manpower supplies to provide the organization with the right types of people from all sources to meet the planned requirements”. Also learn, What is the Process of Manpower Planning?

    Explaining, Definition, Importance, and Affected Factors of Manpower Planning!

    According to Vetter, the process by which management determines how the organization should move from its current manpower position to its desired manpower position. Through planning, management strives to have the right number and the right kinds of people, at the right places, at the right time, doing things that result in both the organization and the individual receiving the maximum long-run benefit.

    Stainer defines it as a “Strategy for the acquisition, utilization, improvement, and preservation of an enterprise’s human resources. It relates to establishing job specifications or the quantitative requirements of jobs determining the number of personnel required and developing sources of manpower”.

    According to Wickstrom, human resource planning consists of a series of activities, viz:

    1. Forecasting future manpower requirements, either in terms of mathematical projections of trends in the economic environment and development in industry, or in terms of judgmental estimates based upon the specific future plans of a company;  
    2. Making an inventory of present manpower resources and assessing the extent to which these resources are employed optimally;
    3. Anticipating manpower problems by projecting present resources into the future and comparing them with the forecast of requirements to determine their adequacy, both quantitatively and qualitatively; and
    4. Planning the necessary programmes of requirement, selection, training, development, utilization, transfer, promotion, motivation, and compensation to ensure that future manpower requirements are properly met.

    According to Geisler, it is the process—including forecasting, developing, and controlling—by which a firm ensures that it has the right number of people and the right kind of people at the right places at the right time doing work for which they are economically most useful.

    Importance of Manpower Planning!

    1. Key to managerial functions: The four managerial functions, i.e., planning, organizing, directing, and controlling are based on manpower. Human resources help in the implementation of all these managerial activities. Therefore, staffing becomes a key to all managerial functions.

    2. Efficient utilization: Efficient management of personnel becomes an important function in the industrialization world of today. The setting of large-scale enterprises requires the management of large-scale manpower. It can be effectively done through staffing functions.

    3. Motivation: Staffing function not only includes putting the right men on the right job; but it also comprises of motivational programs, i.e., incentive plans to be framed for further participation and employment of employees in a concern. Therefore, all types of incentive plans become an integral part of the staffing functions.

    4. Better human relations: A concern can stabilize itself if human relations develop and are strong. Human relations become strong through effective control, clear communication, effective supervision, and leadership in a concern. Staffing function also looks after training and development of the workforce which leads to co-operation and better human relations.

    5. Higher productivity: Productivity level increases when resources utilizing in the best possible manner; higher productivity is a result of minimum wastage of time, money, effort, and energy. This is possible through the staffing and its related activities ( Performance appraisal, training, and development, remuneration).

    Factors Affecting Manpower Planning!

    The exercise is not an easy tube because it imposing by various factors such as; what are the success factors of manpower planning below are :

    1. It suffers from inaccuracy because it is very difficult to forecast long-range requirements of personnel.  
    2. It depends basically on organization planning. Overall planning is itself is a difficult task because of changes in economic conditions, which make long-term it planning difficult.
    3. It is difficult to forecast about the personnel with the organization at a future date. While vacancies caused by retirements can predict accurately other factors like resignation, deaths are difficult to forecast.
    4. Lack of top management support also frustrates those in charge of planning; because, in the absence of top management support, the system does not work properly.
    5. The problem of forecast becomes more occur in the context of key personnel; because their replacement cannot arrange the short period of time.

    Moreover, any system that requires the support of top management and manpower planning is no exception to this.

    Definition Importance and Affected Factors of Manpower Planning - ilearnlot
    Definition, Importance, and Affected Factors of Manpower Planning! Thanks, Also, Photo Credit to pixabay.com/ More free Images!
  • What is the Process of Manpower Planning?

    What is the Process of Manpower Planning?

    Manpower planning is the process of estimating. The optimum number of people required for completing a project, task, or goal within time. Manpower planning includes parameters like the number of personnel, different types of skills, time period, etc. It is a never-ending continuous process to make sure that the business has the optimized resources available. When required taking into consideration the upcoming future projects and also the replacement of the outgoing employees. It is also called Human Resource Planning. Also learn, The Steps of Manpower Planning with Features!

    Explain is, What is the Process of Manpower Planning?

    What is the process of Manpower Planning? The HR department of every company has to constantly keep an eye on the human resources that the company has. With every possible event like change industry dynamics, increase in business requirements, skills required for a particular technology, etc. The need for having better resources increases.

    The process of manpower planning involves the following steps.

    First of all the objectives and strategies regarding the diversification, expansion innovation, production, marketing, and finance of the organization are analyzed. So that a fair idea could make regarding the future HR needs of the organization. Because the organizational plans are based on labor, economic, sales, and expansion forecasts. It serves as a good foundation for manpower planning.

    The next step is forecasting the demand for human resources. There are many techniques available for forecasting the HR demand like managerial judgment, ratio-trend analysis, and mathematical models. The supply of manpower is also taken into consideration from internal and external sources. The difficulties faced during the process of manpower planning are uncertainties that can be caused by absenteeism; seasonal employment and labor turnover.

    As well as, The other uncertainties that make the manpower planning process less reliable are technology changes and market conditions. Sometimes the employees and their unions also resist the manpower planning process because they erroneously feel that manpower planning could increase the workload of the employees. Another limitation faced by the process of manpower planning is that the information system regarding the human resources of an organization is not fully developed in some countries.

