Tag: Learn What

Learn What? We want to learn, grow, change, grow, live, excel, take steps and do more. Learning is always but learns about the processes and theories to learn … it takes a certain purpose to understand it. How do people learn and key factors enable which effective factors?

Through Wikipedia, learning is the process of acquiring new or revising existing knowledge, behavior, skills, values or priorities. The ability to learn is near humans, animals, and some machines; Some plants have evidence of any kind of education.

Learning something is instantly motivating by an event, but more skills and knowledge are accumulating than the experience repeatedly. Learning-induced change often goes on for a lifetime, and it is difficult to separate the learning material, which is “lost” that cannot recover.

  • Definition of Price Perception

    Definition of Price Perception

    Learn, Explain, Meaning, What is Definition of Price Perception?


    Price perception is one of the leading variables when it comes to consumers buying process. Economists, market researchers have already undergone researches and predict that in buying decision price are the driving forces. Several studies explain and determine and explain the same fact thereby concluding the fact with decision making. The determinants of price perception can be both rational and psychological factors. The other factors may become psychological factors and prestige. The key variable to explore and explain consumers. Price perception is the degree of understanding the psychological process of consumers’ price perception. Also, Do you Know Price Perception and Pricing Strategy? Definition of Price Perception! 

    Meaning of Perceived value!

    “Perceived value is the worth that a product or service has in the mind of the consumer. For the most part, consumers are unaware of the true cost of production for the products they buy; instead, they simply have an internal feeling for how much certain products are worth to them. To obtain a higher price for products, producers may pursue marketing strategies to create a higher perceived value for their products.”

    When a firm has seasonal demand, the discrepancies are observed between the supply and demand. Generally, the firm has the excess supply at the time of low demand and scarcity when there is high demand. If the firm commercializes goods and faces seasonal demands, it can minimize the effect through good management of production and storage. The problem becomes more difficult in several sectors such as tourist services. The prices are fixed by these companies and firms drives the price-perception in different aspects. Which can differ according to the individual characteristics? The pricing fixed by the firm by undifferentiated strategies, under price discounts may lead the consumers/individuals to perceive as low-quality products offer. So the price discount strategy becomes ineffective in this case.

    Price perception is a marketing strategy using businesses to increase total sales. Although the practice does not necessarily misrepresent the products sale. It is often considering a covert, or slightly undercover, approach. The success of this strategy is dependent on consumer psychology because the message must convince customers. That expensive items are not that far away in price from less costly products. Ultimately, it is up to customers to decide whether or not products warrant their investment.

    “A business can sometimes benefit from downplaying the value of high-end products instead of treating expensive items as though they are special.” This type of psychology could work because of price perception. Which is the way that consumers interpret the cost for items despite the price tag that might attach to the products? Positioning pricey products in the same area as less expensive inventory could alter a consumer’s price perception. So, that there appears to be less of a discrepancy between high-end and low-end items.

    When a costly product is marketing to fulfill a similar purpose as less expensive items, it may be more acceptable to consumers. Without even knowing it, customers might equate costly items with their less expensive counterparts simply because of the way the items are marketing and placed in a retail outlet. How Do You Know Your Company Wants Help From The Outside? Subsequently, consumers might more incline to pay more for an item simply as a result of price perception. As long as customers understand a price to be acceptable, even if it is a result of strategic marketing efforts by a retailer or manufacturer, they may convince to make a higher-priced purchase that would otherwise ignore.

    Price-perception could work for an organization if a customer feels deceived. For instance, bait and switch is another marketing tactic that businesses can use when performed ethically. It is the practice of advertising an inexpensive item but later attempting to sell inquiring customers a higher-priced item. Retailers can bolster sales by using the customer’s inquiry as an opportunity to switch the cheaper item for a more expensive product. Savvy consumers might not fall for this strategy and price perception could be a less convincing tactic when customers have already decided to pay a certain amount for an item.

    Businesses who are not seeking to capitalize on price perception would focus instead on providing consumers with transparency. This is a marketing approach that attempts to provide as much information and context about a purchase as possible, What is Most Valuable Price? including the potential risks associated with an item. Subsequently, consumers are less likely to make selections they may later regret.

    Definition of Price Perception


  • What is Distributed Data Processing (DDP)?

    What is Distributed Data Processing (DDP)?

    What is Distributed Data Processing (DDP)?


    An arrangement of networked computers in which data processing capabilities are spread across the network. In DDP, specific jobs are performed by specialized computers which may be far removed from the user and/or from other such computers. This arrangement is in contrast to ‘centralized’ computing in which several client computers share the same server (usually a mini or mainframe computer) or a cluster of servers. DDP provides greater scalability, but also requires more network administration resources.

