Tag: Essay

  • What is Perception in Psychology Essay?

    What is Perception in Psychology Essay?

    Perception in Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay; Perception is the sensory expertise of the globe. It involves each recognizing environmental stimuli and actions in response to those stimuli. Through the sensory activity method, we tend to gain data concerning the properties; and components of the surroundings that are unit vital to our survival. What is Structuralism in a Psychology Essay? It does not solely create our expertise of the globe around America; it permits us to act among the environment.

    Here is the article to explain, What is essay of Perception in Psychology with their Meaning and Definition!

    Perception, according to Yolanda Williams, a psychology professor; can be defined as our way to recognize and interpret the information we’ve gathered through our senses. This also includes how we respond to a certain situation with the given information. Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes. They relate to psychology because as discussed in the notes, psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes; while perception is how we react to situations. In other words, our behavior towards that situation.

    What does means Perception? Meaning and Definition;

    It includes the 5 senses touch, sight, sound, smell, and taste. It additionally includes what is referred to as interception; a group of senses involving the flexibility to observe changes in body positions and movements. It additionally involves the psychological feature methods needed to process data; like recognizing the face of a lover or police investigation a well-known scent.

    Another word often associated with perception is sensation. They are often used interchangeably, however; sensation is the process of reevaluating information from the world into the brain. We use our senses to detect and recognize something; which then allows us to process the information and discover the emotions and react to the situation we see, which is perception.

    Types of the Perception;

    Some of the main types of perception include: Vision, Touch, Sound, Taste, and Smell; other senses allow us to perceive things such as balance, time, body position, acceleration, and the perception of internal states. Many of these are multimodal and involve more than one sensory modality. Social perception, or the ability to identify and use social cues about people and relationships, is another important type of perception.

    There are two types of theories to perception, there is the self-perception theory and the cognitive dissonance theory. There are many theories about different subjects in perception. Some disorders relate to perception even though you may think perception is just a person’s viewpoint.

    First, the self-perception theory, inspired by B. F. Skinner’s analyses, is when individuals come to “know” or better understand their attitudes, emotions, and other personal states mostly by concluding them from observing their behavior and/or the situations in which this behavior occurs. One example would be an individual who describes “butterflies in the stomach”. We have all identified this feeling for ourselves, on our own (Bem).

    The cognitive dissonance theory is a person having two thoughts that contradict each other. For example, a person that thinks eating sugar is bad for you, but then continues to eat sugar; because they believe that not eating sugar, wouldn’t change anything, so nothing will change the current health the individual is in. These thoughts are contradicting, almost hypocritical. According to Leon Festinger, the existence of dissonance causes the individual to be psychologically uncomfortable; which then allows the individual to try to remain constant in his/her thoughts. Also, while the individual wants to become consistent, the individual will try to avoid situations that include that subject that causes dissonance (Festinger).

    Other things in psychology;

    Like other things in psychology, there is a lot of science behind the perception. One thing has to do with light and our eyes. When looking in a mirror, light bounces off your face, and then off the mirror, and then into your eyes. Your eyes then take in all that energy and transform it into neural messages that your brain processes and organizes into what you see. As humans, we only see a small fraction of the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that ranges from gamma to radio waves.

    Our eyes percept what we see based on wavelengths and amplitudes. Wavelengths and frequency determine their hue; for example, short wavelengths and high frequencies omit blueish colors, whereas long wavelengths and low frequencies omit reddish colors. The amplitude determines the intensity or brightness. Large amplitudes are bright colors, and small amplitudes are dull colors.

    After taking in light through the pupil and the cornea, it hits the transparent disc behind the pupil called the lens. This focuses the light rays into specific images, which projects these images onto the retina. The retina is the inner surface of the eyeball that contains all of the receptor cells that begin sensing that visual information. Once reached the ganglion cells, the axon tails form the ropy optic nerve through the thalamus, to the brain’s visual cortex, which is located in the occipital lobe. This allows us to view things in the world.

    Example;

    An example of our perception of the things we look at and how they can differ depending upon the person would be The Dress. The Dress became an internet phenomenon overnight because people couldn’t agree on what color it was. Some people swore that they saw a white dress with gold lace, while others saw a blue dress with black lace. Scientists studied the dress and concluded that the different perception of color is due to the expectation that the dress will appear the same under different lighting, explaining color constancy. People who saw the dress as white and gold, probably saw that the dress was lit by sunshine, causing their brains to ignore the shorter, bluer wavelengths. The people that saw the dress as blue and black, saw it lit by false lighting; causing their brains to ignore longer, redder wavelengths (Lewis).

    Oliver Sacks, a famous physician, professor, and author of unusual case studies, is viewed as a brilliant individual for his work; however, cannot do a simple task such as recognizing himself in a mirror. He has a form of Prosopagnosia, which is a neurological disorder that impairs an individual’s ability to perceive or recognize faces. This is also known as face blindness. He can perceive other information, such as his handwriting, or book on a shelf, but is not able to recognize a close friend in a crowd. His Fusiform Gyrus, thought to be crucially involved in face perception, is malfunctioning. Many studies show that other parts of the brain; such as the occipital lobe, and amygdala also play a key role in this disorder.

    Disorder;

    Another disorder having to do with perception is the Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder. According to DSM 5, it is a psychiatric disorder that is very different from Palinopsia, which is a medical disorder. Palinopsia causes people to see reoccurring images even after the stimulus has left. With Hallucinogen Persisting Perception, the individual sees higher intensities of distractions or interferences than an individual with normal vision does. It is normal to stare at something bright and see light particles called floaters. A person with Hallucinogen experiences higher frequencies and this interferes with their everyday life. An example of an individual with this disorder would be that the person may have difficulty naming colors or telling the difference between them. Another issue they may have is while reading, the words and letters may seem to move all over the page.

    The perception exists often influenced or even biased by our expectations, experiences, moods, and sometimes cultural norms. This is where the mind comes in, not just the brain. We are even able to fool ourselves due to our expectations. Our eyes play a role in perceiving information to our brain, but really, our mind has the most power. Our perceptual set is the psychological factors that determine how we perceive the environment. For example, our perception can exist influenced by our mood. People often say a hill is steeper when listening to depressing music and walking alone; however, it would feel less steep if you were listening to pop, or a cheery tune and walking with a friend.

    Objects;

    The figure-ground relationship is the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. For example, the very common black and white picture of either a vase or two faces. It could be a white vase on a black background or two faces on a white background. If you look long enough, your perception will flip between the two, causing the figure and ground to flip also. Sometimes the vase is the figure and the black is the background, whereas the faces are the figure and the white is the background.

    Another example is if you are in a crowd of people and trying to listen to a certain person from across the room. You only hear what that person is saying, which makes the individual the figure. Whereas everyone else around you that is speaking is the ground. Another part of perception is proximity. This is an example that we like to group nearby things. Instead of seeing a ton of random people at a party; we tend to mentally connect people standing next to each other. For example, athletes in one spot, the government team in another spot, etcetera.

    Important;

    Something else important to perception would be depth perception. This is the ability to see objects in three dimensions, even though images that strike the retina are two-dimensional. Depth perception also helps us to perceive an object’s distance and full shape. We use binocular cues, the retinal disparity that depends on the use of two eyes. The retinal disparity exists used for perceiving depth. For example, by holding your index fingers in front of your face and proceeding to look beyond them, you now have four fingers instead of two. Monocular cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, are available to either eye alone. This helps us determine the scale and distance of an object; such as relative height and size, linear perspective, texture gradient, and interposition.

    Use;

    Motion perception exists used to determine the speed and direction of the moving object. Your brain perceives motion mostly based on the idea that shrinking objects are moving away, or retreating, and enlarging objects are coming fourth or approaching. However, your brain can easily stand misled when it comes to motion. For example, large objects appear to move slower than small ones that are going at the same speed. Also, organizing things by form, depth, and motion, our perception of the world requires consistency, which brings us back to the cognitive dissonance theory.

    Perceptual constancy is what allows us to continuously recognize an object regardless of its distance, view angle, or motion. Even though it might change color, size, and shape based on conditions. For instance, we all know what a Chihuahua looks like, so if we see a green Chihuahua, we still know it’s a Chihuahua. A person with dissonant beliefs might try to say that it’s not a Chihuahua because it’s a different color, even though it still clearly looks like a Chihuahua.

    Factors Affecting Perception;

    There are individual differences in perceptual abilities. Two people may perceive the same stimulus differently. The factors affecting the perceptions of people are:

    Perceptual learning:

    Based on past experiences or any special training that we get, every one of us learns to emphasize some sensory inputs and to ignore others. For example, a person who has got training in some occupation like artistry or other skilled jobs can perform better than other untrained people. Experience is the best teacher for such perceptual skills. For example, blind people identify the people by their voice or by the sounds of their footsteps.

    Mental set:

    Set refers to preparedness or readiness to receive some sensory input. Such expectancy keeps the individual prepared with good attention and concentration. For example, when we are expecting the arrival of a train; we listen to its horn or sound even if there is a lot of noise disturbance.

    Motives and needs:

    Our motives and needs will influence our perception. For example, a hungry person exists motivated to recognize only the food items among other articles. His attention cannot exist directed towards other things until his motive stands satisfied.

    Cognitive styles:

    People stand said to differ in the ways they characteristically process the information. Every individual will have his or her way of understanding the situation. It exists said that flexible people will have good attention; and, they are less affected by interfering influences and be less dominated by internal needs and motives than people at the constricted end.

    Our mind is responsible for most of the ways we perceive things. Our eyes and our brain do the science; while our mind decides how were going to take the sensations, or data collected. Our mind decides to retain information from the sensations we experience and evaluate them to different personal views.

    Perception in Psychology Meaning Definition and Essay Image
    Perception in Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay
  • What is the Structuralism in Psychology Essay?

    What is the Structuralism in Psychology Essay?

    Structuralism Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay; It considers as a theory of consciousness that existed suggested by Wilhelm Wundt and developed by his student Edward Titchener. The theory came to be in the 20th century: where its reliability stood debated and challenged by the growing scientific community at that time. Structuralism also considers a school of psychology that seeks to analyze the components of an adult mind. It seeks to analyze the simplest thoughts of a mind that bring about the more complex experience that we go through in our day-to-day life.

    Here is the article to explain, Structuralism in Psychology also their Meaning, Definition, and Essay!

    According to structuralism, meaning stands produced and reproduced through actions and practices that form a unit. Linguistics, literature, Anthropology, and mathematics are some fields of knowledge where structuralist principles existed applied.

    What is the meaning of structuralism in psychology?

    Structuralism was a faculty of thought that sought-after to spot the elements (structure) of the mind — the mind existed thought of as the key component to psychological science at now. Structuralists believed that the thanks to study the brain and its functions was to interrupt the mind down into its most elementary components.

    Besides the higher than, what’s the most plan of structuralism? the fundamental plan behind structuralism is that individual and collective behaviors emerge from some underlying structure. With Ferdinand de Saussure and therefore the linguists, the structure is Associate in Nursing abstract system of reticulate ideas.

    Definition of Structuralism;

    Structuralism was a faculty of thought that sought-after to spot the parts (structure) of the mind — the mind was thought-about the key component to scientific discipline at this time. Structuralists believed that the thanks to study the brain and its functions was to interrupt the mind down into its most simple components. They believed the entire is the adequate total of the elements.

    Wilhelm Wundt, a UN agency took into account the pioneer Structuralist, who found the initial psychological laboratory in 1879. Following Wundt was Titchner UN agency popularized the sphere (he was one among Wundt’s students). Titchener was curious about the acutely aware mind. He used a method referred to as self-contemplation to undertake to grasp the acutely aware mind. self-contemplation could be a method of getting someone “look inward”, focus on, and check out to grasp the feeling or thought they’re experiencing at that moment.