    The Main Process and Steps for having manpower planning.

    The Main Process and Steps for having manpower planning are as below:

    Understanding the existing workforce:

    The HR department has to thoroughly understand the manpower available to the company. They should examine the background, skill set, qualification, location, etc of the entire workforce so that they have a good idea regarding the pool of talent which the company has.

    Forecasting for the future:

    With constant changes in business requirements, companies must understand the future trend and which type of employees would best suit their organization. Hence, companies must examine, evaluate and forecast the type of employee workforce they want in the future years

    Recruitment and selection:

    Depending on the business requirements, manpower planning leads to a much better thought-out recruitment and selection pattern. This totally depends upon the forecasts made and the business requirements. Hence, candidates with better qualifications, skill set, experience, etc are shortlisted as employees to best suit future needs.

    Training the employees:

    Employees who are a part of the organization are training to have the best skills, knowledge, and understanding about the current job as well as the future requirements.

    All these above-mentioned manpower planning steps help organizations become better prepared to adapt to new technology, future industry developments and even to face off with competitors.

    Multi-Steps Process of Manpower Planning:

    The planning process is one of the most crucial, complex, and continuing managerial functions which, according to the Tata Electrical Locomotive Company, “embraces organization development, managerial development, career planning, and succession planning”. The process has gained importance in India with the increase in the size of business enterprises, complex production technology, and the adoption of professional management techniques. Also learn, Case Study on Debt Collection Management!

    It may rightly regard as a multi-step process, including various issues, such as:

    • Deciding goals or objectives.
    • Auditing of the internal resources.
    • Formulation of the recruitment plan.
    • Estimating future organizational structure and manpower requirements, and.
    • Developing a human resource plan.

    A. Deciding Goals or Objectives:

    The business objectives have been determining; planning of manpower resources has to fully integrate into the financial planning. It becomes necessary to determine how the human resources can organize to achieve these objectives.

    For this purpose, a detailed organization chart is drawn and the management of the company tries to determine. “How many people, at what level, at what positions and with what kind of experience and training would require meeting the business objectives during the planning period”. The management of this company considers a time 5 pan of five years as an optimum period for this purpose.

    It stresses the specific and standard occupational nomenclature that must use without. “Which it would not be possible to build a firm-cum-industry-wise manpower resources planning”. It suggests the adoption for this purpose of the international coding of occupations. For sound manpower planning, it considers as a prerequisite the preparation of a manual of job classification and job description with specific reference to individual jobs to perform.

    B. Audit of the Internal Resources:

    The next step consists of an audit of the internal resources. A systematic review of the internal resources would indicate persons. Within the organizations that possess different or higher levels of responsibilities. Thus it becomes necessary to integrate into the manpower planning process a sound system of performance appraisal as well as an appraisal of the potential of existing employees.

    C. Formulation of the Recruitment Plan:

    A detailed survey of the internal manpower resources can ultimately lead to an assessment of the deficit or surplus of personnel for the different levels during the planned period. Whilst arriving at the final figures, it is necessary to take them into account. “The actual retirements and estimate loss due to death, ill-health and turnover, base on experience and future outlook about company’s expansion and future growth patterns”.

    D. Estimating Future Organisational Structure and Manpower Requirements:

    The management must estimate the structure of the organization at a given point in time. For this estimate, the number and type of employees needed have to determine. Many environmental factors affect this determination. They include business forecast, expansion and growth, design and structural changes, management philosophy, government policy, product, and human skills mix, and competition.

    E. Developing of Human Resource Plan:

    This step refers to the development and implementation of the human resource plan. Which consists in finding out the sources of labor supply with a view to making an effective use of these sources. As well as, The first thing, therefore, is to decide on the policy— should the person hire from within through promotional channels or should it obtain from an outside source.

    Also, The best policy which is following by most organizations is to fill up higher vacancies by promotion and lower-level positions by recruitment from the labor market. The market is a geographical area from which employers recruit their workforce and labor seeks employment.

    What is the Process of Manpower Planning - ilearnlot
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  • The Steps of Manpower Planning with Features!

    The Steps of Manpower Planning with Features!

    Steps of Manpower Planning with Features in HRM; Manpower Planning which also calls Human Resource Planning consists of putting the right number of people, the right kind of people at the right place, the right time, doing the right things for which they are suited for the achievement of goals of the organization. Human Resource Planning has got an important place in the arena of industrialization. Human Resource Planning has to be a systems approach and carry out in a set procedure. Also learn, What is Manpower Planning? Example, with Importance.

    Explain is, What is the Steps of Manpower Planning with Features?

    The procedure is as follows:

    • Analysing the current manpower inventory.
    • Making future manpower forecasts.
    • Developing employment programmes, and.
    • Design training programmes.

    Steps of Manpower Planning!

    1. Analysing the current manpower inventory:

    Before a manager makes the forecast of future manpower, the current manpower status has to analyze. For this, the following things have to note:

    • Type of organization
    • Number of departments
    • Number and quantity of such departments
    • Employees in these work units

    Once these factors registering by a manager, he goes for future forecasting.

    2. Making future manpower forecasts:

    Once the factors affecting the future manpower forecasts know, planning can do for the future manpower requirements in several work units.