    Understanding of Distributed Data Processing (DDP)


    Distributed database system technology is the union of what appear to be two diametrically opposed approaches to data processing: database system and computer network technologies. The database system has taken us from a paradigm of data processing in which each application defined and maintained its own data to one in which the data is defined and administered centrally. This new orientation results in data independence, whereby the application programs are immune to changes in the logical or physical organization of the data. One of the major motivations behind the use of database systems is the desire to integrate the operation data of an enterprise and to provide centralized, thus controlled access to that data. The technology of computer networks, on the other hand, promotes a mode of that work that goes against all centralization efforts. At first glance, it might be difficult to understand how these two contrasting approaches can possibly be synthesized to produce a technology that is more powerful and more promising than either one alone. The key to this understanding is the realization that the most important objective of the database technology is integration, not centralization. It is important to realize that either one of these terms does not necessarily imply the other. It is possible to achieve integration with centralization and that is exactly what at distributed database technology attempts to achieve.

    The term distributed processing is probably the most used term in computer science for the last couple of years. It has been used to refer to such diverse system as multiprocessing systems, distributed data processing, and computer networks. Here are some of the other term that has been synonymous with distributed processing distributed/multi-computers, satellite processing /satellite computers, back-end processing, dedicated/special-purpose computers, time-shared systems and functionally modular system.

    Obviously, some degree of the distributed processing goes on in any computer system, ever on single-processor computers, starting with the second-generation computers, the central processing. However, it should be quite clear that what we would like to refer to as distributed processing, or distributed computing has nothing to do with this form of distribution of the function of function in a single-processor computer system. Web Developer’s Workflow Become Much Easier with this Innovative Gadgets.

    A term that has caused so much confusion is obviously quite difficult to define precisely. The working definition we use for a distributed computing systems states that it is a number of autonomous processing elements that are interconnected by a computer network and that cooperate in performing their assigned tasks. The processing elements referred to in this definition is a computing device that can execute a program on its own.

    One fundamental question that needs to be asked is: Distributed is one thing that might be distributed is that processing logic. In fact, the definition of a distributed computing computer system give above implicitly assumes that the processing logic or processing elements are distributed. Another possible distribution is according to function. Various functions of a computer system could be delegated to various pieces of hardware sites. Finally, control can be distributed. The control of execution of various task might be distributed instead of being performed by one computer systems, from the view of distributed instead of being the system, these modes of distribution are all necessary and important. Strategic Role of e-HR (Electronic Human Resource).

     

    A distributed computing system can be classified with respect to a number of criteria. Some of these criteria are as follows: degree of coupling, an interconnection structure, the interdependence of components, and synchronization between components. The degree of coupling refers to a measure that determines closely the processing elements are connected together. This can be measured as the ratio of the amount of data exchanged to the amount of local processing performed in executing a task. If the communication is done a computer network, there exits weak coupling among the processing elements. However, if components are shared we talk about strong coupling. Shared components can be both primary memory or secondary storage devices. As for the interconnection structure, one can talk about those case that has a point to point interconnection channel. The processing elements might depend on each other quite strongly in the execution of a task, or this interdependence might be as minimal as passing message at the beginning of execution and reporting results at the end. Synchronization between processing elements might be maintained by synchronous or by asynchronous means. Note that some of these criteria are not entirely independent of the processing elements to be strongly interdependent and possibly to work in a strongly coupled fashion.

    What-is-Distributed-Data-Processing-DDP


  • What is Agile Methodology?

    What is Agile Methodology?

    What do you Mean about Agile Methodology?


    First, know about What is Agile? Agile has been the buzzword in project management for about a decade, and with good reason. Agile is actually an umbrella term over several project management approaches that are characterized by their ability to allow project teams to respond to changing requirements and priorities by using incremental work packages. While all agile methods have common characteristics, each agile method has unique processes that set it apart. Let’s look at how each method is used with Charlie’s team, who is developing a new software game. What is Agile Methodology? 

    Agile software development methodology is a process for developing software (like other software development methodologies Waterfall model, V-Model, Iterative model etc.) However, Agile methodology differs significantly from other methodologies. In English, Agile means ‘ability to move quickly and easily’ and responding swiftly to change – this is a key aspect of Agile software development as well.

    Agile-Methodology-process

    “Agile Development” is an umbrella term for several iterative and incremental software development methodologies. The most popular agile methodologies include Extreme Programming (XP), Scrum, Crystal, Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM), Lean Development, and Feature-Driven Development (FDD). Learning Development and Exercise of Self-Efficacy Over the Lifespan!

    Engineering methodologies required a lot of documentation thereby causing the pace of development to slow down considerably. Agile Methodologies evolved in the 1990s to significantly eliminate this bureaucratic nature of engineering methodology. It was part of developer’s reaction against “heavyweight” methods, who desired to drift away from traditional structured, bureaucratic approaches to software development and move towards more flexible development styles. They were called the ‘Agile’ or ‘Light Weight’ methods and were defined in 1974 by Edmonds in a research paper.

    An agile methodology is an approach to project management, typically used in software development. It refers to a group of software development methodologies based on iterative development. Requirements and solutions evolve through cooperation between self-organizing cross-functional teams, without concern for any hierarchy or team member roles. It promotes teamwork, collaboration, and process adaptability throughout the project life-cycle with increased face-to-face communication and a reduced amount of written documentation.