    The Structuralism faculty of thought has influenced the scientific discipline in its pursuit of the analysis of the adult mind (the analysis of the assemblage of lifespan experiences). It seeks to gauge these experiences in terms of the only determinable parts and so makes an attempt to seek out however these parts work along to create additional advanced experiences. Another goal is to seek out however these experiences correlate to physical events; this exists often accomplished through practices like self-contemplation, self-reports (of sensations), viewpoints, feelings, and emotions.

    Sources;

    There are various sources such as books and articles that speak about structuralism. One such source is the article “How structuralism and functionalism influenced early psychology” written by Kendra Cherry. The article informs us that in the early 20-century Psychology existed separated from biology. At that time there was a raging debate in the scientific community on how the human mind and behavior worked. These questions led to the establishment of two major schools of Psychology. They included Structuralism and Functionalism. Structuralism was the first school of thought. Many if not all structuralism components existed idealized by who was also the founder of the first psychological lab.

    Later on, one of his students went on to formally establish structuralism as a theory. However, Edward’s ideas had misrepresented the teachings of Wundt. Almost immediately after the establishment of structuralism, other ideas emerged such as functionalism from thinkers like Charles Darwin. Furthermore, we learn that structuralism was the first school of psychology and focus on breaking down the mental process into basic elements. Researchers tried to learn the basic elements of the mind through a method known as introspection.

    Another sources;

    A second source of the formation, background, and development of structuralism is an article “Structuralism” written by Richard Hall. Richard informs us that in the past many advances in science were occurring due to the concept of “elements”. “Elements” referred to the conception of complex phenomena in terms of underlying elements. It was at this moment that what psychologists refer to as the first school of psychology stood established. A psychologist called Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. Hall further informs us that the school of psychology that Wundt championed existed called Structuralism. It led many people to refer to Wundt as the father of Structuralism.

    Structuralism stands fundamentally defined as the study of the human conscious. The rationale behind it is that the human consciousness could exist broken down into basic conscious elements. Most of the experiments conducted in Wundt’s laboratory involved cataloging primary conscious elements. To research the basic elements, structuralism relied on a method called introspection. An example is how someone can describe the basic elements of an orange (cold, juicy). Introspection involved describing each basic element separately from the complex entity. Through the use of this method, Wundt was able to catalog different human experiences in mind.

    Theory;

    Although structuralism stood established as a psychological theory, it faced a lot of criticism through the times. Many psychologists failed to accept the theoretical background of Structuralism. The experimental methods that existed used to study the structures of the mind were too subjective. Moreover, we also learn that using introspection, led to the unreliability of the data gotten. Others critics also argued that structuralism was concerned with internal human behaviors. Internal human behaviors exist considered non-observable and cannot exist accurately measured.

    Moreover, we also learn that structuralism faced more limitations such as not having its principal theory supported by most psychologists in the scientific world. In the present times, Structuralism considers being dead in psychology. Informs us that one reason why Structuralism faced criticism was because of a methodological flaw in Wundt’s structuralism. The theory relied on introspection which lacked subject agreement and reliability. In psychology, many observers must agree independently on phenomena. When it comes to Wundt’s Structuralism experiment, his observes were students trained by him. Wundt was also the one who resolved any disagreement of concepts during the experiments. The use of trained observers as opposed to the current practice of psychology.

    Criticism;

    However, the existence of criticism was not enough to undermine the strength of structuralism. It was important because it was the first school of thought. Structuralism led to the development of experimental psychology. Structuralism has been dead for many years since the passing of Wundt. Other sources differ on how Structuralism developed. The last alternative narrative of how structuralism existed formed is that Structuralism was a theory that existed introduced by psychologist Wilhelm Wundt and was later on popularized by Edward Titchener.

    An article written and submitted to the journal of Psychology informs us that, an example of Structuralism is a fleece blanket, it can be considered as warm, fuzzy, soft, and green. The breakdown of a complex component such as the fleece blanket to its basic elements is what’s considered structuralism. Another example is how an apple can describe as red, crisp, and sweet. Structuralism existed only interested in showing the basic elements of something and not the complex ideas. The person describing the apple or fleece blanket can only describe it to its most basic elements.

    In conclusion;

    Structuralism dictates that the total sum of parts that have been broken down is what makes up the whole “something.” Wundt mainly formed structuralism to focus on understanding the fundamental component of the human mind. Through the use of different processes such as introspection, he was able to conduct experiments on the conscious mind. This way Wundt subjectively identified what makes them experience those thoughts. However, the structural school lost considerable influence when Titchener died. In the end, structuralism led to the development of other theories such as behaviorism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology.

    Structuralism Psychology Meaning Definition and Essay Image
    Structuralism Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay
  • Auditors Meaning Definition Jobs and Roles Essay

    Auditors Meaning Definition Jobs and Roles Essay

    Who are the Auditors? Define its Meaning, Definition, their Jobs and Roles with Essay? Nowadays, the business environment becomes more complex. Hence, the demands on professional audits have existed increased to provide reasonable assurance to users of the company’s financial statement. They are playing the important role in society. The important role of the external auditors is to “perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about; whether the entity maintained effective control over the financial statement” and “reducing the information asymmetry in the financial statement; as well as mitigating agency problems between the managers and shareholders and between the shareholders and the creditors”.

    Here is the article to explain, Auditors Meaning, Definition, Jobs, and Roles Essay!

    They stand emphasized by professional bodies like the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Association of the Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), Malaysia institution of Accountancy (MIA), International Federation of the Accountants (IFAC) and several professional bodies with the guidelines on issues of auditors independence parties of the companies to express a professional opinion in companies finance statement showing the true and fair view. They exist also surrounded by other regulations such as Company Law. Section 8 of the Malaysian Companies Act states that; the external auditors must approve by the Minister of Finance as company auditors for purpose of conducting the statutory audit.

    Roles of External Auditors;

    The role of the external auditors is to reduce the agency problem. They are playing the role of watchdogs to help the shareholder monitor the credibility of the information presented by the management; and, also verification of financial statements is showing the true and fair view to the shareholder. Enhancing credibility is the perception of the external stakeholders; that they express an opinion in impartial and reduce conflicts of interest. The external auditor recognizes by the professional bodies in emphasis on the independence on appearance to the company shareholder and the management as an agent.

    In the premise of the agency theory that agents have more information; than principle and have information asymmetry to the principal’s interest because there adversely affected by the agents. Pursuant agency theory They as an agent to evaluate the company are going concerned or exist by expressing; their professional opinion in the audit report to the stakeholder and shareholder. On other hand, the audit may fail to be a reducing the agency problem. This is because the agent appointed by the shareholder to do an audit and also pay by the company on their service; this will create conflict in the financial interest of the agent and difficulties in the role in reducing agency problems.

    Another roles of external auditors;

    Second is the role of external auditors as independent professional parties to verify the company’s financial statement. The “Ethics Committee of the IFAC has been emphasis ethical issue about the independence of the auditors”. Without independence, they may affect their audit judgment. Independence is an attitude or state in mind, the auditors’ independence is difficult to determine to assess objectively; otherwise only the action they can use in evaluating the auditors’ independence. “Regulatory and investor have existed concerned about the effect of auditors’ increased non-audit service on auditors independence and subsequent earning quality”. The independence of the auditor the code of ethics has listed own by bodies in a range of the; “risks concerning actual and perceived independence to the external auditors”.

    The auditor’s essence independence can “underlie the success and credibility of the accounting profession to serve the public”. After the Enron and Andersen cases showed that auditors stand failed to independence for providing the audit service to serve the public. This is because the auditor has a close personal relationship with the Enron Chief Accounting Officer. The Andersen audit partner provides the non-audit service to their audit client; this will conflict interest especially when the revenue of the non-audit service is greater than the audit fee; this will lead the auditor to influence their opinion on the audit report. “More surprising is that Andersen even maintained permanent office space in Enron’s building. In addition, Andersen employees attended and join many events organized under Enron management. This sign of lack of independence (real and perceived) was clear”.

    Limitations;

    On other hand, the role of auditors has its limitation. The first limitation of auditors is the time budget and also experience of the auditors. This becomes a part of influence audit judgment to express an opinion on the financial statement. This will increase fraud risks or an inability to adequately staff to do an audit to get the evidence. The auditor engagement exists time-limited and provides the non-audit exist restricted; the audit client will try to influence the audit fees to the external auditor to provide the unqualified report. The increase from the client’s time pressure, also the auditor may make the professional judgment of concessions.

    The negative time pressure may affect the fewer experience auditors to get enough evidence bypassing every audit stage without completion of audit work and reducing the time compare to actual time spent on specific audit work. Also, They may consider that additional time spent to do an audit; yet finding significant issues in the qualified opinion; the auditors with subjects framing of the additional audit time as a “cost” or a “loss”. On other hand, they may lose function, significant audit adjustments may be related to reducing the risks associated with a steadfast; and, the use of additional time may consider appropriate; because the company may have received something in return for excessive audit time things.

    External Auditors;

    They are playing an important role in society days; and, there also pertain to some regulations to provide a service in society. Also, They are in existing “auditing standards about the audit principle and framework, responsibilities of the auditors, and audit procedure and quality control”. These auditing standards exist not designed to detect fraud other than financial statement fraud. The independent auditors exist not expected to be experts in the authentication of records and documentation with finding; “asset fraud, a merely material misstatement of the financial statement”.

    The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) has a predication belief that the fraud may have occurred. Therefore they have an expectation gap within the user of financial statements with auditors. The user expectation the auditor delivers the financial statement is free from fraud. Now a day they stand being challenged and sued by investors because of financial fraud. The financial statement fraud will suffer to external auditors in monetarily and reputational of the audit firm; when they exist failed detected the financial statement frauds.

    Clients;

    When the external auditors do not meet the client or the financial statement users expect; also they may be responsible under the common law or statute law depending on the nature of action and the relationship between the party auditors. Under regulatory of the Common Law, the external auditors may; “lawsuit by brought against auditors on the law of contract and tort actions for failure to exercise the appropriate level of professional care”. This basis the characteristic of a lawsuit arising from the external auditors’ is because the auditors are failure to exercise the professional care in doing the audit with will impact the end-user of the financial statement.

    Under common law, concepts exist developed through the court decision based on the tort of negligence; in which negligence will affect the end-user of the financial statement. On other hand the auditors may fail to fulfill the requirements by the regulatory of Common Law, in the case of KPMG had existed sued alleges in the performed grossly negligent audits and also reviews and failed to detect the material error concerning New Century’s residual interest on loans it securitized and on its loan repurchases liability.

    Ethical Behavior;

    The external auditors should have an ethical behavior in mine with is “concern to characteristics as honesty and integrity, reliability and accountability; as well as all other aspects of attitude right versus wrong behavior”. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct is control the quality of auditing and other accounting services. In the MIA the code of ethics stands referred to as MIA by-laws to the auditor to the indoctrination of sound professional practice and the prevention of illegal and dishonorable to the professional practice. Also, The Auditor’s judgment of the financial statement has a positive impact on the ethical code and experience. The requirement of the Code of ethic is relating to integrity and objectivity. Integrity and objectivity are important qualities for a professional accountant. “By-law imposes to all members to the obligation to be fair, intellectually honest and be free of conflict in their professional work”.