    The Manpower forecasting techniques commonly employed by the organizations are as follows:

    • Expert Forecasts: This includes informal decisions, formal expert surveys, and Delphi technique.
    • Trend Analysis: Manpower needs can project through extrapolation (projecting past trends), indexation (using base year as the basis), and statistical analysis (central tendency measure).
    • Work Load Analysis: It is dependent upon the nature of workload in a department, in a branch or in a division.
    • WorkForce Analysis: Whenever production and time period has to analyze, due allowances have to make for getting net manpower requirements.
    • Other methods: Several Mathematical models, with the aid of computers, are using to forecast manpower needs, like budget and planning analysis, regression, new venture analysis.
    3. Developing employment programmes:

    Once the current inventory comparing with future forecasts, the employment programs can frame and developed accordingly, which will include recruitment, selection procedures, and placement plans.

    4. Design training programmes:

    These will be based on the extent of diversification, expansion plans, development programs, etc. Training programs depend upon the extent of improvement in technology and advancement to take place. It is also done to improve upon the skills, capabilities, knowledge of the workers.

    As well as Manpower planning helps in ensuring that an organization has the right kind of employees in sufficient numbers doing the right kind of job. It also makes sure that the employees doing a particular job are capable of performing the job efficiently and effectively. Coleman has described the process as “The process of determining manpower requirements and the means for meeting those requirements to carry out the integrated plan of the organization”.

    The main Features of Manpower Planning are:

    1. It future-oriente and involves the forecasting of manpower requirements so that these demands can fulfill with the timely and adequate supply of personnel.  
    2. It is a continuous process as the manpower demands of the organizations keep on changing with its needs and environment.  
    3. Manpower planning aims at the optimal use of the present and future workforce of the organization, thus it is requiring for getting maximum results from the investment in human resources.
    4. Manpower planning involves both quantitative and qualitative aspects. While the quantitative aspects deal with the right number of people at a job, the qualitative aspect involves the search for the right kind of people for a particular job.

    Manpower planning is done at both the macro level and the micro-level. It influences by environmental factors like employment rate, demographic changes, legal control, and organizational policies at the macro level, the factors like technological changes, trade union pressure, the gap in skill and competency, and recruitment and selection affect the process of manpower planning at the micro-level.

    The Steps of Manpower Planning with Features - ilearnlot
    The Steps of Manpower Planning with Features; Thanks, Credit to pixaby.com/
  • What is Manpower Planning? Example, with Importance!

    What is Manpower Planning? Example, with Importance!

    Manpower planning helps in ensuring that an organization has the right kind of employees in sufficient numbers doing the right kind of job. It also makes sure that the employees doing a particular job are capable of performing the job efficiently and effectively. Coleman has described the process as “The process of determining manpower requirements and the means for meeting those requirements to carry out the integrated plan of the organization”. Also learn, about International and Comparative Human Resource Management.

    Define, What is Manpower Planning? Example, with Importance!

    Manpower Planning which is also called Human Resource Planning consists of putting the right number of people, right kind of people at the right place, right time, doing the right things for which they are suiting for the achievement of goals of the organization. Human Resource Planning has got an important place in the arena of industrialization. Human Resource Planning has to be a systems approach and carry out in a set procedure.

    Definition of Manpower Planning!

    Manpower planning is the process of estimating the optimum number of people required for completing a project, task, or goal within time. Manpower planning includes parameters like the number of personnel, different types of skills, period, etc. It is a never-ending continuous process to make sure that the business has the optimized resources available when required taking into consideration the upcoming future projects and also the replacement of the outgoing employees. It is also called Human Resource Planning.

    Large businesses often work on forecasting and upcoming opportunities in the pipeline. If these opportunities convert into an actual business, they would need manpower to start working on them. But the dilemma is that what if they hired a large number of people to work on an almost sure project but at the last moment the project didn’t start on time. What would the business do with the additional skilled manpower? The other dilemma is that if they kept waiting until the last moment for a project and when the project starts they might not have enough manpower to work and deliver. These questions solving by the process of manpower planning.

    Manpower planning also includes the details of how and when will new employees acquire. This whole process is done keeping in view the goals of the organization. The future predictions for business and changing technology trends. This helps the organization prepare for the future with the correct manpower at its disposal for business prosperity.

    Example of Manpower Planning!

    IT companies are often facing the business problem of hiring the right people for upcoming projects as well as attrition. These companies have multiple projects going on at a single time and upcoming projects in the pipeline. If they hire more people without planning they would end up with many resources on the bench which would eat into profits and if they keep waiting until the last. They would not have enough skilled people to set up the project and start delivering eventually leading to customer dissatisfaction and losses.

    So these companies keep on forecasting and planning as per the market requirements, latest skillset, and their project pipeline. Most of the time, hired resources cannot be productive straight away so they need to train them which would require further planning and time.

    Importance of Manpower Planning!

    Manpower planning is an essential requirement for any business. It helps the company to prepare well in advance for the type of employees. They would require in their organization in the future. With constantly changing business requirements, technological advancements, etc. The skills and knowledge of employees tend to become obsolete over some time. Also, if a business is growing, then the workforce needs to expand. If the company wants to have its business at different locations, different business domains, etc. If a company fails to prepare beforehand. It can create issues in the future and can collapse the business model for a company. Hence, timely preparation of manpower planning would always help a business grow.