    Agile methods break tasks into small increments with no direct long-term planning. Every aspect of development is continually revisited throughout the lifecycle of a project by way of iterations (also called sprints). Iterations are short time frames (“timeboxes”) that normally last 1-4 weeks. This “inspect-and-adapt” approach significantly reduces both development costs and time to market. Each iteration involves working through a complete software development cycle characterized by planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing. This helps minimize overall risk and quicker project adaptability. While iteration may not have enough functionality necessary for a market release, the aim is to be ready for a release (with minimal bugs) at the end of each iteration.

    Typically, the team size is small (5-9 people) to enable easier communication and collaboration. Multiple teams may be required for larger developmental efforts which may also require a coordination of priorities across teams. Agile methods emphasize more face-to-face communication than written documents when the team is in the same location. However, when a team works at different locations, daily contact is maintained through video conferencing, e-mail, etc. The progress made in terms of the work done today, work scheduled for tomorrow and the possible roadblocks are discussed among the team members in brief sessions at the end of each working day. Besides, agile developmental efforts are supervised by a customer representative to ensure alignment between customer needs and company goals. New Roles of Human Resource Management in Business Development.

    Software Development was initially based on coding and fixing. That worked well for smaller software, but as the size and complexities of software grew a need for a proper process was felt because the debugging and testing of such software became extremely difficult. This gave birth to the Engineering Methodologies. The methodologies became highly successful since it structured the software development process. One of the most popular models that emerged was the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) that developed information systems in a very methodical manner.Waterfall method is one of the most popular examples of Engineering or the SDLC methodology. A paper published by Winston Royce in 1970 introduced it as an idea. It was derived from the hardware manufacture and construction strategies that were in practice during the 1970s. The relationship of each stage to the others can be roughly described as a waterfall, where the outputs from a specific stage serve as the initial inputs for the following stage. During each stage, additional information is gathered or developed, combined with the inputs, and used to produce the stage deliverables. It is important to note that the additional information is restricted in scope; “new ideas” that would take the project in directions not anticipated by the initial set of high-level requirements are not incorporated into the project. Rather, ideas for new capabilities or features that are out-of-scope are preserved for later consideration.

    What-is-Agile-Methodology


  • Electronic HR Human Resource (e-HR)

    Electronic HR Human Resource (e-HR)

    What is an Electronic HR Human Resource (e-HR)? It is a function of HR that is concerned with the use, management, and regulation of electronic information and processes within an organization.

    Here is the article to explain, What is an Electronic HR Human Resource (e-HR)?

    Electronic HR is different from E-HRM (Electronic Human Resource Management) and HRIS (Human Resource Information System) which are uses of technology. More specifically, E-HRM is a system that allows management and employees access to human resource-related information and services through an organization’s intranet or web-based portal. HRIS refers to enterprise resource planning software that streamlines human resource functions such as payroll.

    In contrast, It is a function of human resources that requires cross-functional knowledge. And collaboration between multiple hr departments, most notably human resources and information technology. The Spoken Word does not Come Back.

    e-HR stands for Electronic Human Resource. The term e-HR refers to deal Human Resource Management transactions using the internet. E-HR aims to keep information available to employees and managers at anywhere at any time. Electronic HR may include organizations HR portals and web applications, Enterprise Resource Planning, HR service centers and interactive voice response.

    There are three identified levels of e-HR as publishing of information (delivered by intranet medium). Automation of transactions with the integration of workflow (intranet or extranet used). And the transformation of the hr professionals function (redirect HR function towards a strategic one).

    Characterize Electronic HR (E-HR);

    E-HR characterize in the field of HRM as having numerous innovations in Technology and it provides wider potential in terms of usage including employee self-service, information sharing, functions administration, and production of reports.

    They make use of technology to create a real-time, information-based Self-service, interactive work environment. With e-HR, managers can access relevant information and data, conduct analyses, and decisions making, and communicate with others employees can control their personal information by updating their records when it changes and make any decision on their own without consulting with any professional help.

    Efficiency and Effectiveness;

    e-HR will affect both efficiency and effectiveness of the Human resources function in such a way that the efficiency of the human resource process can affect by reducing cycle time for paperwork, improvements in data accuracy, and reducing manpower requirements. Similarly, the effectiveness of the human resource process will affect by improving the capabilities of both employees and managers to make better and more accurate decisions.

    e-HRM is an enterprise-wide strategy that used scalable, flexible, and integrated technology to link internal processes. And knowledge workers directly to the business objectives of the organization. About Organizational Behavior, The adoption of e-HR practices has a great impact on the strategic goals of the organization’s image, alignment, and cost reduction.

    Management Aspect;

    The Management aspect of E-HR involves drafting policies and controlling both the traffic and collection of electronic information. Nature and Characteristics of Management. As new technology comes out that is more portable and capable of creating and storing more information. It is the responsibility of HR to define how employees interact with the data, hr documents for electronic document management. According to a Deloitte study in August 2008, 90% of employer data electronically stores information (ESI). And 40% of executives say that data volumes are becoming unmanageable.