    In the IFAC code of ethics as mentioned independence is a fundamental characteristic of the external auditor in the audit engagement. The code of the professional ethic will issue preserve the public to more confidence in the professional. Also, The code of ethics may include the self-review threat. The auditor must be to act on the professional independence of the audit client. The independence of the accounting firm stands impaired to perform the bookkeeping or makes an account or management decision for the company and takes primary responsibility for the client in all financial information. In this situation, public accounting may have a dual purpose because the public accounting firm may provide the financial statement or other information and do an audit on the financial statement to provide an audit opinion on their work.

    Incorporate governance;

    Incorporate governance, the external auditors according to the Company law check the financial statement issued by the managers to the shareholder. Corporate governance has existed defined in the range of organizations that protect and enhance shareholder interest. In the current view on the investor, the auditors assist the investor in the final decision by providing an independent professional opinion. Also, external auditors assist investor decision-making by enhancing the credibility of financial statements.

    The “role of external auditors is to express an opinion concerning whether the financial statement gives a true and fair view of the company’s financial position and the final result in operations for the year ended”. On other hand, the auditors may fail to fulfill the requirement of the corporate governance to check the financial statement is showing a true and also fair view to the shareholder. In the case of Enron and Anderson, the auditors exist failed in the corporate governance; Although the existing approval, the procedure is sound sufficient, to ensure that the Supreme Audit quality but sometimes unable to detect misappropriations.

    Conclusion;

    The auditor may need to continually maintain their professional knowledge at a high level. Their need to continue to take courses is provided by the professional body to maintain a high level of professional knowledge. The auditors may measure always keep up to date the auditing standard is their need to follow up in the time of the providing the audit job to the client. The auditors need to always be independent in mind and appearance, to express an opinion in company financial statement and reduce the risk of the end-user of that financial statement. There are also cannot easier exist influenced by other person is provided the professional opinion in the audit report.

    Auditors Meaning Definition Jobs and Roles Essay Image
    Auditors Meaning Definition Jobs and Roles Essay
  • Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Jobs and Roles Essay

    Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Jobs and Roles Essay

    Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Definition with their Jobs and Roles Essay; A Chief Learning Officer’s main job is to grow an organization by developing a process of learning. This role continues to change, morph, and evolve as things change; such as the overall economy, increase in globalization, and growth of technology.

    Here is the article to explain, Definition of the Chief Learning Officer (CLO), with their Jobs and Roles Essay!

    This evolution requires organizations to learn faster or face the reality of not being able to survive. Companies that implement ongoing learning objectives can reinvent themselves and adapt to change proactively; while stagnant organizations are often reactive in strategy and are unable to catch up or adjust to the changing environment. Learning needs to happen quickly, affordable, and clearly for a company to get a competitive advantage over others. Companies need to be able to learn from success and failures to manage change and turn these opportunities into improvement. Some common themes of learning companies include knowledge or data existing continuously transferred, stored, and collected throughout the organization.

    Employees must also have access to the information and data that are important to the company’s success. A corporate climate exists that encourages, rewards, and accelerates individual and group learning. It expects and embraces change and uses adversity; such as a downturn in the economy as an opportunity to learn from it and come out of the adversity stronger and smarter than its business counterparts.

    Definition of the Chief Learning Officer (CLO);

    A Chief Learning Officer is a senior executive who has existed appointed the task of directing and managing learning, performance improvement, career development, talent management, and organizational knowledge functions at the highest level. They are in charge of moving their company into the future by constantly managing a changing environment; staying in tune with the latest technology, acquiring information through learning programs; as well as maintaining communication with other corporate leaders; such as the Chief Executive Officer to remain an important part of the company’s success.

    Companies have continued to experiment with new ways to improve the training and retention of their employees to stay competitive in a changing market. Over the past twenty years, organizational learning has become very important to companies in their effort to adapt to change and remain competitive. With the emergence of the “C-level” title for various leaders of organization functions; the Human Resource Development field has created a new title, Chief Learning Officer, or CLO.

    Who they are? Jobs and Roles;

    Steve Kerr, CLO of Goldman Sachs and former CLO of General Electric, stated that when he joined Goldman Sachs; he had to spend his first few months on the job convincing division heads that; he was not there to teach classes or implement typical training programs; rather he was there to talk about business challenges that faced managers so that he could better understand where learning was necessary. Communicating and speaking to managers and employees in their easy-to-understand language is crucial to gaining credibility. Kerr went on to say that CLOs cannot talk in terms of learning models and different academic theories because clients; who are buying your product don’t talk that way.

    Instead, CLOs should talk about business and relate the process of learning solutions to the way managers think out in the business world. Kerr uses a car manual metaphor when discussing how to learn to communicate with internal clients. The front of the manual usually discusses technical terminology such as drive trains, manifolds, ABS systems that many people do not understand. He goes on to state that what people do understand is the troubleshooting guide at the back of the manual that describes what might be wrong when the car won’t start. He says that CLOs are the troubleshooters of an organization. Like the auto manual, CLOs have to troubleshoot in terms that people understand.

    Skills and Quality;

    Leadership is a paramount quality for any executive; but a CLO is hired to lead the organization down a new and rugged path of learning that includes changing technology, global workforces, and lower budgets. One of a CLOs main responsibilities for the company is to show the way for the company’s learning strategy thereby improving the bottom line. The Chief Learning Officer stands expected to make the right decisions when it comes to learning strategy and direction; as well as lead the company to reach its overall goals by committing to a plan. Just as important as being a leader in the need for the CLO to develop other leaders within the organization. Passing leadership skills onto management through development programs is a way for an organization to become more efficient and aligned.

    Bill Kline, CLO of Delta Air Lines says; “Number 1: If you want to be strategic, you know the details of your business”. Thinking globally across the enterprise is the responsibility of the CLO; while thinking tactically exists left to the other different business units. A CLO’s job can be difficult due to only having so much input into the overall performance of a company. For example, a CLO existed hired by a retail giant and stood asked to raise store sales from year to year as well as increase staff retention. This particular CLO had influence over the organization and a seat at the board room table; but, stood still let go due to the fact the economy had dropped and the product lines were not up to par.

    Influence;

    This is an example of a CLO only having influence over the inside of a company and cannot control what happens externally. CLOs can also prove their importance by focusing time on processes that will help the company meet quantifiable objectives. A CLO could areas of focus on leadership development; for example, or a focus on multiple aspects of organizational learning; such as human resource development and management themes such as training and development.

    It is not only important to have a CLO who can have the vision and develop strategic plans; but, it is also sometimes required that they can generate revenue for the company through learning initiatives. The ability to generate income or save the company money is one of the main ways a CLO can add value to an organization. An easy trap that a CLO should be aware of is buying into so-called “flavor of the month” programs. Just because one program works for a certain company doesn’t mean it’s a fit for your company. Learning platforms need to be based on the needs of the company, the capabilities of the workforce; the available budget, the company strategy and focus on the area; where the company can get the best return on their investment.

    Trainings;

    Just having training programs won’t cut it in today’s business environment, companies are realizing the need to be a continuous learning company. This is why CLOs are becoming critical to the success of companies. There is no business-wide norm as to who a CLO reports to. Instead, it depends on the size of the company, the level at which senior executives place learning; and the CLO’s ability to relay the need to involve in setting goals and objectives for the company. The CLO title does not automatically imply involvement in strategic decision-making; however, CLOs typically work with senior executives and in most cases have direct contact with the CEO.

    The contact may be a formal reporting relationship or else an informal communication based upon a particular learning initiative. The closer the alignment with the CEO, the more flexibility a CLO typically has with potential resources. If there is a perceived link between the CEO and the CLO; then the CLO has much more organizational freedom to experiment; because the more visible the reporting relationship is with senior management; the more space and opportunity there is for the CLO to try new approaches and initiatives. Resources may be more easily secured and funding may not be a question as the request is being originated from the boardroom. However, not all CLOs allow reporting directly to the CEO.

    Reports;

    Chief Learning Officers may report to a human resources executive which may not necessarily limit their influence or capabilities; but, it does place the CLO at least one rung down on the organization chart from other C-level roles. That one rung may mean that the CLO does not have direct access to information, goals, and strategies regarding the organization. Resources may not be as readily available and the CLO may spend more time trying to acquire support for initiatives and learning objectives. The alignment of learning initiatives and corporate strategy may not be at the forefront of the company’s goals. Although the title of CLO implies strategic influence, it is not always the case.

    The impact a Chief Learning Officer can have on an organization is tremendous; as long as they can overcome the many challenges CLOs face due to the fact; they are a relatively new part of the executive management team. A successful CLO can link learning functions to the strategic objectives of the company; which in turn moves the company closer to achieving overall success in terms of profitability, growth, retention, and adaptability. Financial success for shareholders, executives, and employees is often the goal and mission of a company. However, the added value that a Chief Learning Officer can bring to a company includes improved employee satisfaction, commitment, knowledge, responsiveness, innovation, and quality.

    Target and Goals;

    By focusing on becoming a learning organization the company can often become more efficient regarding talent management and knowledge management via increased employee retention and recruiting. Experienced employees and talented new hires are better equipped to perform their jobs successfully; because, they have the opportunity to develop knowledge, skills, and abilities through various programs and initiatives that a CLO may put into place. This results in a more efficient, streamlined, focused, and driven organization that stands better equipped to meet its current and future goals and is, therefore, more effective. Another way to show how a Chief Learning Officer creates increased organizational effectiveness is to look at the situation from another perspective.

    Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Jobs and Roles Essay Image
    Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Jobs and Roles Essay
  • Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay

    Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay

    Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory, Meaning, Essay; It is an essential tool that makes an improvement reaction to firms and companies. It is a technique of managing future outcomes, and it does consist of more features than just ensuring product and service quality; as it is a technique of running people and business processes to guarantee customer satisfaction in every phase. TQM, helps organizations to do the right thing at the right time from its first attempt. Therefore, we will be introducing the principle of TQM and how it reacts with organizations along with different pros and cons that could affect using of this vital technique.

    Here is the article to explain, Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay!

    Many authors have discussed TQM Standards. Samuel K. M. Ho in the article ‘Is the ISO 9000 Series for Total Quality Management?’ wrote that the philosophy of Total Quality Management is that of promoting continuous improvement in an organization and focuses primarily on total satisfaction for both the internal and external customers, within a management environment that seeks continuous improvement of all systems and processes. He added that the philosophy is based on an intense desire to achieve victory.

    Achieving victory is a challenge for today’s companies. Competition is intense and senior managers and CEOs thrive to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage over their competitors. “Though some people see TQM as something necessary to reach competitiveness and emphasize the relation between TQM and success (eg U/s GAO, 1991; Becker, 1993; Ghobadian and Gallear, 1996), others claim TQM to be merely a management fad and point out that many companies have failed to implement TQM (eg Binney, 1992; Harari, 1993; Hachman and Wageman, 1995)” (Ulrika Hellsten and Bengt Klefsjo) As Hellsten and Klefsjo mentioned in their article there are different opinions of TQM.

    TQM standards;

    The goal of this assignment is to analyze the different views of TQM and identify whether TQM standards do help companies promote quality. It also analyzes whether TQM standards vote for the satisfaction of both the internal and external customers as said by Samuel K. M. Ho, or else they are diminishing the real scope of quality by constraining innovation and creativity in today’s businesses. Studies by different authors both for and against TQM will analyze to understand whether TQM standards improve or lessen the quality of products and services.

    It is important to add that various authors discussing TQM mentioned that there exist different descriptions of TQM and also (Boon O K, Atumugam V, Hwa T S (2005) said that surprisingly, a limited amount of rigorous research has existed done towards identifying the effects of soft TQM practices on employees’ work-related attitudes”. To start with it is vital to understand what exists meant by TQM and its purpose.