    What is Manpower Planning Example with Importance - ilearnlot
    What is Manpower Planning? Example, with Importance!
  • Case Study on Debt Collection Management!

    Case Study on Debt Collection Management!

    Unlock the best learn Case studies on debt collection management. Understand the strategies used in the pursuit of unpaid debts and the role of collection agencies in this process.

    Learn, Two Case Study on Debt Collection Management!

    What is Debt Recovery? Debt recovery and debt collection are similar terms with one small, but very important distinction. The difference is who is trying to retrieve a debt. Debt collection is a creditor’s attempt to recover consumer credit and loans that have not been payback by a customer. Debt collection is the process of pursuing payments of debts owed by individuals or businesses.

    An organization that specializes in debt collection is known as a collection agency or debt collector. Most collection agencies operate as agents of creditors and collect debts for a fee or percentage of the total amount owed. Also Learn, Case Study on Corporate Governance for Satyam Scam! Two Case Study on Debt Collection Management!

    Debt recovery is when a loan such as a credit card balance continues to go unpaid, and a creditor hires a third party, known as a collection service, to focus on collecting the money. Debt recovery is important because it is directly correlating to your credit score. If you are being contacted by a debt recovery service, it means there is a record that you have defaulted on a loan and currently have delinquencies. These delinquencies get the report to the credit bureaus, damaging your credit score, which can potentially hurt any future loan opportunities.

    Case Study 1: HDFC Bank Recovery!

    Mr.Kaushik Agarwal, about 18 months back had purchased 1 Tata Indigo, finance from HDFC bank. His EMI for this month (May’08) bounce due to some reasons.

    The recovery person calls him on the 22nd May for the payment of the same. He was out of town at that moment so Mr.Kaushik had asked him to send someone to his office on the 24th to collect cash.

    Now on 24th, it slips out of Kaushik’s mind that he had to pay cash to HDFC Bank and hence he did not withdraw any cash from the bank. As it was a Saturday so when the person came for collection. He requests him to come on Monday, as the bank was already closed the day.

    On this, the person, who had called Kaushik earlier on the 22nd, called him again and started shouting at him and speaking in a very bad language. The person told Mr. Kaushik that they know his Residence addresses. So if he doesn’t pay them today they will come to his house and will insult him in the neighborhood. The person also passed threat on him that if Kaushik doesn’t pay within 5 minutes it would be very bad for him. The person kept using foul words and shouting at him until he disconnected the phone.

    After this Kaushik had no option to go to his local police station and lodge a complaint against that person. Mr. Kaushik has also decided to put a case against that person and HDFC bank in consumer court as well as the civil court.

    Kaushik has also posted a complaint with HDFC Grievance cell, docket no. TF22534017. Kaushik requests the concerned authority to take some action on this. Also learn, Google’s Acquisition of Motorola Mobility for Case Study!

    Case Study 2: ABC Bank Debt Recovery!

    ABC Bank had granted a personal loan of Rs. 60,000 to XY, a lower-middle-class individual, for consumption needs. The loan was to repaid in installments by XY. The loan was without any tangible security and also without any third party guarantee. The borrower XY could not repay in time some installments and therefore the loan became overdue.

    The ABC Bank gave XY’s Case to Z recovery agent, along with other overdue loans for recovery. The Z recovery agent called XY a couple of times and also visited him at his residence. As XY was not able to repay the amount in default. Z used abusive and harsh languages in front of XY’s wife and daughters to make recovery. During one of the visits to XY’s house, Z and his colleagues took away forcibly some of the things. That were available in XY’s house in front of his wife and daughters and also used threatening language for payment of the dues.

    XY felt very much humiliated and also depressed. Being unable to repay the dues. XY committed killed themself. He left a suicide note, blaming Z for harassing him endlessly. Mentioned the abuses he had suffered at the hands of Z before his wife and daughters. Also mentioned the threat Z gave that he would suffer dire consequences if he failed to repay the overdue amount.

    Following the suicide death of XY, the local police arrested Z and his colleagues (who used to accompany Z during his visits to XY’s house) on charges of abetment of suicide. A case was also filed against the ABC Bank, which has to pay an ex-gratia payment of Rs.20 lakhs to the deceased’s family. The incident has also been publishing in the press and has damaged the Bank’s reputation in public eye, at least for the time being.

  • What is Waste Management? Meaning and Definition

    What is Waste Management? Meaning and Definition

    Waste Management: First Meaning of Waste, “Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. It is any substance which is discarding after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no use”. “Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling”.  Also learn, What is Revenue Management?

    Here is the article explains What is Waste Management? Meaning and Definition.

    Waste can take any form that is either solid, liquid, or gas, and each have different methods of disposal and managing. Also, Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it may pose a threat to human health. It is producing due to human activity such as when factories extract and process raw materials. It is intended to reduce the adverse effects of waste on health, the environment, or aesthetics.

    Sorts or kinds or Types of Waste:

    From a wide perspective, waste can be arranged into four significant sorts as metropolitan waste, mechanical waste, biomass waste, and biomedical waste. With more explicit terms, waste can be ordered as:

    • Strong or Solid Waste: Solid refuse comprises the number of things found in families alongside some business just as in modern areas.
    • Fluid or Liquid Waste: Households and businesses create fluid waste.
    • Natural or Organic Waste: Consisting of natural material, for example, food, nursery, and grass clippings natural waste incorporates creature and plant-based material and degradable carbon; for example, paper, cardboard, and wood, generally found in family units.
    • Rural or Agricultural Waste: Waste created by farming incorporates waste from harvests and animals.
    • Bio-clinical or medical Waste: Bio-clinical waste methods any waste, which is producing during the conclusion, treatment, or inoculation of individuals or creatures.
    • Recyclable Rubbish: Recyclable junk comprises all waste things that convert into items; and, use again as a wide range of metals, paper, and natural wastes.