    Unmanageable data makes locating relevant data more challenging. Which can manifest in significant losses through wasted storage space and reductions in productivity. Excessive data volumes are especially troublesome during litigation that requires electronic discovery. Their policies strive to control and organize data within an organization. To accomplish this, effective records management systems policies must create to facilitate lean data storage. Which involves maintaining pertinent information while removing data as it becomes irrelevant.

    e-HR-Electronic-Human-Resource
    What is an e-HR (Electronic Human Resource)?
  • Treatment of 10 Yoga Poses Better Help Your Back Pain

    Treatment of 10 Yoga Poses Better Help Your Back Pain

    Treatment of 10 Yoga Poses Better Help Your Back Pain


    What is Yoga? Derived from the Sanskrit word yuj, Yoga means union of the individual consciousness or soul with the Universal Consciousness or Spirit. Yoga is a 5000-year-old Indian body of knowledge. Though many think of yoga only as a physical exercise where people twist, turn, stretch, and breathe in the most complex ways, these are actually only the most superficial aspect of this profound science of unfolding the infinite potentials of the human mind and soul. The science of Yoga imbibes the complete essence of the Way of Life. Yoga (/ˈjoʊɡə/; Sanskrit, योग) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. There is a broad variety of yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga.

    Treatment-of-10-Yoga-Poses-Better-Help-Your-Back-Pain
    Yoga class

    For most of our lives, we take our backs for granted. But at some point in just about everyone’s life, our backs revolt and remind us that they need love and attention too. Thankfully, for many of us, the pain is only temporary. Yoga Poses Better Help Your Back Pain, But for others, it can be much more debilitating and much more frustrating. How to Understanding and Treating Back Pain in the Modern Workplace?
     
    In severe cases, medical attention may be necessary, but if your pain is less severe, yoga may be able to help by strengthening the back, stretching it and improving circulation to the spine and nerves. Here are some yoga postures for back pain. “A Choice to Make” an Architect Short Film.

    1. Yoga Poses Cat/Cow Back

    1-Yoga-Poses-Cat-Cow-Back

    Starting in tabletop position on your hands and knees, alternate between arching your back and rounding it as you push down on the floor with your hands and tops of your feet. These postures help to massage the spine, while also stretching the back and the torso. These postures are a great way to keep the back limber and happy.

    2. Yoga Poses Spinal Twist

    2-Yoga-Poses-Spinal-Twist

    You have many options when it comes to twisting postures. One of the basic and effective ones is Marichyasana C. Keep your left leg straight and bend your right leg so your foot is flat. Place your right hand on the floor behind you for support, like a tripod, and twist so you can hook your left elbow over the right thigh.

    If this is too much, you can also grab hold of your right knee and twist to look over your right shoulder. Other options are to bend the left leg under you or bend both legs and let them fall to the side then twist in whichever way your knees are facing.

    3. Yoga Poses Downward Dog

    3-Yoga-Poses-Downward-Dog

    There’s a reason Down Dog is one of the most iconic postures in yoga. It can rejuvenate your entire body. Start in tabletop and raise your hips so your body is in an upside down V position. Relax your head and neck and draw your inner thighs toward the back of the room. Spreading your shoulder blades apart will stretch your upper back even more, and reaching your hips up and back will help to open your lower back. Breathe for five to seven breaths.

    4. Yoga Poses Plow Pose

    4-Yoga-Poses-Plow-Pose

    From Shoulder Stand, bend at your hips to bring your toes or top of your feet to the floor. Your hands can remain against your back for support, or you can clasp them together, keeping your forearms on the floor. Hold this as long as is comfortable to get a powerful stretch in your shoulders and spine. If this is too much, you can place a chair behind and you rest your feet on the chair.

    5. Yoga Poses Seated Forward Fold

    5-Yoga-Poses-Seated-Forward-Fold

    It’s easy to do a Seated Forward Fold in a way that won’t benefit you, but doing it right can open the lower back and offer relief from stiffness and pain. From a seated position with your legs extended forward, reach for your shins, ankles, or feet, bending at the hips.

    Instead of rounding your back, continue to reach your sternum forward, lengthening the torso. If this hurts your back, bend your knees as needed.

    6. Yoga Poses Child’s Pose

    6-Yoga-Poses-Childs-Pose

    Not only is Child’s Pose an amazing way to relax, it can also stretch your entire back and your hips. Start on all fours, keep your arms forward and sit back so your butt is resting just above your heels. Hold and breathe deeply, feeling the breath reach all the way into your hips. The more you extend in either direction, the more you’ll feel relief.

    7. Yoga Poses Eagle Pose

    7-Yoga-Poses-Eagle-Pose

    This more advanced posture requires balance and strength, but it can help to stretch and open your entire back. From Mountain Pose, with your knees slightly bent, lift your right leg and reach your right thigh over your left. Point your foot toward the floor, and either stop here and balance with your toes on the floor, or hook your right foot behind your left calf.