    What is Total Quality Management (TQM)?

    TQM is a customer-focused approach program that focuses on customer satisfaction by delivering the best quality product at the lowest possible price. It is an organizational strategy that involves everybody for contribution. The main aspect is the prevention of defects, by working on a target of zero defects. Moreover, TQM is methodical as it depends on the information gained and it is a continuous improvement process. Throughout the years before, TQM has reached to be an important and outstanding for firm’s process capabilities improvement to lead to a fit and maintain competitive advantages.

    Definition of Total Quality Management;

    “To define quality one has to first consider who the customer is, and subsequently consider what the requirements of each different customer group are at any one time.”

    The Total Quality Management book of Leicester says that it is important to remember that when the level of quality the customer expects to perceive by him as existing exceeded by the level of quality he has received, then an opinion of “good quality” formed. Vice versa the level of quality is said to be poor when the customer’s expectations of the level of quality he should receive exceed the level of quality the customer perceives he has received. Therefore for companies to succeed it is important to understand the level of quality that the customer is expecting.

    Various definitions have stood identified by different authors such as;

    • “Fitness for purpose”
    • “Conformance to requirements”
    • “Zero Defects”

    Though the above phrases of quality all have different meanings, in general, they all have common characteristics such as; the aim of satisfying the customer, providing the best quality at the lowest possible price, and also should be a companywide strategy. A definition that gathers the meaning of TQM has existed defined in a website of Lean Manufacturing Concepts.

    “TQM is a process and philosophy of achieving best possible outcomes from the inputs, by using them effectively and efficiently to deliver the best value for the customer, while achieving long term objectives of the organization”.

    This sounds like an appropriate definition of TQM since it emphasizes the value received by the customer and in return, the organization attains its objectives.

    Definition of Quality;

    Quality in manufacturing defines as a measure of excellence or defects free that exists taken by the adherence to measurable and provable standards to reach the consistency of a specific output that will satisfy a certain customer. Also, Total Quality Management is one of the techniques used to achieve a specific standard to serve customer requirements. A frequent quality description is delighting the customer by fully achieving their desire and expectations; this could include performance, delivery of item, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and appearance.

    Therefore, the company needs to know what are these desires and expectations, as well as identify them, understand, and measure their ability to meet them. Quality commences with a detailed market investigation to determine the actual requirements of a certain product and the customer’s need. The main role of quality in organizations is the cooperation of everyone, as it is compulsory to achieve a total quality organization.

    History of TQM;

    In the present world, we hear a lot about quality control and management, which even did not exist in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, there were some quality control actions taken by individuals at a small level. Quality control and management developed and evolved during the entire twentieth century. In the early 1900s Fredrick W. Taylor presented the quality concepts, he exists known as the “father of scientific management”. In 1913, JC Penney became one of the first people to introduce the fundamentals of total quality management by bringing up ideas like “customer satisfaction”, “quality”, “value”, “training” and “rewards for performance” to the managerial bases for the business.

    The history of TQM starts through Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne experiments from 1927 to 1932. The Hawthorne experiments showed that the worker’s involvement in the decision-making process enhanced the production. In the 1930s the Western Electric Company considered lighting levels, workday lengths, and rest period length in the Hawthorne plant to maximize productivity. And the researchers found that as the lights were brighter, workers’ productivity increased and vice versa. This change of the behavior of the employees exists called the Hawthorne effect.

    More to know;

    In the 1940s US was in World War II. World War II pushed standardization, quality control, and manufacturing practices to a higher level. The idea of TQM grew very slowly in the USA even though many TQM aspects existed developed in the USA in the 1950s. Quality stood implemented in the American and European industries only in the 1980s because there was no preparedness of the business and governmental organizations to take adequate steps concerning the findings of technical and statistical work. The decision-making structures at that period were not ideal to solve the quality control problems. In the 1960s, the idea of “Zero-defects” gained favor. Philip Crosby, who was the founder of the “Zero defects” idea concentrated on employee motivation and awareness.

    In Japan, the quality before the 1940s existed limited to inspection quality. The post-war era saw dramatic progress in the Japanese quality and that happened over a small period. Quality control existed introduced to Japan by a few American experts. In the 1950s Edward Deming imparted statistical methods and Dr. Juran imparted quality management methods to the Japanese. Edward Deming knows as the “father of modern quality”. It was in the 1950s when Armand Feigenbaum wrote Total Quality Control.

    This was the first work that initiated Total Quality Management theories. The Japanese realized the need and benefits of quality management. A proper effort stood initiated in 1956. In 1962 the Japanese had innovated the concept of quality control. In 1968 they had developed their version of TQM and presented it as Company-Wide Quality Control (CWQC) and the most key features of TQM in Japan stood achieved between 1950-1965. After reading the history of TQM, also you’ll know the total quality management theory below are;

    Theory of Total Quality Management (TQM);

    Total Quality Management (TQM) is a quality improvement body of methodologies that exist customer-based and service-oriented. TQM was first developed in Japan and then spread in popularity. However, while TQM may refer to a set of customer-based practices that intend to improve quality and promote process improvement, there are several different theories of total quality management at work guiding TQM practices.

    Deming’s Theory;

    Deming’s theory of Total Quality Management rests upon fourteen points of management he identified, the system of profound knowledge, and the Stewart Cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act). He knows for his ratio – Quality is equal to the result of work efforts over the total costs. If a company is to focus on costs, the problem is that costs rise while quality deteriorates. Deming’s system of profound knowledge consists of the following four points:

    • System Appreciation – an understanding of the way that the company’s processes and systems work
    • Variation Knowledge – an understanding of the variation occurring and the causes of the variation
    • Knowledge Theory – the understanding of what can know
    • Psychology Knowledge – the understanding of human nature

    By being aware of the different types of knowledge associated with an organization, then quality can broach as a topic. Quality involves tweaking processes using knowledge.

    Crosby’s Theory;

    Philip Crosby is another person credited with starting the TQM movement. He made the point, much like Deming; that if you spend money on quality, also it is money that exists well spent. Crosby based on four absolutes of quality management and his list of fourteen steps to quality improvement.

    Joseph Juran’s Theory;

    Joseph Juran is responsible for what has become known as the “Quality Trilogy”. The quality trilogy is made up of quality planning, quality improvement, and quality control. If a quality improvement project is to be successful; then all quality improvement actions must be carefully planned out and controlled. Juran believed there were ten steps to quality improvement.

    The EFQM Framework;

    The European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Model is based upon nine criteria for quality management. There are five enablers (criteria covering the basics of what a company does) and four results (criteria covering what a company achieves). The result is a model that refrains from prescribing any one methodology, but rather recognizes the diversity in quality management methodologies.

    Ishikawa’s Theory;

    Creator of the last theory, Dr. Kaoru Isikawa is often known for his namesake diagram, but he also developed a theory of how companies should handle their quality improvement projects. Ishikawa takes a look at quality from a human standpoint. Also, He points out that there are seven basic tools for quality improvement.

    What Should I do About the Competing Theories?

    These are a few of the many different TQM theories, and we haven’t even covered Six Sigma here. When learning about total quality methods, it is important to remember that these are guidelines. What is important is that you and your company practice consistent steps towards improving quality in your organization and processes. Use the tools that have been shown to work and make a commitment. Committed leadership means committed employees.

    Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay Image
    Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay; Image by knowledgetrain from Pixabay.
  • Facilities Manager Meaning Role Responsibilities Essay

    Facilities Manager Meaning Role Responsibilities Essay

    Facilities Manager Meaning, Definition, Role, and Responsibilities with their Essay; Facility management includes all complex operating activities such as grocery stores, auto shops, sports complexes, jails, office buildings, hospitals, hotels, and all other revenue-generating. The facility manager’s job purpose is to create an environment that encourages output, is pleasing to clients and consumers, and is efficient.

    Here is the article to explain, What is the Meaning and Definition of Facilities Manager? Role and Responsibilities with their Essay!

    The meaning and definition of facilities manager includes a wide range of functions and also support services. All staff, students, and volunteers are responsible for ensuring that they work in a manner that is safe for themselves; and others and to comply with relevant requirements of guidance to the national standees and the University of health and safety department. All staff parents or cares volunteers and students exist urged to read the nursery health and safety policy and relevant parts in the university health and safety policy.

    Meaning and Definition of Facility management;

    Facility management is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure the functionality of the built environment by integrating people, place, process, and technology; The integration of processes within an organization to maintain and also develop the agreed services; which support and improve the effectiveness of its primary activities.

    According to Alan M.Levitt,

    “a facility may be a space or an office or suite of offices; a floor or group of floors within a building; a single building or a group of buildings or structures. These structures may be in an urban setting or freestanding in a suburban or rural setting. The structures or buildings may be a part of a complex or office park or campus”.

    Facility management is hard to define because of its broad scope. Also, It involves the coordination of everything that keeps a company’s buildings, assets, and systems running. On top of managing day-to-day operations, above the facilities manager meaning and definition must also execute the long-term strategic facility management plan of their company.

    Total facilities management;

    Total facilities management includes those things which everything needed; such as services for a living, working, healthcare, education, commercial development, retailing, transportation, and communication undertakings.

    According to steven M.Price;

    “facilities, professionals are being asked to contain costs while achieving maximum beneficial use- that is, to achieve more with less.”

    Some other people describe the facility as a physical place where done business activities. Also, Facility management is a duty to make plans according to business activity needs and demands; as good facility management deals with those needs in the best and most effective ways possible. Which responsibility played by facility managers explain below:

    • Observe the efficiency of the organization.
    • Make sure that the divergent processes, procedures, and standards present in a business complement rather than interfere with one another.
    • Observe all features of facility maintenance.
    • Tracking and responding to environmental, health, safety, and security issues.
    • Ensuring facility compliance with relevant regulatory codes and regulations
    • Educating the workforce about all manner of standards and procedures, from ordering office supplies to acting in the event of a disaster.

    The role and responsibilities of facilities managers;

    A facilities manager has a range of responsibilities including overseeing the daily running of a building and reducing its operating costs. In any organization, the facility manager is responsible for services of management that support business. Also, Facilities managers manage the continual maintenance of the building, identifying health and safety issues to make sure the building is safe for use and general responsibility for utilities, services, and daily logistical management. How to define the meaning and definition of facilities manager? A facilities manager is also responsible for managing catering and cleaning services and utilizing space management throughout the building.

    • Facility managers are responsible for directing a maintenance staff.
    • Facility manager’s duties related to standard maintenance, mailroom, and security activities, he or she may also be responsible for providing engineering and architectural services, hiring subcontractors, maintaining computer and telecommunications systems, and even buying, selling, or leasing real estate or office space.
    • The managers are also responsible for considering federal, state, and local regulations.
    • Facility managers also integrate knowledge workers into a dynamic business environment of global competition, technological developments, security threats, and changing values.

    Scope of facilities management;

    Facilities management describe those core business activities where business are working and also provide a good career path with the associated motivation that it brings. Good facilities management always try to introduce new idea and knowledge to improve the standard, improve the consumer primary activities and protect the associated investments. Those by the scope of facilities management is wide and varied; such activities include security, cleaning, maintenance, catering, landscaping, hygiene, etc. Today the role and scope of facilities management have changed dramatically

    Corporate social responsibility;

    Total corporate social responsibility can subdivide into four primary criteria-economic, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities. Mark S.Schwartz and Archie B.Carroll, “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Three Domain Approach,” Business Ethics Quarterly 13, no.4 (2003), 503-530; and Archie B.Carroll, “A Three -Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance,” Academy of Management Review 4(1979), 497-505.