    Meaning of Waste management:

    Americans alone are responsible for producing a hope 220 million tons of waste a year. This number is far more than any other nation in the world. Because of this fact both the government and environmental associations have developed numerous methods of dealing with the problem. It is that solution, a rather complex issue that encompasses more than 20 different industries. Also, Waste management is the collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products.

    As well as, It is a process of treating solid wastes and offers a variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t belong to trash. It is about how garbage can use as a valuable resource. Also, Waste management is something that every household and business owner in the world needs. They dispose of the products and substances that you have using safely and efficiently. Also learn, How to Creating an Entrepreneurial Culture?

    Definition of Waste management:

    As defined,

    “The collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Waste-management encompasses management of all processes and resources for proper handling of waste materials, from the maintenance of waste transport trucks and dumping facilities to compliance with health codes and environmental regulations.”

    You will find there are eight major groups of waste management methods, each of them divided into numerous categories. Those groups include source reduction and reuse, animal feeding, recycling, composting, fermentation, landfills, incineration and land application. You can start using many techniques right at home, like reduction and reuse, which works to reduce the amount of disposable material used.

    What is Waste Management Meaning and Definition - ilearnlot

    Reference

    • Meaning – //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management and //www.conserve-energy-future.com/waste-management-and-waste-disposal-methods.php
    • Definition – //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/waste-management.html
    • Photo Credit URL – //news.nationalgeographic.com/content/dam/news/2017/12/13/e-waste-tons/01-e-waste-millions-tons.jpg

  • Case Study on Corporate Governance for Satyam Scam

    Case Study on Corporate Governance for Satyam Scam

    Corporate Governance for Satyam Scam; Satyam Computers services limited was a consulting and an Information Technology (IT) services company founded by Mr. Ramalingam Raju in 1988. It was India’s fourth-largest company in India’s IT industry, offering a variety of IT services to many types of businesses. It is networking spanned from 46 countries, across 6 continents and employing over 20,000 IT professionals. On 7th January 2009, the Satyam scandal was publicly announced & Mr. Ramalingam confessed and notified SEBI of having falsified the account. Also learn, Tata Motors Acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover for Case Study, Corporate Governance for Satyam Scam! 

    Learn, Case Study on Corporate Governance for Satyam Scam, Explanation.

    What is Fraud? Fraud is a worldwide phenomenon that affects all continents and all sectors of the economy. Fraud encompasses a wide-range of illicit practices and illegal acts involving intentional deception, or misrepresentation. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), fraud is “a deception or misrepresentation that an individual or entity makes knowing that misrepresentation could result in some unauthorized benefit to the individual or the entity or some other party”. In other words, mistakes are not a fraud. Indeed, in fraud, groups of unscrupulous individuals manipulate or influence the activities of a target business to make money or obtain goods through illegal or unfair means.

    Fraud cheats the target organization of its legitimate income and results in a loss of goods, money, and even goodwill and reputation. Fraud often employs illegal and immoral, or unfair means. Organizations must build processes, procedures, and controls that do not needlessly put employees in a position to commit fraud and that effectively detect fraudulent activity if it occurs. The fraud involving persons from the leadership level is known under the name “managerial fraud” and the one involving only the entity’s employees is named “fraud by employees’ association”.

    Raju confessed that Satyam’s balance sheet of 30 September 2008 contained:

    • Inflated figures for cash and bank balances of Rs 5,040 crores (US$ 1.04 billion) [as against Rs 5,361 crores (US$ 1.1 billion) reflected in the books].
    • An accrued interest of Rs. 376 crores (US$ 77.46 million) which were non-existent.
    • An understated liability of Rs. 1,230 crores (US$ 253.38 million) on account of funds which were arranged by himself.
    • An overstated debtors’ position of Rs. 490 crores (US$ 100.94 million) [as against Rs. 2,651 crores (US$ 546.11 million) in the books].
    • The letter by B Ramalinga Raju where he confessed to inflating his company’s revenues contained the following statements:

    “What started as a marginal gap between actual operating profit and the one reflected in the books of accounts continued to grow over the years. It has attained unmanageable proportions as the size of company operations grew significantly [annualized revenue run rate of Rs 11,276 crores (US$ 2.32 billion) in the September quarter of 2008 and official reserves of Rs 8,392 crores (US$ 1.73 billion)]. As the promoters held a small percentage of equity, the concern was that poor performance would result in a takeover, thereby exposing the gap. Also, the aborted Maytas acquisition deal was the last attempt to fill the fictitious assets with real ones. It was like riding a tiger, not knowing how to get off without being eaten”. Also learn, Intrapreneurship Better than Entrepreneurship!

