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  • AI Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources HR with Application

    AI Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources HR with Application

    Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources (AI in HR) with an understanding of how their Application (App) works. AI is a machine-displayed Genius that simulates human conduct or questioning and can skill to resolve unique problems. AI is a mixture of Machine Learning strategies and Deep Learning. Also, AI fashions that skill in the use of substantial volumes of facts can make wise decisions.

    Here are the articles to explain, AI Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources HR with Application and their Categories!

    What is Artificial intelligence (AI)? Based on the article from Built-In, Artificial intelligence (AI) can describe as building a wide range of computers or smart machines that are capable of doing tasks that require human intelligence. There are multiple approaches to AI and with the advancements that are being set in place, almost every sector in organizations is shifting towards utilizing AI for their jobs.

    Starting in the 1950s, Alan Turning laid down the foundation of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Adding a modern approach to AI, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig developed different approaches that defined the field of AI.

    These four approaches are:

    1. Thinking humanly
    2. Thinking rationally
    3. Acting humanly
    4. Acting rationally

    Thinking humanly and rationally describes the thought processes and reasoning and acting humanly and rationally refers to the behaviors behind artificial intelligence.

    The Basic Components of Artificial Intelligence;

    Artificial Intelligence is revolutionizing how humans interact with data which then enables them to make better decisions.

    These basic components include:

    • Machine Learning
    • Neural Network
    • Deep Learning
    • Natural Language Processing
    • Computer Vision
    • Cognitive Computing

    Machine learning refers to the AI’s ability to automatically learn and improve from experience. Deep Learning is concerned with the employment of artificial networks that learn by processing data such as voice assistants like Siri. Enabling deep learning are neural networks which are computer systems that stand modeled after neural connections in the human brain.

    Cognitive computing looks to recreate the human thought process and looks to improve the interaction between humans and machines. Natural language processing enables computers to understand, recognize, and produce human speech. Computer vision identifies patterns in interpreting images such as graphs, and tables, as well as text and video.

    Different Types and Tools of Artificial Intelligence in HR;

    There are four particular types of artificial intelligence that organizations utilize in human resources. They vary from simple reactive systems to more complicated and self-aware machines. Reactive machines are very basic AI systems that only can react and can not form memories. An example is playing the computer in a simple video game such as chess or checkers. The next AI type stands for limited memory which refers to machines that can look into the past.

    An example is self-driving cars which have limited memory to identify different objects and obstacles that may be encountered on a road. The next tool called the “theory of mind”, similar to the psychological concept, this is how machines in the future will look into our behaviors while adapting and adjusting to us accordingly. Lastly, self-awareness is a type of AI that is looking to build machines that are capable of having a consciousness so that researchers can eventually build machines that are impeccable at classifying whatever they see in front of them.

    Advantages of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources;

    Forbes, Vishal Maria describes the significance and capabilities that AI can have shortly. AI has the advantages to help improve human intelligence and gaining some value from data collected. The first movers that are using AI in the workplace can experience a gain in competitive advantages. Some competitive advantages include reducing costs and removing head counts. Even though job opportunities are low, a dramatic increase can take place in the foreseeable future.

    AI will have the ability to replace jobs that require tedious problem-solving tasks and will go beyond human thought processes. This will lead to increased productivity with the use of more automation which could increase revenue in the future. The increased productivity allows organizations to make faster business decisions because the cognitive technologies from the AI are faster with their responses.

    With improved cognitive technologies and faster responses, organizations can gain insight into customers and will be able to offer customers a more personalized experience. Organizations are looking to take advantage of AI by overcoming issues related to trust and biases. Without the traditional human aspect, AI comes along with the absence of biases and possible trust issues that human-to-human interactions may encounter.

    Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources;

    Just like any implementation of any new system, there are disadvantages. Even though AI provides organizations with helpful tools to maximize efficiency, it can come with some costs. Despite the increase in revenue, there are high costs when it comes to implementing AI. Additional costs that come along with it include repair and maintenance costs. There are possibilities of a breakdown in the system, and reinstating the system will require a lot of time and costs.

    Even though AI does not have biases or trust issues, they lack the moral and emotions of a human being. AI machines can only perform the tasks that it has programmed inside of their software. If AI encounters an unfamiliar situation, it will not be able to perform the desired tasks. Without continuous upgrades, the intelligence of AI can not improve through experience, unlike humans.