    These four criteria fit together to form the whole of a company’s social responsiveness. Managers and organizations involve in several issues at the same time, and a company’s ethical and discretionary responsibilities exist increasingly considered as important as an economic and legal issue.

    Business ethics are moral principles that guide the way a business behaves. Acting ethically involves distinguishing ‘right’ and wrong and then making the right choice. For example, the policy about honesty, health and safety, and corrupt practices.

    Supports;

    Facilities management also supports the board to bring aspects critical to the facility management operational activities such as premises, local community, and staff welfare. Also, Facilities managers play a vital role in the delivery of more facilities by several stages in the life cycle of a building.

    Today, facilities management challenges are integrating the resource with the user’s needs. Lavy (2008) concludes that facility management not only improves physical performance; but also increases the satisfaction that the users feel while staying/working/teaching/learning in that building. The facilities manager needs to understand the link between the institution’s aims and objectives; and the various group in the institution. The interface has to be strong and without it is easy to fail to work in the same direction. Therefore, a facility manager has to take into account the needs of the users as a basis for providing them with suitable facilities.

    Ever-growing space requirements with ever-growing unused spaces increase the gap between what is available and what exists required. Also, Facility Managers face several challenges in convincing the higher management in getting approval for an additional building or space.

    Health and safety;

    Bio-energy company management system always keeps in mind the development of positive health, safety, and environment culture through the development of policies and procedures and promotion. They also provide training and monitoring services to the employees and employers; which exist intended to encourage employees as an integral part of daily operations. All staff, students, visitors, parents/carers would report any health and safety issues promptly to Melissa Leach or Susan Rogers or a senior member of staff in their absence.

    Health and Safety issues would discuss and record and the relevant agencies would inform of the concern that has occurred. The Nursery Manager and Deputy Manager also attend the Level 2 Award in Health and Safety in the workplace, Risk Assessment Training, and Manual Handling Risk Assessment. Records of training undertaken by staff stand kept by the Nursery Manager along with planned dates for future course attendance and also refresher courses as needed.

    Safety and Security Policy;

    At Phoenix, we aim to make the nursery a safe and secure place for the children, Parents/Carers, Staff, and any Visitors who may enter the setting. We aim to make all the children, parents/carers, and staff aware of health and safety issues to minimize the hazards and risks to enable them to thrive in a safe and healthy environment.

    Melissa and Sue are the members of staff who have undertaken the appropriate training and are responsible for recording risk assessments, updating policies, and ensuring others are aware of safety and security issues.

    Health and safety policies;
    • As a management priority health and safety as an integral part of business
    • Carried out all activities safe manner.
    • Find hazards and mitigated through formal assessment.
    • Organizations fulfill with current health and safety legislation and apply best practices to all their activities.
    • Also, Employees encourage to be proactive on health and safety issues.
    • All employees require to co-operate with the organization; and their workers in implementing the policy and make sure that their work is without risk to themselves.
    Environment policy;
    • Improvement in the environmental management system by worker training, consultation, involvement in identifying environmental impacts, etc is the objective of the organization.
    • The environmental impact also analyzed in under organization which involves potential risk of pollution,
    • Organizations always try to cooperate with the applicable local authority and landlords site on a relevant issue.
    • Also, The Company gives due consideration to environmental issues raised by customers and seeks to respond positively to customer-led environmental initiatives.
    • The Company works closely with those involved in the manufacturing supply chain; to achieve best practices in the environmental aspects of material sourcing, product manufacture, disposal, and recycling.

    All staff, students, visitors, volunteers, Parents/Carers are aware of the location of fire doors and fire exits, and means of escape from the nursery. Also to know the location of the nearest fire extinguisher and fire alarm call points and instructions for their use. All staff has attended the University in house Fire Warden Training. Emergency exit routes are always tidy and free from obstacles. Also, The Fire Siren tested weekly. The Nursery Manager or Deputy Manager to collect the register from the Kitchen. Staff to take responsibility for the children, and to assist them to immediately vacate the nursery, through the safest exit; if possible through the garden and car park.

    Risk Assessment;

    The majority of the activities that exist carried out in the Nursery are generally of low risk in nature and do not require standing formally assessed. However, if we are planning a trip outside the nursery or are carrying out an activity; when the child could be at risk, we would carry out a written risk assessment. Risk assessments exist carried out by Sue Rogers and Melissa Leach and all staff will contribute to these documents.

    The risk assessments would exist carried out on activities, the nursery environment, outside environment, manual handling, and outings. They exist regularly reviewed, working documents stand displayed in each area of the nursery. Should you have any queries or concerns of your own please feel free to talk to Sue or Melissa. Risk assessments exist brought to the attention of all relevant staff and students parents/carers and anyone who involve in the activity. Risk assessments exist reviewed annually. They exist periodically passed to the Health and Safety Department for checking to ensure that they are suitable and sufficient.

    Importance of quality to facilities management;

    As professional facility management used to strategically provide a quality working environment. But it required top-level management support and accurate requirements defined by consumers. In today’s current environment of innovation and increasing completion among suppliers, facilities management service providers must implement quality management.

    The organization gets success through introducing quality management techniques. That’s by productivity can improve and absenteeism reduced by improving the internal environment. According to Alexander, “it is a total quality approach to sustaining an operational environment and providing support services to meet the strategic needs of an organization”.

    Facilities Manager Meaning Role Responsibilities Essay Image
    Facilities Manager Meaning Role Responsibilities Essay; Image by Photo Mix from Pixabay.
  • Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF Case Study Essay

    Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF Case Study Essay

    Case Study of Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF, Logistics, and Operations Management Essay; This essay aims to analyze several issues regarding the operations management, logistics, and supply chain of the Toyota Company. The origin of the company comes from the Japanese textile industry. Sakichi Toyoda invented the world’s first automatic loom in 1918. When a problem arose, the machine automatically stopped to prevent damage to the entire facility.

    Here is the article to explain, the Toyota Operations Management PDF, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Case Study with Essay!

    This principle of automatic shutdown of the system and to draw attention to the imminent problems suggestively called the Jidoka; they have remained one of the main factors of Toyota Production system to this day. Operations management deals with managing resources like people, information, materials, and technology. In addition, it is important to specify that Operations Management transforms inputs into outputs by creating value of goods and services.

    Sakichi’s son – Kiichiro has developed the AA model in 1936 and one year later the Toyota Motor Company was born. In the ’90s, the process that includes not only the internal; but, also the external functions that contribute to the supply of a product to the final customer existed known as Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF download. “Toyota aims to connect cars, people, and communities and thereby create a smart mobility society that offers freedom of movement, safety, and excitement for all”.

    Managing Quality;

    Quality has many meanings for everyone. When a certain product/service meets a customer’s needs it can consider that it was a quality product or service. Organizations that use TQM have several advantages. For example, the customers are more satisfied, the products have higher net quality, the costs are lower, the financial performance is improved, and the quality and innovation are improved. Although Toyota was four consecutive years number one in the world carmaker as stated on bbc.co.uk; “from 2009 has millions of recalled cars due to accelerator pedal, brake, seatbelt and exhaust problems”.

    According to express.co.uk, over 2.4 million hybrid cars were recalled by Toyota all over the world of which nearly 55,000 were in the UK. Therefore, the cars are recalled because of the software; because it is possible, for the vehicles to enter a driving mode; that would affect the safety conditions, and the power of the engine will be lost, and it will stop. The recalls are from May 2010 to May 2014, Toyota Auris, from October 2008 to February 2014 was Toyota Prius and from October 2011 until November 2014 was recalled Toyota Prius Plus. Toyota UK told BBC that Brexit without an agreement could temporarily stop its production at the Burnaston plant in Derby.

    Examples;

    The Japanese producer is one of the largest car manufacturers in the UK. About 150,000 cars existed produced last year only in Burnaston, and 90% of them were for export to the European Union as stated on bbc.co.uk; The Founder of Toyota, Sakichi Toyoda established five main principles: to always be faithful to the duties in the workplace; thus contributing to the good of the company but also to the general good. Be always creative, striving to face the challenges that appear with the times. always be practical and avoid being superficial. Try as much as possible to build a pleasant workplace atmosphere and be friendly with everyone around you.

    You must always respect people with different spiritual beliefs and not forget to show gratitude At Toyota; the infrastructure is fast becoming a key instrument in developing; their future with a big step by developing the Toyota Mirai. More than twenty years ago, Toyota introduced hybrid technology with the first such car- Prius. With the hybrid technology, another innovation came up called Toyota Mirai. Toyota’s fuel cell electric car works on hydrogen gas made from renewable sources and emits only water, having a smaller impact on our planet; but at the same time, it stands made to leave a special impression for every trip. In the UK there are now just eleven gas stations with many more in perspective.

    To reduce the impact on the environment, Toyota uses the 4 R’s: Reduce – by using fewer resources will result in less pollution, Reuse – any surplus of materials including parts of an old vehicle, Recycle – materials for helping to make new cars and Recover – minimize the amount of waste. Toyota is a good example of global operations management.

    Operations Management;

    Toyota Motor Corporation’s operations management (OM) has implemented ten factors for the operations to be more effective. These ten decisions involve different fields of activity and require certain strategic approaches. Design of Goods and Services. Toyota takes into consideration these operations of management with advanced technology and high quality. Some of the company’s investments go to research and development. Because quality is a key factor in the company, Toyota developed a program called Toyota Production System (TPS). This exists used now by many other companies who want to apply Quality Management in their system. The Design of Process and Capacity is the next factor developed by Toyota. In this decision area,

    Toyota uses lean production, which exists also incorporated into TPS. The company focuses on both waste minimization and efficiency of capacity utilization. The Location Strategy. The company has extended not just in the United Kingdom but also in China, the United States, Thailand including some countries from Africa and the Middle East. Design and strategy of the model. The design of the model in Toyota’s production plants emphasizes the maximum efficiency of the workflow including the principles of lean manufacturing.

    Supply Chain Management;

    The company has created its own rules regarding operations management that focus on people respecting others. This call The Toyota Way which exists also integrated into the HR system. Apart from that, Toyota offers different pieces of training based on their Toyota Production System. Supply Chain Management, “Toyota uses lean manufacturing for supply chain management”. Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF Essay, In this strategic decision area of operations management, the company uses automation systems for real-time adjustments in supply chain activity. In this way, Toyota minimizes the bullwhip effect in its supply chain. Inventory Management.

    In addressing this strategic decision area of operations management, Toyota minimizes inventory levels through just-in-time inventory management. The aim is to minimize inventory size and its corresponding cost. This inventory management approach stands covered in the Toyota Production System. Scheduling. Toyota follows lean manufacturing principles in its scheduling. The company’s goal for this strategic decision area of operations management is to minimize operating costs. Maintenance. For decades, Toyota developed a network of strategically located facilities to support its global business.

    Measures;

    The company also has a global HR network that supports flexibility and business resilience. Thus, in this strategic decision area of operations management; Toyota uses its global business reach to ensure optimal and stable productivity. Toyota’s operations management uses productivity measures or criteria based on the area of business considered. For instance, some of these productivity measures are as follows:

    • Number of product units per time (manufacturing plant productivity)
    • Revenues per dealership (Toyota dealership productivity)
    • Number of batch cycles per time (supply chain productivity)

    Supply-chain management at Toyota is an element of the company’s operations strategy; which is thoroughly based on the Toyota Production System (TPS) Toyota Production System Toyota’s production system has existed designed to meet the following criteria; Quality – to ensure high quality of the finished product, it must be present at every stage of the process; Cost – costs and wastes must exist kept to a minimum level in every aspect of the business; Delivery – the TPS process is based on the timely delivery of both products and processes TPS is a method that reduces the time between customer orders and vehicles delivery. To achieve this, the entire operation until delivery is done in a single continuous flow. The result is a much higher level of productivity, less time, money, and effort, and better quality.