    The Scandal:

    The scandal all came to light with a successful effort on the part of investors to prevent an attempt by the minority shareholding promoters to use the firm’s cash reserves to buy two companies owned by them i.e. Maytas Properties and Maytas Infra. As a result, this aborted an attempt of expansion on Satyam’s part, which in turn led to a collapse in the price of company’s stock following with a shocking confession by Raju, The truth was its’ promoters had decided to inflate the revenue and profit figures of Satyam thereby manipulating their balance sheet consisting non-existent assets, cash reserves and liabilities.

    The Probable Reasons:

    Deriving high stock values would allow the promoters to enjoy benefits allowing them to buy real wealth outside the company and thereby allowing them to derive money to acquire large stakes in other firms on another hand. There could be the reason as to why Raju’s family build its shareholding and shed it when required. Also learn, What is Bookkeeping?

    After the scandal, on 10 January 2009, the Company Law Board decided to bar the current board of Satyam from functioning and appoint 10 nominal directors. On 5th February 2009, the six-member board appointed by the Government of India named A. S. Murthy as the new CEO of the firm with immediate effect. Also learn, What is Organizational Climate? The board consisted of:

    1) Banker Deepak Parekh.

    2) IT expert Kiran Karnik.

    3) Former SEBI member C Achuthan S Balakrishnan of Life Insurance Corporation.

    4) Tarun Das, chief mentor of the Confederation of Indian Industry, and.

    5) T N Manoharan, former President of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

    Investigation: Criminal and Civil Charges!

    The investigation that followed the revelation of the fraud has led to charges against several different groups of people involved with Satyam. Indian authorities arrested Mr. Raju, Mr. Raju’s brother, B. Ramu Raju, its former managing director, Srinivas Vdlamani, the company’s head of internal audit, and its CFO on criminal charges of fraud. Indian authorities also arrested and charged several of the company’s auditors (PwC) with fraud. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ruled that “the CFO and the auditor were guilty of professional misconduct”. As well as, The CBI is also in the course of investigating the CEO’s overseas assets. There were also several civil charges filed in the US against Satyam by the holders of its ADRs.

    The investigation also implicated several Indian politicians. Both civil and criminal litigation cases continue in India and civil litigation continues in the United States. Some of the main victims were: employees, clients, shareholders, bankers and the Indian government. In the aftermath of Satyam, India’s markets recovered and Satyam now lives on. India’s stock market is currently trading near record highs, as it appears that a global economic recovery is taking place. Civil litigation and criminal charges continue against Satyam. Tech Mahindra purchased 51% of Satyam on April 16, 2009, successfully saving the firm from a complete collapse. With the right changes, India can minimize the rate and size of accounting fraud in the Indian capital markets.

    Corporate Governance Issues at Satyam:

    Every quarter, Satyam’s earnings grew. Mr. Raju admitted that the fraud which he committed amounted to nearly $276 million. In the process, Satyam grossly violated all rules of corporate governance. As well as, The Satyam scam had been the example of following “poor” CG practices. It had failed to show a good relationship between the shareholders and employees. CG issue at Satyam arose because of the non-fulfillment of the obligation of the company towards the various stakeholders. Of specific interest are the following: distinguishing the roles of board and management; separation of the roles of the CEO and chairman; an appointment to the board; directors and executive compensation; protection of shareholder’s rights and their executives. Also read it, Dell Social Business Strategy for Case Study!

    Lessons Learned from Satyam Scam:

    The 2009 Satyam scandal in India highlighted the nefarious potential of an improperly governed corporate leader. As the fallout continues, and the effects were felt throughout the global economy, the prevailing hope is that some good can come from the scandal in terms of lessons learning. Here are some lessons learning from the Satyam Scandal:

    1] Investigate All Inaccuracies:

    The fraud scheme at Satyam started very small, eventually growing into $276 million white-elephant in the room. Indeed, a lot of fraud schemes initially start small, with the perpetrator thinking that small changes here and there would not make a big difference and is less likely to detect. This sends a message to a lot of companies: if your accounts are not balancing, or if something seems inaccurate (even just a tiny bit), it is worth investigating. Dividing responsibilities across a team of people makes it easier to detect irregularities or misappropriated funds.

    2] Ruined Reputations:

    Fraud does not just look bad on a company; it looks bad on the whole industry and a country. “India’s biggest corporate scandal in memory threatens future foreign investment flows into Asia’s third-largest economy and casts a cloud over growth in its once-booming outsourcing sector. Also, the news sent Indian equity markets into a tail-spin, with Bombay’s main benchmark index tumbling 7.3% and the Indian rupee fell”. Now, because of the Satyam scandal, Indian rivals will come under greater scrutiny by the regulators, investors, and customers.

    3] Corporate Governance Needs to Be Stronger:

    The Satyam case is just another example supporting the need for stronger CG. All public companies must be careful when selecting executives and top-level managers. These are the people who set the tone for the company: if there is corruption at the top, it is bound to trickle-down. Also, separate the role of CEO and Chairman of the Board. Splitting up the roles, thus, helps avoid situations like the one at Satyam.

    The Satyam Computer Services scandal brought to light the importance of ethics and its relevance to corporate culture. The fraud committed by the founders of Satyam is a testament to the fact that “the science of conduct” is swayed in large by human greed, ambition, and hunger for power, money, fame, and glory. Also Learn, Good for Company, The Corporate Entrepreneurship Categories, and Organizational Thinking!

    Case Study on Corporate Governance for Satyam Scam - ilearnlot
    Case Study on Corporate Governance for Satyam Scam, Image from Online.