    For the arms, bring the right arm under the left and, with elbows bent, bring your palms together. You’ll get a powerful stretch by drawing your elbows up and hands away from your face.

    8. Yoga Poses Locust Pose

    8-Yoga-Poses-Locust-Pose

    Locust is a great way to strengthen your back and buttocks. Lie on your stomach with your arms beside you, palms up, you and your forehead flat on the floor. Slowly lift your head, torso, arms, and legs away from the floor. As you do this, your thighs should be rotated in slightly and you want to feel your body elongate from head to toe. Hold this for 30 seconds to a minute. If you’re up for it, relax and repeat two to three times.

    9. Yoga Poses Bow Pose

    9-Yoga-Poses-Bow-Pose

    Lying face down, reach your hands toward your ankles and grab hold one at a time. Slowly lift your chest and thighs away from the floor by drawing your chest forward and the back of your thighs toward the sky. This posture is a wonderful way to strengthen the back muscles, but if you have a back injury, take this easy as it can be intense.

    10. Yoga Poses Triangle Pose

    10-Yoga-Poses-Triangle-Pose

    Back pain can be helped, and in some cases prevented, with stretching and strengthening and Triangle Pose can do both.

    Stand with your feet about three feet apart and parallel to each other. Rotate your right foot so the right heel is in line with the arch of the left foot. With your arms extended to the side, tilt at the hip to reach your right hand toward the ground, on either side of your foot. Rotate your body to the side and reach the fingers of your left hand toward the sky.

    Gaze at your left hand (as long as it doesn’t hurt your neck!) and hold for five to seven breaths before switching sides.

    When it comes to back pain, prevention is key to a long and pain-free life, but listening to your body is also extremely important. Don’t force any posture that could cause injury. If your pain is extreme, you may want to seek medical attention.


  • What is Phases of the Data Mining Process?

    What is Phases of the Data Mining Process?

    What is Phases of the Data Mining Process?


    The Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) is the dominant data-mining process framework. It’s an open standard; anyone may use it. The following list describes the various phases of the process.

    Phases-of-the-Data-Mining-Process
    The Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining

    Business understanding

    In the business understanding phase:

    First, it is required to understand business objectives clearly and find out what are the business’s needs.

    Next, we have to assess the current situation by finding of the resources, assumptions, constraints and other important factors which should be considered.

    Then, from the business objectives and current situations, we need to create data mining goals to achieve the business objectives within the current situation.

    Finally, a good data mining plan has to be established to achieve both business and data mining goals. The plan should be as detailed as possible.

    Data understanding

    First, the data understanding phase starts with initial data collection, which we collect from available data sources, to help us get familiar with the data. Some important activities must be performed including data load and data integration in order to make the data collection successfully.

    Next, the “gross” or “surface” properties of acquired data need to be examined carefully and reported.

    Then, the data needs to be explored by tackling the data mining questions, which can be addressed using querying, reporting, and visualization.

    Finally, the data quality must be examined by answering some important questions such as “Is the acquired data complete?”, “Is there any missing values in the acquired data?”

    Data preparation

    The data preparation typically consumes about 90% of the time of the project. The outcome of the data preparation phase is the final data set. Once available data sources are identified, they need to be selected, cleaned, constructed and formatted into the desired form. The data exploration task at a greater depth may be carried during this phase to notice the patterns based on business understanding.

    Modeling

    First, modeling techniques have to be selected to be used for the prepared dataset.

    Next, the test scenario must be generated to validate the quality and validity of the model.

    Then, one or more models are created by running the modeling tool on the prepared dataset.

    Finally, models need to be assessed carefully involving stakeholders to make sure that created models are met business initiatives.

    Evaluation

    In the evaluation phase, the model results must be evaluated in the context of business objectives in the first phase. In this phase, new business requirements may be raised due to the new patterns that have been discovered in the model results or from other factors. Gaining business understanding is an iterative process in data mining. The go or no-go decision must be made in this step to move to the deployment phase.

    Deployment

    The knowledge or information, which we gain through data mining process, needs to be presented in such a way that stakeholders can use it when they want it. Based on the business requirements, the deployment phase could be as simple as creating a report or as complex as a repeatable data mining process across the organization. In the deployment phase, the plans for deployment, maintenance, and monitoring have to be created for implementation and also future supports. From the project point of view, the final report of the project needs to summary the project experiences and review the project to see what need to improved created learned lessons.

    The CRISP-DM offers a uniform framework for experience documentation and guidelines. In addition, the CRISP-DM can apply in various industries with different types of data.

    In this article, you have learned about the data mining processes and examined the cross-industry standard process for data mining.

    Something is not Forgetting What? Data mining is a promising and relatively new technology. Data mining is defined as a process of discovering hidden valuable knowledge by analyzing large amounts of data, which is stored in databases or data warehouse, using various data mining techniques such as machine learning, artificial intelligence(AI) and statistical.