    Other things

    Humans can adapt to their working environment and strive to make improvements, but AI is unable to alter its programs corresponding to changing environments. AI can create and design business plans a lot faster than humans can, but there are some drawbacks to this. Despite the powerful software of AI, it cannot match the originality and creativity that a human mind can bring. Intuition and emotional intellect are a part of management and AI does not have the capabilities to do so as of now.

    Unemployment is a major disadvantage when it comes to implementing AI in workplaces. With the replacement of humans with machines, people without the necessary skills may lead to unemployment. Organizations may replace certain jobs with AI and this can lead to displeasure from employees. Related to this topic is the increased dependence on machines will lead to employees becoming lazier and their will for creativity may vanish.

    Artificial Intelligence Companies that are being used in Human Resources Departments;

    Human resources departments are responsible for various tasks such as recruiting, selecting, and training. Whether it is searching for the best candidates, or recruiting from within a company or outside of a company, these tasks require a lot of tedious steps and processes to be completed thoroughly and properly. HR departments should look into these particular companies:

    These companies demonstrate the abilities of AI and how it can effectively help the human resources departments become more effective in their specific duties and responsibilities. Alyss Analytics is a custom AI that uses different tools to match and find candidates based on skills and intangible traits. Best hires AI is a platform that utilizes machine learning to establish the best candidates for the job. Lastly, FirstScreen is an interactive program that uses automated tools to conduct the interviewing process more effectively. What these AI technologies have in common are the ability to support HR tasks and reduce the amount of time it takes for all of these processes.

    Artificial Intelligence Application for Human resources;

    How Do The Companies Use AI For Their HR Tasks? Alyss Analytics uses facial mapping, speech content, and delivery of an interview-based video, and then the AI provides feedback on the candidate. They assess personality traits, personal characteristics such as leadership qualities, and a rating based on the interview. The AI can identify different body language and facial expressions to see how a candidate reacts under stress and in different environments and obtains a score from the interview.

    Besthires.ai AI App;

    It is an AI that uses machine learning to select the best candidates for jobs. Best hires examine the candidate’s soft skills, past performance, personality, needs, and values, and match it with the best job along with the best company-candidate fit. This AI automates each step of the recruiting process. So that companies can look at the most recommended candidate for their organization before the hiring decision. This eliminates a lot of tedious processing and changes the relationship between talent, data, and the speed of hiring.

    The first screen AI App;

    It is a company that uses voice automation AI and insight analysis tools to conduct interviews so that they can select the best candidates. This company knew that reviewing resumes and candidate screening was a long frustrating process. So they re-imagined an innovative way to restructure the recruiting process. Their AI allows candidates to do a self-serve phone screening.

    This AI has an automated phone call along with the latest in machine learning, voice recognition, call automation, and real-time analytics. Each candidate gets an equal opportunity from an automated phone call and automatically evaluates the candidates based on the job’s needs. This AI will help speed up the hiring process saving time and money for the organization.

    Categories of Artificial Intelligence AI Applications;

    Today, AI is used in a range of ways. It is turning into an increasing number of essentials in this technology of superior tech. As it can successfully cope with complicated problems in a large array of areas. Which include several industries such as robotics, defense, transport, healthcare, marketing, automotive, business, gaming, banking, chatbots, etc.

    AI Applications in Robotics;

    The discipline of robotics includes the designing and introduction of computerized machines or robots in such a way that they possess the capability to function duties on their own. Nowadays, robots are turning into extra and greater superior and environment friendly in undertaking duties besides human intervention. This is because AI equipment and strategies are specially designed for the area of robotics. Advanced robots consist of sensors, high-definition cameras, voice awareness devices, etc.

    These robots are successful in mastering their previous errors and experiences and adjusting the algorithms to the environment. AI is an extraordinarily beneficial device for robotic applications. When it is mixed with superior devices, it can assist in optimizations. It helps beautify the complicated manufacturing procedure in industries such as aerospace. The packaging method in industries additionally makes use of AI to decorate productiveness and decrease the average cost.

    AI Applications in Defense;

    Defense is one of the most vital sectors for AI’s contributions. Defense protection structures can be prone to assaults from hackers to steal exclusive authority or protection data. This can show to be unsafe in any country. The guide identification and processing of uncommon things to do may additionally now not observe conceivable threats. And can be time-consuming; this is the place the involvement of AI proves to be of wonderful use.