  • Organizational Values: Definition, Sources, Advantages, and Disadvantages!

    Organizational Values: Definition, Sources, Advantages, and Disadvantages!

    Organizational Values: An organization is an artifact, social entity, has structured activities, nominal boundaries and it is goal-directed. The Concept of Organizational Values: Definition of Organizational Values, Sources of Organizational Values, Advantages of Organizational Values, and Disadvantages of Organizational Values! Influence of Organizational Values on Organizational Practices and Processes. Values can explain in a few perspectives according to various sources.

    Learn, Explain Organizational Values: Definition, Sources, Advantages, and Disadvantages!

    In ethics, the value represents the importance of physical and abstract objects which is ideally accepted by individual or group. It can also define as qualities that are considering worthwhile that represent an individual’s highest priorities and deeply held driving forces. Values are often admixture with knowledge, norms, and beliefs. Also learned, What are the Participation and Organizational Climate? Organizational Values: Definition, Sources, Advantages, and Disadvantages!

    Beliefs can prove right or wrong by one but not values. Beliefs may vary by cohort, time, geographical differences but values are universal, true for anybody at any time, whenever an individual is. Organizational values are ethical codes that guide behavior by putting assumptions into practice. It also serves as qualities that an organization appreciates and would require members of the organization to chase after.

    Organizational values are the ideology of an organization and practiced by the organization from the employee treatment, technology development, customer or any other external environment interaction. It is part of the important element that forms an organization’s culture and it emanates deep from an organization’s soul.

    Source and Origin of Organizational Values:

    Organizational values are closely associated with human values. It can perceive as an extension of human values, which can categorize into two: instrumental and terminal value. Positive, honest, integrity, responsible, helping the needful are some examples of values. Terminal value relate to goals or desired stage, whereas instrumental values relate to what needs to apply to achieve a terminal value. Example: one’s terminal value being to provide a good life to family members, and instrumental value being to be hardworking and responsible in everything aspects.

    Organization values that contradict with human values will leave the members of the organization uncertain and confused about their roles. Problems that plague the society will mirror in the organization. Values do not come from conscious intentions but rather, from the highest expression out of the free will. Some organizational values are not consciously created but are part of the fabric of the organization, as a result of founders’ views.

    Values might discover and practice by founders during the early days. Values remain unchanged but evolved over the years unnoticeably until the organization decided to encapsulate it in words and lay as a fundamental part of the way the organization thinks.

    Extra knowledge:

    Some organizational values are creating consciously by the management team who decide to improve company’s performance systematically. Frameworks, methods might introduce to capture the organizational values to reveal findings. Values could derive from the organization’s goals. It is a set of principles that guide an organization to success and through difficult situations. It is not to compromise for short-term expediency or financial gain.

    Organizational values are so special that it superseded corporate strategy, technological advantages or market presence to be the power that resides in shaping a successful organization. Organizational values define the acceptable standards which govern the behavior of individuals within the organization. Without such values, individuals will pursue behaviors that are in sync with their value systems, which may lead to behaviors that the organization doesn’t wish to encourage.

    Advantages of Organizational Values:

    Organizational values promote the healthy growth of an organization. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, humans have a fundamental need to associate with something that they can feel proud. With the tight association, all members have with an organization, the individual’s membership defines and subsequently creates a committed workforce.

    Organizational values also let members of the organizations stay motivated. The external motivation by managers is less effective than in a routine-based society and work process. Therefore organizational values should take into consideration to promote intrinsic motivation of the organization’s members.

    The nature, role, and function of values are considering a central part of the organizational value foundation of a corporate brand. Organizations with good organizational values perceived as socially responsible corporate and generally well accepted by the public. Brand value increase and therefore drive good returns from the public, in terms of sales, as well as brand image. Organization identity is strong and helps differentiate the organization from competitors.

    Organizational values are vital for continuity, consistency, and credibility in a value-creating process. As values ensure everyone in the organization is working towards the same goals by the same principles and adhering to the same standards. Organizational values foster the organization’s morale and protect an organization’s reputation. Values are cognitive, affective and provide directions. It drives organization groups towards the common target.

    Disadvantages of Organizational Values:

    Values are important to study organizational behavior because the value is the foundation of how people behave. Personal values might contradict with organizational values although values are typically good. Example some organizations’ reward system is based on seniority. People that value performance higher than seniority will tend to need to deal with disappointment when they are bounding by the reward system based on seniority.

    Both seniority and performance are good values but in this case, people disappoint due to different value hierarchy. When there is a contradiction, the individual could either place personal values as a top priority against the organizational value and vice versa. When individual prioritized personal values, organizations’ benefits are at risk of sacrifice. Individuals might feel depressed as well when organizational values took over personal values.

    Individuals might suffer imbalanced life from practicing organizational values, such as ‘hardworking’ as organizational value and member of the organization might require to practice it and slack in terms of personal life, which is not a good sign from society harmony point of view.

    Organizational value somehow define organizations’ goals to a certain extent. It might limit the organization’s pursuit of other achievable goals due to principles and standards generated by the defined organizational values.

    Organizational value makes an organization harder to change their existing reputation if an organization decided to change the public’s perception that has long formed. It makes a reputable organization’s journey to a breakthrough existing image, a hard one.