    Just in Time;

    Although JIT existed discovered by Henry Ford, just to manage inventory in his company, in the early 20th century; the one who used JIT as a management strategy, was Taiichi Ohno in his company, Toyota Manufacturing Company. The elements of the just-in-time system are being proactive in exposing problems, pulling production based in Kanban; Total Quality Management, elimination of waste, reducing inventory; involving suppliers in the planning process, continuous improvement, improving machinery, and focusing on co-operation.

    Capacity planning in any company is part of supply-chain management for that specific company. Toyota’s way of capacity planning is that it strives to eliminate inventory. In achieving this objective Toyota relies heavily on a pull system. Generally, the main objective is continuous improvement. Just in time inventory management allows a company to gain a competitive edge by not having to have a large amount of inventory in their warehouses; but, only to order parts when they need. According to just in time philosophy new material will produce only; when the old stock of that material has finished.

    With over 10 years of development experience, General Motors, in 2017, laid the foundation for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, a program that could reach Toyota too in the coming period. The Japanese also announced that they intend to develop this V2V technology; as well as that of the vehicle for infrastructure (V2I) in the United States from 2021; with the idea of ​​implementing it to all models by 2025. V2X is another technology that Toyota wants to implement.

    More to know;

    This is a combination of V2I and V2V based on communication with other traffic participants, like pedestrians or cyclists. Toyota intends to use as well DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communications) technology between cars and trucks with the help of wi-fi. In the U.S. the federal communications commission has set aside spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for connected transportation. Through V2V communications, vehicles can share a range of information about current conditions that can expand the situational awareness of drivers.

    For example, if the ABS or stability control of a vehicle detects slippery conditions; it can broadcast a message to alert drivers that are following on the same road so that they can slow down. A car approaching a blind intersection can broadcast its position to cars coming from other directions. As roadside equipment exists deployed, the messages can also receive by traffic management systems or those systems can provide vehicles with alerts about when signals are going to change. An area of the green tourism model that has lately advanced impressively, both in terms of take-up and knowledge of its sustainability features, is the sustainability of supply chains and procurement.

    There has been considerable science lately that has existed applied to defining the life cycles of products; to measuring the energy and resources that go into manufacturing and transporting products; as well as the carbon and other GHGs that exist emitted at all stages in the life cycle of a product. The UK government’s Office for Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV) announced the availability of £400 million in funding to assist measures designed to promote uptake of ultra-low emission vehicle technologies such as electric, plug-in hybrid, and hydrogen-fuelled vehicles.

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    Case Study of Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF, Logistics, and Operations Management Essay; Image by WorldInMyEyes from Pixabay.
  • Tesla Supply Chain Management Case Study Evaluation Essay

    Tesla Supply Chain Management Case Study Evaluation Essay

    Case Study of Tesla Supply Chain Management Evaluation Analysis with Essay; Throughout the years, supply chain management has grown to be a significant element of any business to increase; and maintain its competitiveness and customer satisfaction. For companies today, it is critical to commit to the efficiency of the supply chain operation; as well as to develop and implement strategies for improving efficiency and quality. An efficient and optimized supply chain management plan can make a world of a difference in any business, especially in the automobile industry.

    Here is the article to explain, the Tesla Supply Chain Management Case Study Evaluation Analysis with Essay!

    This is especially true for Tesla Inc., an American automotive company based in California; which lacks the necessary relationship with its narrow supplier base. As a result, Tesla would greatly benefit from a more efficient supply chain management to meet production demands and yield expected profits.

    Industry and Customer Value;

    In today’s market, automobiles represent the largest manufacturing industry in the United States; with manufacturers and suppliers in the automobile industry generating billions of dollars each year. According to Auto Alliance, “auto manufacturing drives $953 billion in the economy each year through the designing, building, and selling of vehicles. Beyond manufacturing, the industry is also dependent on other companies supplying parts, components and materials, retail services, and vehicle maintenance.

    At the top of the U.S. automaker rankings based on sales for 2018, is General Motors with 2,150,320 followed by Toyota’s 1,920,026, Ford Motor Company, FCA, Nissan Motor Co., Honda, Hyundai Kia Auto Group, Subaru Co., Volkswagen, BMW, and Daimler. Although Tesla, also formerly known as Tesla Motors, Inc., ranks amongst the top for innovation and environmental considerations, the company ranks 13thth in automaker rankings and 21st in sales. Despite the challenges in production, Tesla’s $56 billion market capitalization is greater; than many of the well-established automakers in the industry; and, thus, Tesla’s ambition for innovation has resulted in a steady stream of aggressive investors.

    In 2003;

    Tesla existed incorporated as a business that focused on designing, developing, manufacturing, and selling fully electric vehicles. As a production plan and goal for the company, Tesla’s CEO, Elon Musk, envisions the company building 500,000 cars per year by 2018, and one million cars per year by 2020. To accomplish production goals, the Company continues to expand its product and production strategies; through its corporate structure and global operations that enable production needs.

    Unfortunately, Tesla has struggled with production and maintaining a sustained supply chain management, resulting in reduced production, delivery delays, customer dissatisfaction, and lost revenue.

    In 2018;

    The industry revenues for Tesla were $4.5 billion in Q1, compared to $7.2 in the fourth quarter. Meanwhile, for the first quarter of 2019, Tesla reported a loss of $702 million, or $4.10 a share, after lower than expected delivery volumes, costs, and pricing adjustments to its vehicles. Although Tesla has many major competitors in the automobile industry, product preorders reflect a substantial demand for Tesla products. It should note, however, that the risk to consider is that the demand is for the brand and not cars.

    Tesla’s customer base exists focused on millennials who give significance to environmentally friendly initiatives, are tech-savvy, and desire inexpensive luxury cars. Tesla’s story of “saving the planet” with vehicle innovation has created a respectable customer experience, patience to inventors, and profits to the Company. Nevertheless, Tesla faces the challenges and pressure of mass production; while trying to stay ahead of their major competitors, such as Chevrolet Volt EV and Hyundai Ioniq EV.

    Challenges;

    With hundreds of suppliers across the U.S., Europe, and Asia, Tesla faces challenges in its supply chain. Specifically, challenges related to vehicle’s battery design, and manufacturing automation. A bottleneck Tesla has is the sourcing of raw materials, especially cobalt, the essential metal used in the battery cells derived from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Not only does the sourcing of cobalt create risks of spikes in pricing; but it also creates gaps in supply and production.

    Other key manufacturing suppliers for Tesla’s include AGC Automotive (windshields), Brembo (brakes), Fisher Dynamics (power seats), Inteva Products (instrument panel), Modine Manufacturing Co. (battery chiller), Sika (acoustic dampers), Stabilus (liftgate gas spring), and ZF Lenksysteme (power steering mechanism) amongst others. With as many suppliers as Tesla depends on, it is critical for Tesla to establish long-term relationships with suppliers as Tesla mostly works on make-to-order (MTO), and highly relies on its suppliers.

    Network Design;

    Typically, when selecting suppliers, third-party logistics (3PL) firms, distribution centers, and retail stores, considerations exist given to cost, location, quality, and value; however, Tesla has done business a little differently without full success. While skipping traditional manufacturing steps, Tesla designs manufacture, sells, and services their cars through a vertically integrated supply chain. Tesla’s specialized supply chain focuses on reconfiguring; their Fremont Factory to integrate high levels of robotics automation into various manufacturing processes.

    Tesla’s intense usage of automated robotics and integrated supply chain is the major source of value creation for Tesla. The vertically integrated automation system allows Tesla to incorporate the smaller and generally outsourced subsystems into; their manufacturing process to allow for quicker turnaround and shorter product improvement cycles. More importantly, it allows for manufacturing flexibility, process control, and increased tesla supply chain coordination and management. Meanwhile, Tesla’s outbound logistics include warehousing and distribution of their vehicles after manufacturing and assembly operations.

    Tesla SWOT Analysis;

    While Tesla appears to be a very successful and innovative company a SWOT analysis can provide a deeper insight as to what strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats the company face that can ultimately lead to greater success or even the company’s demise.

    Tesla Strengths;

    Tesla exists considered a very successful company. This success can exist attributed to the numerous strengths or advantages Tesla possesses. These include the niche or specific section of the market that Tesla has selected to target. This stood accomplished by being the first to sell automated cars. They were able to not only succeed in the sales of greener cars; but, were able to accomplish their greater vision of revolutionizing the driving experience.

    Additionally, Tesla has not only focused on electric cars but, has established a recognizable brand name. Tesla has also been able to develop and use cutting-edge technology that has allowed them to create their innovative products. Furthermore, the company also has existed granted government funding. They can obtain billions of dollars for energy management projects under the US Department of energy.

    Tesla Weaknesses;

    The company also however suffers from many weaknesses. One of these weaknesses is that Tesla has acquired major debt. Despite government funding, Tesla has spent a great portion of its funding towards research and development. Additionally, the company has expanded greatly over the past few years causing even greater debt. Their limited profits and huge debt could lead to difficulty in repaying loans resulting in a more net loss in the future. Furthermore, the company only has one manufacturing plant that has a capacity of 500,000. Making the company limited to this figure and unable to target higher volumes. Additionally, many customers are apprehensive about purchasing these highly expensive futuristic products.

    Tesla Opportunities;

    Opportunities for the company are that there is a preference for new technology. New technologies such as green vehicles could help show consumers that newer and greener technology is a good investment. Moreover, Tesla has started to expand to parts of western and northern Europe. Along with parts of Asia including China. There exist also government incentives associated with purchasing electric cars. Tesla also purchased the rights from the company Solar city. This will increase the company’s capabilities in energy storage.

    Moreover, analysts say that by 2040 54% of all cars sold on the planet will be electric. France’s minister claims that there will be a ban on all fossil fuel usage by 2040. Volvo has also claimed that it will stop the sale of all gas-only vehicles by 2019. A future of mainly electric cars serves as a huge opportunity for Tesla. This is a result of Tesla already being a widely recognizable brand and leader in this type of technology.

    Tesla Threats;

    Threats that exist associated with Tesla include an increase in the price of raw materials. This can negatively affect the company because materials such as graphite, steel, aluminum, and lithium are subject to global supply and demand. The costs of raw materials increasing cause pressure to increase the prices of Tesla products to make up for the loss in profits associated with the raw material prices increase. Additionally, government regulations can delay production and sales. Tesla may have also been too good at convincing his competition that electronification was the future. GM was able to release its Chevy Bolt months before Tesla’s Model 3.

    In short;

    Tesla owns it all. To meet order demands, however, Tesla needs to optimize the tesla supply chain network (SCN), management by identifying three top criteria that focus on supply and product manufacturing flow where the value stream of the product includes the raw materials, components, and sub-assemblies, never stop in the production process. These criteria include speed and agile processes for suppliers that can provide faster tooling lead times, raw materials, and parts, as well as having the technological collaboration with the digital supply chain the company promotes to push out updates to existing customers. Furthermore, supply chain coordination strategies, product flows, information flows, and risks mitigation is also critical factors Tesla must consider when selecting suppliers. Supplier relationship management is critical to producing products on time and on budget while reducing the impacts on manufacturing flow management.