    Many organizations in various industries are taking advantages of data mining including manufacturing, marketing, chemical, aerospace… etc, to increase their business efficiency. Therefore, the needs for a standard data mining process increased dramatically. A data mining process must be reliable and it must be repeatable by business people with little or no knowledge of data mining background. As the result, in 1990, a cross-industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) first published after going through a lot of workshops, and contributions from over 300 organizations.

    What-is-Phases-of-the-Data-Mining-Process


  • What is Pollution and Types of Environmental Pollution?

    What is Pollution and Types of Environmental Pollution?

    Learn about the different types of environmental pollution and their impact on the natural environment. Find out how pollution can cause adverse changes and harm ecosystems.

    What is Pollution and Types of Environmental Pollution?

    Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point-source or nonpoint-source pollution.

    The meaning of Pollution: “The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.”

    History of Pollution:

    Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started in prehistoric times when man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, “soot” found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires.” Metal forging appears to be a key turning point in creating significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman, and Chinese metal production. Still, at that time the pollution was comparatively small and could be handled by nature.

    What is Environmental Pollution?

    Pollution, also called environmental pollution, is the addition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or any form of energy (such as heat, sound, or radioactivity) to the environment at a rate faster than it can dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some harmless form. The major kinds of pollution are (classified by environment) air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution. Modern society is also concerned about specific types of pollutants, such as noise pollution, light pollution, and even plastic pollution.

    Although environmental pollution can cause by natural events such as forest fires and active volcanoes. The use of the word pollution generally implies that the contaminants have an anthropogenic source—that is, a source created by human activities. Pollution has accompanied humankind ever since groups of people first congregated and remained for a long time in any one place. Indeed, ancient human settlements frequently recognized by their pollutants—shell mounds and rubble heaps. Pollution was not a serious problem as long as there was enough space available for each individual or group. However, with the establishment of permanent settlements by great numbers of people, pollution became a problem, and it has remained one ever since.

    Cities of ancient times were often noxious places, fouled by human wastes and debris. Beginning about 1000ce, the use of coal for fuel caused considerable air pollution, and the conversion of coal to coke for iron smelting beginning in the 17th century exacerbated the problem. In Europe, from the Middle Ages well into the early modern era. Unsanitary urban conditions favored the outbreak of population-decimating epidemics of disease, from plague to cholera and typhoid fever. Through the 19th century, water and air pollution and the accumulation of solid wastes were largely problems of congested urban areas. But, with the rapid spread of industrialization and the growth of the human population to unprecedented levels, pollution became a universal problem.

    By the middle of the 20th century, an awareness of the need to protect air, water, and land environments from pollution had developed among the general public. In particular, the publication in 1962 of Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring focused attention on the environmental damage caused by improper use of pesticides. Such as DDT and other persistent chemicals that accumulate in the food chain and disrupt the natural balance of ecosystems on a wide scale.

    The presence of environmental pollution raises the issue of pollution control. Great efforts made to limit the release of harmful substances into the environment. Through air pollution control, wastewater treatment, solid-waste management, hazardous waste management, and recycling.

    Types of Environmental Pollution

    The major types of environmental pollution listed below along with the particular contaminant relevant to each of them:

    Air pollution: the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog create as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter or fine dust characterize by its micrometer size from PM10 to PM2.5.

    Light pollution: includes light trespass, over-illumination, and astronomical interference.

    Littering: the criminal throwing of inappropriate synthetic objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties.

    Noise pollution: which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.

    Soil contamination occurs when chemicals released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

    Radioactive contamination, results from 20th-century activities in atomic physics. Such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture, and deployment. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment.)

    Thermal pollution is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence. Such as the use of water as coolant in a power plant.

    Visual pollution, can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash, municipal solid waste, or space debris.

    Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or through spills) into surface waters. Discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage. Release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides). Waste disposal and leaching into groundwater; eutrophication and littering.

    Plastic pollution: involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.

  • What is the Troposphere?

    What is the Troposphere?

    What is the Troposphere? It is the lowest portion of Earth’s atmosphere and is also where nearly all weather takes place. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere’s mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols. The average depths of the troposphere are 20 km (12 mi) in the tropics, 17 km (11 mi) in the mid-latitudes, and 7 km (4.3 mi) in the polar regions in winter. The lowest part of them, where friction with the Earth’s surface influences airflow, is the planetary boundary layer. Also, This layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km (1.2 mi) deep depending on the landform and time of day.

    Here read and learn; What is the Troposphere? Meaning and Definition.

    Atop the troposphere is the tropopause, which is the border between the troposphere and stratosphere. The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness.

    The word troposphere derives from the Greek: Tropos for “turn, turn toward, trope” and “-sphere” (as in, the Earth), reflecting the fact that rotational turbulent mixing plays an important role in the troposphere’s structure and behavior. As well as Most of the phenomena associated with day-to-day weather occur in them.

    The Troposphere:

    It is the lowest major atmospheric layer, extending from the Earth’s surface up to the bottom of the stratosphere. Also, It is where all of Earth’s weather occurs. It contains approximately 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere.