    Influence of Organizational Values on Organizational Practices and Processes:

    Personal values shape individuals’ attitude and impact an individual’s behavior. Similarly, organizational value also influences how an organization ‘behaves’ because it will then determine the destiny of that organization.

    Organization Practices and Processes are then set up, to follow. Serve as guidebooks to ensure the organization is pursuing the right path towards common goals on a day to day execution perspective. These practices and processes served as written controls and guidelines for members of an organization to perform. Their day to day job to achieve common organizational goals.

    Business processes are set of living documents although. There should not be frequent changes to review from time to time. Some organizations spend a huge amount of investment to review and redesign processes. The design teams tend to be ambitious to design processes that ‘work on paper’. Issues arise during the execution phase. Situations become more complicated if staffs are not governed by organizational value’s. Policies and practices are as good as the human that man many subsystems and sub-processes.

    An organization can have the best-designed processes but still cannot be a world-class organization if humans. As part of the key factor is not behaving how they should be. Other than processes, policies, and practices also include organizational enablers. An enabler is a technical facility or resource that makes it possible to perform a task, activity or processes. Organizational value also influences the organizational enablers directly which consequently impact the organization’s policies and practices.

    More read it:

    Typical business processes involved in an invoice and servicing customers include billing the customer. Provide after-sales service and responding to customer inquiries. If an organization induce “trust and personal responsibility to every client’s success”. As an organizational value and this is being practiced across the organization including the invoice department. It is almost certain that customers will receive superb customer services and that organization can expect regular return customers without much of marketing effort. But if the invoice department does not practice the organizational value. It is most likely to be the pain point for customers to deal with, and the staffs do not feel their responsibility towards the organization’s success.

    If an organization is sales-Oriente and take customers as the highest priority. The internal policies making would also align to support the organization’s values. This direction does not only apply to external customers but will also determine inter-departmental interaction mode. One department becomes another department’s internal clients and staffs take cross-departmental interaction seriously instead of having a bureaucracy attitude.

    By Research;

    World-famous technology leader, Sony’s core values are to be a leader, not the follower. The organizational value has been driving the company to be notable as the ‘first’ to introduce cutting-edge electronic devices, recording, and storage technologies to market all time. Sony refuses to stay in the position of adopting standards of other manufacturers set.

    Sony spends millions of dollars in the Research and Development Department every year to sustain as the leader in new product introduction. ‘Walkman’ is a Sony brand trademark originally uses for the portable cassette player. It was invented by Sony’s audio division engineer Nobutoshi Kihara in 1979 and other electronic companies then followed the idea, innovatively. Sony also was the first to launch other electronic products such as Compact Disc players, gaming console, Play Station to name a few.

    Organizational Values Definition Sources Advantages and Disadvantages - ilearnlot
    Organizational Values: Definition, Sources, Advantages, and Disadvantages!

  • Definition of Strength, What is It?

    Definition of Strength, What is It?

    Discover the true meaning of strength and its different aspects. Explore the physical, mental, and emotional dimensions of strength in this insightful blog post.

    Definition of Strength?

    “Strength is a power or value of Competition to others, strength is counting by numbers, group members, the value of quantity and quality of Strength.” Other Words – The quality or state of being physically strong. the influence or power possessed by a person, organization, or country. the degree of intensity of a feeling or belief. the potential of a hand to win tricks, arising from the number and type of high cards it contains.

    The capacity of an object or substance to withstand great force or pressure. the emotional or mental qualities necessary in dealing with difficult or distressing situations. The potency or degree of concentration of a drug, chemical, or drink. A good or beneficial quality or attribute of a person or thing. a person or thing perceived as a source of mental or emotional support.

    The number of people comprising a group, typically a team or army. Several people are required to make such a group complete. Best Characteristics and Qualities of a Good Leader

    Capital, knowledge, skill, or another advantage that a firm has or can acquire over its competitors in meeting the needs of its customers. See also SWOT analysis.

    Physical Strength

    Physical-strength is the measure of an animal’s exertion of force on physical objects. Increasing physical strength is the goal of strength training.

    An individual’s physical strength is determining two factors. The cross-sectional area of muscle fibers recruited to generate force and the intensity of the recruitment. Individuals with a high proportion of type I slow twitch muscle fibers will be relatively weaker than a similar individual. With a high proportion of type II fast twitch fibers but would have a greater inherent capacity for physical endurance. The genetic inheritance of muscle fiber type sets the outermost boundaries of physical strength possible (barring the use of enhancing agents such as testosterone). Though the unique position within this envelope is determining by training.

    Individual muscle fiber ratios can determine through a muscle biopsy. Other considerations are the ability to recruit muscle fibers for a particular activity: joint angles, and the length of each limb. For a given cross-section, shorter limbs are able to lift more weight. The ability to gain muscle also varies person to person, based mainly upon genes dictating the amounts of hormones secreted. But also on sex, age, the health of the person, and adequate nutrients in the diet. A one-repetition maximum test is the most accurate way to determine maximum muscular strength.

    Hysterical Strength

    Hysterical-strength is a display of extreme strength by humans, beyond what is believing to normal, usually occurring when people are in life-and-death situations. Common anecdotal examples include parents lifting vehicles to rescue their children. The extra strength is commonly attributing to increasing adrenaline production, though supporting evidence is scarce, and inconclusive when available. Also, research into the phenomenon is difficult, though it is thought that it is theoretically possible.