    Case Study of Tesla Supply Chain Management Evaluation Analysis with Essay Image
    Case Study of Tesla Supply Chain Management Evaluation Analysis with Essay; Image by Blomst from Pixabay.
  • Nestle Supply Chain Management Case Study PDF Essay

    Nestle Supply Chain Management Case Study PDF Essay

    Case Study of Nestle Supply Chain Management PDF Essay with 4 Project; Supply chain management has gained its importance in serving business operations and being part of the strategic management of the business. Its role has stood shifted from being a support department to being the core department of business with strategic importance and role to play in the overall operations of the business. In a modern business world, no organization can sustain itself without having well-established, effective, and efficient nestle supply chain management. The role of vendors along with vendor management with the introduction of information technology is an important consideration for organizations.

    Here is the article to explain, the Nestle Supply Chain Management Case Study PDF Essay with 4 Projects!

    Nestle Supply Chain Management Case Study PDF download; Now with the increase of strategic importance of supply chain management the service provider is now becoming a partner to the organization, rather than being just the vendor. The factor influencing the competitive advantage of the organization is now having better vendor management and vendor relations in the list. Therefore in the coming years, the importance of supply chain management stands expected to increase with the increase in competition and globalization.

    To understand the strategic nestle supply chain management case study pdf, key concepts, and use of information technology to maintain vendor relationships; this report presents one of the leading FMCG companies Nestle. Their products range is wide and the concentration of this report is on the organization’s Pakistan operations. Since Pakistan is part of their global supply chain operations but for their milk products; they have to rely on the local milk suppliers who are not very much educated and well equipped. Therefore managing them is a challenge for the organization; and, the same challenge and its handling is under study in this report. There are some recommendations also given at the end so that improvements can exist made in the local supply chain.

    Project Part 01;

    Current Supply Chain Strategies in Nestle;

    In these lines, I shall be looking at the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistan’s operation and would not be discussing the global supply chain management of the organization. The organization has remarkable production facilities in the country; and, they have also enjoyed a healthy market share for the last few decades. One of the reasons for the success of the organization is its vendor management and intelligent distribution system.

    The market in Pakistan stands mostly dependent upon the distribution network and the same has existed managed by the organization in recent years by having excellent relationships with their channel members and logistics. Their distribution network makes sure that every product exists distributed in the required areas at the required time and the demand and supply do not have any gap. Their distribution setup exists synced with their production system therefore they do not have to manage the inventory of the product for a longer period. This strategy has saved the organization on the financial side moreover they have been able to provide the product to the market at demand.

    The second side of their nestle supply chain management is their vendor management, they have applied the just-in-time management concept in their raw material procurement and vendors are very well synced with the procurement, and procurement exists synced with the production and other support departments. This just in time management has also saved the organization the inventory management cost of the raw material and they can maintain a very low level of the inventory. Their vendor exists also required to make sure that their raw material reaches the organization on time.

    Use of IT to Maintain Vendor Relationships;

    Information technology is serving organizations to manage their business operations in different ways; the same concept can also exist applied to manage vendor relationships with Nestle Pakistan’s operations.

    The organization can design a procurement network that stands integrated with the various departments of the organization. And the procurement department can have information technology-based applications that also integrate with the systems of the vendors and exist automated. By using this system organizations have the concept of just in time management applied in full spirit and the vendors will also be aware of the production schedules of the organization and they will be able to plan their delivery and their production planning according (Hugos, 2006).

    The above-mentioned scenario will make it easy and convenient for the vendors to do business with the organization; and, they will have better relationships with the organization and will continue to do business with them. By having these relationships with the organization they will be able to be partners of the company.

    Project Part 02;

    The assistance of IT in the Supply Chain;

    The use of information technology can assist a great deal in the management of the supply chain in the case of Nestle Pakistan operations. In the global supply chain, nestle is making use of supply chain management tools that exist supported by the latest technology available. These tools can integrate different parts of the supply chain that includes the just-in-time management of raw materials, automation of order generation to vendors and the logistics of raw material from a vendor to the warehouse, and the distribution of the finished goods to the different channels.

    Previously all the above-mentioned parts of the supply chain existed disintegrated or in some organizations, these parts stood partially integrated. Now information technology has made it possible and easy to manage all these parts of the supply chain from one terminal and these parts and integrated with more automation. An example of this integration is simple, once the inventory level reaches the pre-defined minimum for the raw material at the production facility, then the order management system which stands connected to the inventory management system, automatically generated orders to the pre-defined vendors. The order receiving systems of vendors stand connected with the procurement systems of the organization.

    After the vendor stands intimated, they manage to supply the required stuff and required quantity to the organization’s warehouse; which exists already intimated for the order delivery. All this process exists done via an integrated system which calls ERP. The application of these information technology tools makes the organization able to save their time and management resources and make the vendor the partners of the organization above all this usage of IT bring automation in the processes which is the requirement of production-oriented organizations.

    Effectiveness of IT in Management of Supply Chain in Nestle;

    When we talk about effectively using the information technology in the Pakistan market with local vendors; we see that our case company has been able to improve a lot in recent years. Since the market of Pakistan is still in the developing phase and modern management; and, information technology practices are yet to exist adapted in this market. Since Nestle for their business requires a team of vendors that can provide timely supplies; therefore they had to work hard to induct the modern practices in their supply chain about the market conditions.

    Apart from the current IT tools to help the organization gain the best out of Nestle supply chain management case study pdf; there is a function in which information technology; and, its use can play an important part in the management of the business, and which is still to exist explored. This area is related to the supply chain management of their milk products. For their milk brand which exists called “MILK PAK,” they need to collect the milk from farm and village areas of the market as the milk production stands mostly done in the rural areas of Pakistan.

    Their milk collection process exists done on daily basis and it is still on a manual basis. There can be the use of information technology by using this they can maintain the database of their milk vendors which are small, geographically distributed, and dispersed in locations. Moreover, they can also use information technology to locate their collection van using global positioning systems and install trekkers in them so that they can make sure the safety of the milk and the vans.

    Project Part 03;

    Role of Logistics in Supply Chain;

    Logistics has an important role to play in the overall nestle supply chain management of any organization. Logistics are the activities that stand designed to keep the goods or services moving from one destination to the other destination. This movement of goods or services can be related to the raw material needed for a production setup, and its movement would be from vendor premises to the organizational premises this movement can also be related to the movement of the finished good from the organizational production facility to the channel member facility.

    In the overall management of the supply chain, the logistics part has its importance. Since the production-oriented business is all about timing. If the raw material is not available to the production facility then the whole production cycle will get disturbed; and, similarly if the finished good exists not reached to the channel members; then they will not be able to distribute it on time and the result will be the complete failure of the business plan.

    Consideration for any organization would be to have the logistics set up planned and implemented that is consuming less cost of operations; moreover, which stands integrated with the supply and demand channels of the organization. The ability to design such a logistics setup helps the organization to achieve its supply chain objectives by putting a minimum cost to it. The success of any supply chain management is dependent upon the design of logistics, the smarter the design; which can serve maximum in minimum cost the better the performance of supply chain roles will be. The focus of our case organization is to design a global logistics channel; that can satisfy global business needs at minimum costs. And they have been able to handle this challenge smartly.

    Evaluation of Procurement Practices in Nestle;

    Procurement practices in Nestle global, as well as Nestle Pakistan, exist streamlined and working on smarter management concepts. It would not be wrong to say that one of the success factors for their profitability in Pakistan is their vendor relations and smart procurement. Nestle Pakistan has to procure different good and services from different kinds of vendor for their operations; these good ranges from the raw material for their finished good; as well as the supplies for the support departments like marketing. The overall philosophy of Nestle Pakistan procurement is to focus on quality as well as business efficiency.

    When we talk about the milk production of the case company then we see that the procurement of the milk from different villagers that exist spread across Pakistan is a challenge and the organization has been able to cater to this challenge very well. The important factor in the procurement of raw milk is to make sure that milk is pure, hygienic, and fresh. These things stand made sure by designing a well-established vendor network that is responsible for the procurement of fresh milk upon the above-mentioned properties.

    Their procurement department has selected reliable and quality vendors that include small to medium-sized diaries that provide quality milk to the company. Also, Their procurement department makes sure that the milk is fresh, hygienic, and above the standards defined by the organization. Their logistics have made sure that the fresh milk reaches the production facility on daily basis. The same care and quality consciousness have existed practiced in other procurement tasks; and in short, we can say that procurement processes at the organization are of high standards.

    Factors for Improvement in Logistics & Procurement;

    Several factors are to exist considered when organizations go for reviewing and improving their logistics and procurement. The first factor that is to exist taken care of is the bargaining power of the suppliers. The higher the bargaining power of suppliers the higher will be the requirement for the organization to maintain; and, build good relationships with their suppliers. In industries where such power is with suppliers, organizations have to design their procurement process; which is supplier friendly and encourages the organizations to have good friendly relationships with their vendor; focusing on making them their partners in business and getting the competitive edge out of it.

    The second factor which is to exist taken into consideration is the cost factor; the procurement and logistics can be costly to the organization if not designed creatively. The logistics are costly when their inbound and outbound management exists not done in the way to maximize productivity. Therefore when organizations design the procurement and logistics process; they should keep in mind the cost of procuring the goods and services along with the distribution cost of the good should be minimum. These costs include the time and resources costs as well.

    Another important consideration is related to the integration of procurement and logistics with the rest of the business operation. Organizations when improving these processes should also make sure that the maximum integration is possible with other departments like production. They should be working on the automation of the processes that should manage by the single hub. This way the costs of operations will be minimum and automation and integration of all the operations will save time and increase efficiency in the business processes. They should also make sure that integration also includes the vendors.

    Project Part 04;

    Strategy for the Improvement of Supply Chain;

    Presented below is a brief overview of the strategy that can exist used to improve the supply chain management of the organization. The focus of the strategy is to improve the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistan’s operations. While reviewing this strategy it should exist kept in mind that Pakistan is a developing country; and, their vendor management and logistics operations are being run on old school management. The mentioned below points are focusing on vendor management and to increase the use of information technology to bring overall improvement.

    First of all the organization should work on vendor relationship management; up till now the balance of power was with the organizations in the Pakistani market; but, with the introduction of the global economy and open market more players are entering Pakistan, and now the importance of vendors is increasing. Keeping this view in mind Nestle should be working on increasing the organization and vendor integration and they should exist made business partners. This can exist done via having automation and integration with vendor systems; and simply keeping them motivated to be partners with the organization.

    The second improvement which exists required is to start the use of information technology in their supply chain management process. Up till now, the organization is using the information technology internally; but they have to move out and make their vendor also use this tool. One can argue that current vendors are not that advance in using technologies; but, I would say that organizations would have to educate; their vendors and make them part of their organizational process; this way they will be able to achieve a true partnership; with their suppliers and the operations of the supply chain will improve a great deal.

    Benefits of Improvement to Business Operations;

    The improvements suggested above have different benefits to the organizational business operations, these benefits range from operation to strategic benefits. The first benefit that organizations will have is that; they will have a strategic competitive advantage by partnering with the suppliers of the raw material of their products. The business era is changing the market and now other players are also entering into the same market; now the competitive advantage will be with the organizations; which have a strategic partnership with their suppliers as well. The increases in the competition have also made the suppliers aware of their important role; and, they are also feeling the shifting balance of power. So it will be advisable to make the partnership before others do.

    The second improvement is related to the use of information technology in supply chain management; and, it has many benefits for the organization. First of all the organization will be able to achieve the integration between different departments playing their part in the value chain. Once this exists done it will save time and financial resources to the organization; as the processes will streamline and efficiency will increase. The second benefit of the IT usage will be that vendors and suppliers can also make part of the organizational processes; and with that supply chain, overall and procurement processes in specific will improve. This will again help the organization to get business efficiency.