    It characterizes by decreasing temperature with height (at an average rate of 3.5 degrees F per thousand feet, or 6.5 degrees C per kilometer). In contrast, the stratosphere has either constant or slowly increasing temperatures with height.

    The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere is called the “tropopause”, located at an altitude of around 5 miles in the winter, to around 8 miles high in the summer, and as high as 11 or 12 miles in the deep tropics.

    When you see the top of a thunderstorm flatten out into an anvil cloud. It is usually because the updrafts in the storm have reached the tropopause. Where the environmental air is warmer than the cloudy air in the storm, and so the cloudy air stops rising.

    Definition of The Troposphere:

    The lowest densest part of the earth’s atmosphere in which most weather changes occur and temperature generally decreases rapidly with altitude and which extends from the earth’s surface to the bottom of the stratosphere at about 7 miles (11 kilometers) high.

    Overview of The Troposphere:

    It is the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere. Most of the mass (about 75-80%) of the atmosphere is in them. Most types of clouds are found there, and almost all weather occurs within this layer.

    The bottom of them is at Earth’s surface. Also, They extend upward to about 10 km (6.2 miles or about 33,000 feet) above sea level. The height of the top of them varies with latitude (it is lowest over the poles and highest at the equator) and by season (it is lower in winter and higher in summer). Also, It can be as high as 20 km (12 miles or 65,000 feet) near the equator, and as low as 7 km (4 miles or 23,000 feet) over the poles in winter.

    Air is warmest at the bottom of the troposphere near the ground level. Also, Air gets colder as one rises through them. That’s why the peaks of tall mountains can be snow-covered even in the summertime.

    Air pressure and the density of the air also decrease with altitude. That’s why the cabins of high-flying jet aircraft pressurize.

    The layer immediately above them calls the stratosphere. Also, The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere calls the “tropopause“.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is the Troposphere?

    The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth’s atmosphere, extending from the Earth’s surface up to the bottom of the stratosphere. It is where nearly all weather occurs and contains about 75-80% of the atmosphere’s mass.

    How deep is the Troposphere?

    The average depth of the troposphere varies by location: it is about 20 km (12 mi) in the tropics, 17 km (11 mi) in the mid-latitudes, and 7 km (4.3 mi) in the polar regions during winter.

    What is the Tropopause?

    The tropopause is the boundary layer between the troposphere and the stratosphere. It is characterized by a temperature inversion, meaning the air temperature remains constant or increases with altitude.

    Why does temperature decrease in the Troposphere?

    Temperature in the troposphere generally decreases with altitude at an average rate of 3.5 degrees F per thousand feet (6.5 degrees C per kilometer) due to the thermal structure and the influence of the Earth’s surface heating.

    What types of weather phenomena occur in the Troposphere?

    Most types of weather phenomena, including clouds, rain, thunderstorms, and wind patterns, occur within the troposphere.

    How does altitude affect air pressure in the Troposphere?

    Air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the troposphere. This change is significant, which is why high-flying jets must pressurize their cabins to ensure passenger comfort and safety.

    Where is the warmest air located in the Troposphere?

    The air is warmest at the bottom of the troposphere, near ground level. As altitude increases, the temperature decreases, leading to colder air at higher elevations.

    How does the height of the Troposphere change?

    The height of the troposphere varies depending on latitude and season. It is generally higher in tropical regions (up to 20 km) and lower over polar regions (as low as 7 km in winter).

    What happens to updrafts in a thunderstorm as they reach the Tropopause?

    When the updrafts in a thunderstorm reach the tropopause, they encounter warmer environmental air, which stops the cloudy air from rising further, often causing the characteristic anvil shape of thunderstorm clouds.

  • What is International Advertising? Introduction and Meaning

    What is International Advertising? Introduction and Meaning

    International Advertising Essay; generally speaking, is the promotion of goods, services, companies, and ideas, usually in more than one country performed by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. Other components of the promotional mix include publicity, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotion.

    Explaining, Essay, What is International Advertising?

    Advertising is a cogent communication attempt to change or reinforce ones’ prior attitude that is predictive of future behavior. Also, learn, What do you understand about International Advertising? Meaning, Definition, and Start-UP.

    It can view as a communication process that takes place in multiple cultures that differ in terms of values, communication styles, and consumption patterns. It is also a business activity involving advertisers and advertising agencies that create ads and buy media in different countries. The total of these activities constitutes a worldwide industry that is growing in importance. Globally advertising is also a major force that both reflects social values and propagates certain values worldwide.

    Meaning of International Advertising:

    Global advertising or international advertising consists of collecting, processing, analyzing, and interpreting information.

    There are two main purposes of international advertising research:

    1. To assist business executives to make profitable foreign advertising decisions for their specific products and services, and.
    2. To contribute to a general knowledge of foreign advertising. That is potentially useful to a variety of business executives, educators, government policymakers.