    The third benefit is related to the distribution part of the supply chain, organizations will; with the usage of information technology, have the most streamlined distribution network; when they have partnered with their channel members, and this will also help in the improvement of the business.

    Overcoming the Barriers to Change in Improvement Strategy;

    Whenever there is a strategic change barriers are always there. These barriers are to be removed with the creation of understanding and delegation. The first process is to make the management understand that; what are the benefits of the new strategy advised for the strategic change in supply change management. Moreover, the management will also be informed about the challenges it has to face; if they do not adopt the required changes in the market. The top management in the first phase will make part of the process; and, the strategic importance of the change will introduce to them.

    In the second phase where the top management will already convince about the required change; the middle management will take into confidence at this stage; the vendors will also exist made part of the process; so that they are aware of their role in the organization. This stage will also be comprising the rough drafts of the change. In this process, all the vendors and relevant departs will encourage to give; their feedback about the suggested changes moreover their suggestions will also note for any improvement.

    All this discussion and delegation will create a sense of ownership in management; and, their feedback will make them realize that this is something for their benefit and they will start owing it. Once the ownership is there, the barriers to change will start reducing and fear of the unknown will remove. With this process, the implementation of the strategic change will stand made successful; and finally, the concerned departments will also provide the required training.

    Conclusion;

    In this report I have discusses various kinds of supply chain strategies; and the use of information technology to improve the supply chain. The organization selected for the analysis was Nestle Pakistan, and their supply chain strategies existed discussed briefly. The organization is having an impressive nestle supply chain management case study pdf; however, they need to concentrate on two dimensions. One solution is the concentration on making the vendors partners of the organization. The second solution is increasing the use of information technology tools to manage vendor relationships.

    Case Study of Nestle Supply Chain Management PDF Essay with 4 Project Image
    Case Study of Nestle Supply Chain Management PDF Essay with 4 Project; Image by Minn Ko Aung from Pixabay.
  • Nike Supply Chain Management Case Study Essay

    Nike Supply Chain Management Case Study Essay

    Case Study of the Nike Supply Chain Management with Essay; Nike enjoys a strong brand, well-managed distribution processes, and a compelling product offering. However, with new competitive entrants with better service and lead time, and even fashion brands moving into their market space; supply chain excellence has stood elevated in the past few years and view as a competitive weapon.

    Here is the article to explain, the Nike Supply Chain Management Case Study with Essay!

    In meeting the major object of improving customer satisfaction; this supply chain transformation focused on the customer – meeting customer product requirements, improving customer relationships, improving requested delivery.

    Supply Chain Management approach at Nike;

    The major way we see Nike supply chain management meet future needs is through virtual organizations. These will be based on intellectual capital brands, technology, new product development, new channel strategies-with operations activities largely outsourced. The counterpart will be the emergence of powerful supply chain specialists.

    We see the rise of such concepts already. Nike, selling $9 billion worth of athletic shoes annually; does so without owning any factories itself, performance, and reducing claims and cancellations to lower inventory holding costs. Focused on actual point-of-sale demand, processes are being transformed from the retail shelf backward, to achieve a leveled flow of product throughout the supply chain. Demand planning processes are also being redesigned from the retail perspective, and “retail reality” is incorporated in product design.

    Their delivery precision roadmap includes a playbook of prioritized initiatives, with executive sponsorship, including demand/supply matching, improving sales catalog accuracy, streamlining distribution center operations, and optimizing processes globally. They have also created a governance board that sets the strategies, prioritizes the initiatives, and drives company-wide execution based upon standardized processes and platforms.

    Several overarching principles of Nike’s supply chain transformation include:

    • focus on the vital few prioritize investments aligned with business strategy and return.
    • simplify end-to-end: drive out waste & complexity from the process first, then enable.
    • avoid customization: standardize solutions to improve processes.
    • copy-paste companywide: replicate best practices across business units, regions, and brands.
    • lead the change: invest in project & transition management.
    • accelerate the pace: respond quickly to new business needs, and.
    • deliver business results: finish what we start through business benefits achievement.

    Strategy to Nike’s Global Manufacturing;

    An important part of Nike’s supply chain management strategy is using several different global manufacturing resources to its advantage. Nike does this for many different reasons. Most importantly, it allows them to take advantage of various economic atmospheres across the world; as well as utilize the industrial strengths of different countries.

    Key features for Manufacturing;

    Nike’s supply chain strategy heavily emphasizes the use of multiple sourcing partners. As a result, Nike is always shopping for new and more productive manufacturing sites around the world. In this shopping process, Nike is looking for, among other things, inexpensive labor, low import taxes, and high levels of efficiency in the manufacturing process. To maintain these important parts of their strategy, Nike officials are located at all foreign factories.

    Challenges to Managing a Global Supply Chain;

    Nike has run into several different challenges in its attempts to continue its global manufacturing strategy and supply chain management. One of the major problems was achieving a level of cooperation with foreign manufacturers. An obvious reason for this is the language barrier between Nike officials and foreign workers. However, some issues were more complex than this.

    At times, there were significant initial costs relating to updating the technology in the manufacturing facilities. Traveling costs by Nike officials to these foreign locations began to add up; while many countries lacked the infrastructure and accounting capabilities to control costs. Nike has attempted production in Europe as well as multiple locations in Asia.

    Nike began producing in Europe because of the trade restrictions existing in China and the level of difficulty to do business in China. However, European manufacturers were never able to reach the efficiency of Asian sites, even when quotas, duties, and manufacturing costs exist considered. This is largely because of Asia’s inexpensive labor.

    Overcoming Challenges of Global Optimization;

    Nike has been successful in overcoming these problems in several different ways. Nike can utilize a small number of partners that have many positive characteristics including infrastructure, material resources, technical know-how, labor-management, and operational experience. This allows Nike to minimize the risk of losing technology to less reliable subcontractors. Nike has built valuable, long-term relationships with these partners.

    These relationships didn’t necessarily ensure the lowest costs, but in return, Nike gained shorter lead times for delivery, increased quality, and the ability to manufacture innovative products. Nike has also come up with a concept to diversify production equally between facilities in five different countries. This way, Nike could easily shift production from one country to another; if political instability or trade restrictions in a certain country caused any problems for them.

    Product Design;

    Nike has been designing all of its products in-house since it launched its name-branded shoes in 1971. Nike employs 400 people for the design and development of footwear, apparel, and sports equipment located at headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. Globalization has led Nike to understand that different countries have other performance desires.

    Such as in Japan where runners prefer shoes lighter and with a lower profile to the traditional designs made by Nike. As a result, Nike plans on opening a research and design department in Japan. Developing foreign markets may require more than American-based designs to satisfy public expectations resulting in Nike having to consider designing internationally.

    Performance;

    Nike thrives on a design that is not only cosmetically pleasing but designs that focus on performance. Whether designers are making custom shoes for athletes or the public, high performance is the issue. Striving to lighten, increase responsiveness, fit, support, injury protection, and cushioning are all factors involved in the design process.

    Often products stand designed for such athletes as Michael Jordan that focus on improving success on the court. Designers will meet several times a year with Jordan to develop the right design that eventually may exist applied to all of Nike’s shoes to increase performance abroad.

    Concept to Prototype;

    To proceed to a final prototype, the design must undergo numerous interrogations. The “Concept Review” is a group of managers from various departments who comment on the qualities of the shoe in the design phase. Critical points often reviewed are: meeting marketing expectations, competitive pricing, profitability, performance, applied technology, and does it compete with products at the same price? After approval, the design goes from illustration to a three-dimensional sample.

    Creating the sample will exist done either at headquarters or one of the Asian manufacturing sites depending on the design’s complexity. Developing the upper part of the shoe includes a designer working with the engineering group to produce what typically totals over forty pieces. Whereas the bottom of the shoe might stand made of clay or wood but when put together with the upper, will be a three-dimensional representation of the drawing. Some samples can go through up to fifteen design changes with the result of a sample in every color that has existed planned.

    Manufacturing;

    The manufacturing plant produces a set of samples with the real materials to exist sent back to headquarters for final approval. The approval consists not only of the samples but consideration of the entire seasonal product lines mix, redesigns, and prices.

    After approval, the plant begins to commercialize the product for mass production including scaling to all the required sizes and the development of the volume production process. After all the processes have been determined, the manufacturer orders materials needed for production based on Nike’s forecasts.

    Order/Inventory Philosophy;

    Nike’s order/inventory management system is based on long-term future forecasts. Nike has established a “futures” program that rewards retailers with significant discounts if orders are placed six months in advance. Nike uses these orders as a basis for global demand.

    This demand information exists used to set production levels at Nike’s various manufacturing locations worldwide. The manufacturers will produce the demanded quantity of goods and distribute them to the retailers within one month of the expected delivery date.

    Order/Inventory Management;

    There are many limits and vulnerabilities to this strategy. Nike accepts all “future” orders without considering its manufacturer’s production capacities and promises delivery within one month of the requested delivery date. Nike attempts to remedy this flaw by ordering their manufacturers to produce up to 55% for the anticipated level of goods before any demand information is available and sometimes up to four months in advance of receiving any orders.

    They then add to production when the “futures” information becomes available. Unfortunately, if there has been an excess inventory of products produced before the demand information is available, then Nike will have to pay its manufacturers for the goods they produced or partly produced, even though there is no demand for them.

    Effectiveness of strategy;

    Nike’s current strategy for managing its ordering and inventory is not effective. Long lead times associated with Nike’s order/inventory policies are a major vulnerability to managing demand. Lead time for orders Nike places with its manufacturers is around four months.

    In addition, Nike pre-orders four months in advance because its manufacturers cannot meet demand. Nike purposely does not meet the demand for high-end shoes in hopes to encourage customers into newer models. Long lead times, poor forecasts, and unmet demand add great variability to Nike’s supply chain.

    Limitations and vulnerability;

    The futures program creates significant variance because it requires production to begin ten months in advance. After all, the manufacturer’s capacity cannot meet demand in six months. Variance in the supply chain increases further when retailers are overstocked and permitted by Nike to cancel futures. With all this variance it is likely excess inventory will remain, and not uncommon for Nike to hold excess inventory on freight ships, docked and waiting for the necessary demand.

    Additional fluctuations in demand exist increased because designers do not base designs on past sales data. If high-top sneakers were not in demand and designers did not know due to a lack of information, they may develop another high-top sneaker that has no demand thus adding to the cost and overall inefficiency of the supply chain.

    Alternative Order/Inventory Strategy;

    An alternative to this ineffective strategy would be to establish a POS information system at all retail locations. This would help Nike create accurate short-term forecasts of demand that could exist delivered to manufacturers promptly.

    There is also a need for Nike to establish a distribution network that will sustain a predetermined inventory level. This will decrease the bullwhip effect that is inherent in the current supply chain. Nike will have the ability to meet short-term demand with their distribution centers while accepting shipments from their manufacturers.

    Information Systems Recommendation;

    It would be advantageous for Nike to establish an ERP system to support this new strategy. This effort should stand coupled to integrate their many independent manufacturers into their ERP system. This integration would give Nike more control over the production process and better control of information.

    This information control is imperative to the future success of the organization if Nike is to manage the supply chain from the manufacturer to the retailer efficiently. If Nike were able to easily retrieve information from each level of the supply chain in real-time, they would be able to cut costs and streamline their supply chain, and manufacturers could begin production based on POS data gathered by way of the ERP system from retailers. Supply chain integration is the key to the future success of Nike.

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    Nike Supply Chain Management Case Study Essay; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.