    Advertising self-regulatory organizations and others were interesting in understanding the process and effects of global advertising.

    Export agencies and their foreign affiliates serving international industrial (now called business-to-business) advertisers tended to translate and adapt domestic advertising materials for use abroad. Agencies serving international advertisers of consumer products tended to depend somewhat more on foreign correspondent agencies to develop localized advertising campaigns appropriate for their particular markets.

    When was started International Advertising?

    In the first 30 years of the 1900s, especially in the prosperous 1920s. Increasing numbers of European and US manufacturers sold branded consumers or industrial products outside their home countries. Some of them utilized ”export advertising agencies“. Most such agencies depended primarily on foreign agencies (called affiliate, associate, or correspondent agencies) either to modify domestic campaigns or to initiate entirely new campaigns, whichever was appropriate from their clients’ point of view.

    Between 1930 and the mid-1950s the number of the export or globally advertising agencies declined. In 1958 in the USA six full-service advertising agencies and a handful of export/foreign advertising agencies were capable of providing international services for their US clients. These six accounted for more than 90% of all international billings of US agencies. Into the 1960s most exporters and manufacturers with foreign subsidiaries necessarily continued to utilize.

    Local foreign advertising agency services available in the countries in which they did business. In the 1970s and 1980s, many consolidations and mergers led to the emergence of large foreign media buying organizations and large holding companies consisting of groups of globally advertising agencies. From the 1980s onward, advertising practices within domestic advertising agencies in Europe and the USA continued to improve.

    What is International Advertising - ilearnlot
    What is International Advertising? Introduction and Meaning

  • The aspect of International Advertising in Social Life

    The aspect of International Advertising in Social Life

    What is International Advertising? This article about an aspect of International Advertising in Social Life, deeply explains. Why global market need International Advertising? Global advertising or international advertising consists of collecting, processing, analyzing, and interpreting information.

    The aspect of the International Advertising Essay in Social Life.

    There are two main purposes of international advertising research: (1) to assist business executives to make profitable international advertising decisions for their specific products and services and (2) to contribute to the general knowledge of international advertising that is potentially useful to a variety of business executives, educators, government policymakers, advertising self-regulatory organizations and others interested in understanding the process and effects of international advertising.

    Aspects of Advertising on Social Life:

    When we consider International Advertising from the advertiser’s point of view, according to them the primary objective of an advertisement is that the product or services which they are offering should sell in the market. And in achieving the main objective of selling the product or services there are other profound consequences.

    Advertising puts an influence that is both persuasive and pervasive. Through the selective reinforcement of certain language and values and social goals, it acts as important force attitudes that underlie behavior not only in the marketplace but also in all aspects of life.

    Global Advertising:

    In an international marketing concern, advertising has an important social influence in several ways: many of the international advertising is designed to promote and introduce new products from one market to another.

    Often this results in the sudden change in lifestyles, behavior patterns of a society, stimulating, for example, the adoption of fast food, casual attire or hygiene, and beauty products.

    International advertising encourages a desire for products from other countries; it creates expectations about “the good life”, and establishes new areas of consumption. Advertising is thus a potent force for change, while selectively reinforcing lifestyles, certain values, and role models.

    Global Market:

    We can see examples of brands like Levi’s, Adidas, Reebok, Nike, Marlboro, and McDonald’s. Which are familiar in almost every corner of the world. These brands have become an object of desire by the teen and young adults throughout the world. Even the scenes and images which have been shown in international advertising are either in western in origin or reflect western consumption behavior and values.

    Even where it had been adapting to local scenarios and role models these shown often come from sectors of society. Such as the upwardly mobile urban middle class. Which embrace or are receptive to Western values and mores. As a consequence, a criticism frequently leveled at international advertising is that it promulgates Western values and morals; especially from the US.

    Global Localization:

    This is generally regarded as negative in societies with strong religious and moral values. Which is run as a counter to those of the west? For example the Islamic societies in the Middle East. When Western advertising shows sexually explicit situations or shows women in situations. Which is considering as inappropriate or immoral? It is likely to consider a subversive force undermining established cultural mores and values.

    Similarly, in some countries such as France, there is strong opposition to the imposition of US culture, values, and use of English in advertising. Promotion of tobacco products by US and UK companies in countries. Where there is no legislation regulating or banning cigarette advertising has also been criticizing.

    Global Communication:

    At the same time, international advertising also acts as an integrating force across national boundaries. It makes the message known using universal symbols and slogans and establishes. A common mode of communication among target audiences in different parts of the world. At the same time, multicultural values are reinforcing by advertisers. Who adopt images incorporating peoples of different nations and diverse cultural backgrounds. For example, the Colors of Benetton campaign or the British Airways “Peoples of the World” campaign.

    Consequently, while, on the one hand, international advertising can view as a colonizing force propagating Western values and morale throughout the world. It is also an important force that integrates societies and establishes common bonds, universal symbols, and models of communication among peoples in different parts of the world.

    The Aspect of International Advertising in Social Life
    The aspect of International Advertising in Social Life.