    The evaluation of massive quantities of facts will become handy with the assistance of AI. AI equipment assists in discovering suspicious activity. AI algorithms are designed in such a way that they attempt to analyze the facts and distinguish between approved get right of entry and unauthorized access. They additionally hold a tune of the security of navy databases. Any alteration(s) in the equal through an unknown supply is at once tracked down for action.

    AI Applications in Healthcare;

    These days, most healthcare agencies are relying on AI-based software programs for their everyday tasks. These duties differ from the affected person’s prognosis to health center statistics management. The quantity of records generated through the healthcare enterprise is forty-four trillion gigabytes per day. So, there is a want for AI-based superior processors that can extract, manipulate, analyze, and draw significant insights from this data. AI and ML applied sciences are doing a suitable job in the healthcare industry. The AI-based algorithms that are fed into the structures are successful sufficient to spot patterns plenty greater efficaciously than humans.

    These algorithms additionally assist in the evaluation of affected person data, as a consequence supporting the diagnosis. AI-based gadgets assist measure real-time records such as blood pressure, heartbeat, physique temperature, and a lot more. They ship the amassed records to medical doctors to analyze the patients’ fitness prerequisites from faraway locations. This can keep the time of each physician and patient. AI-based bots and assistants additionally allow a medical practitioner to store and control time for sufferers with the aid of streamlining the processes. Further, the functions of AI in Healthcare assist pathologists with the evaluation of genes and tissues. Which makes the analysis of sure illnesses extra accurate.

    AI Applications in Marketing;

    One of the key elements in strolling a profitable commercial enterprise is marketing. Proper advertising techniques lead to producing excessive profits. According to Forbes, the income generated via the advertising industry in 2019 used to be extra than US$299 million. Today, the advertising enterprise is revolutionized by way of the purposes of AI. Various industries, such as e-commerce, e-learning, advertising, media, and entertainment, use AI to enhance their profitability. Suppose, you are looking for a product on Amazon. Along with the product, it will additionally exhibit you the excellent sellers, comparable products, sorts of identical products, and a recommended-for-you listing of products.

    You ought to have additionally found that you get classified ads for comparable merchandise in your searches. Suppose, if you are looking for a unique Netflix series. Then you will get commercials and suggestions for different comparable shows. This is completed when AI-based algorithms for classified ads attempt to apprehend purchaser interests. Moreover, the research enhances their overall performance over time. This kind of computerized advertising helps in centered advertising, giving a personalized ride to customers, and boosting the businesses’ revenue.

    AI Applications in Navigation;

    Based on a lookup from MIT, GPS science can furnish users with accurate, timely, and distinctive records to enhance safety. The science makes use of an aggregate of Convolutional Neural networks and Graph Neural networks, which makes lives less complicated for customers by way of routinely detecting the range of lanes and avenues sorts at the back of obstructions on the roads. AI is closely used using Uber and many logistics groups to enhance operational efficiency, analyze avenue traffic, and optimize routes.

    AI Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources HR with Application App Image
    AI Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources HR with Application App; Image by Stefan Dr. Schulz from Pixabay.
  • What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) will continue to have a major impact on all organizations and could over time more and more grow to be a crucial part of the organization’s strategy. Various elements within the metamorphosis of ITO might exist blanketed however now not always special.

    Here is the article to explains, How to define Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    ITO has to grow to be an international phenomenon. Globalization with a few distinct drivers in technology evolution has reshaped the marketplace and given an upward thrust to the arrival of the digital age. A sustainable competitive enterprise method will want to embody this opportunity and will want to are seeking enablers to exploit it. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? IT, by the internet and broadband communications, particularly, allows an organization to fulfill this need. Further lower prices of communication, the boom in broadband capability, and web collaborations boost the technique.

    What does the meaning of Information technology (IT) outsourcing?

    Information technology (IT) outsourcing is an organizational approach of hiring 1/3-party service vendors to address the IT-associated methods of your organization. Its features encompass software improvement, infrastructure answers, technical customer support guides, and facts analytics. Most companies outsource these obligations to lessen fees, access to higher skills and simplify upscaling. IT outsourcing is the usage of external carrier vendors to successfully supply IT-enabled enterprise strategies, utility offerings, and infrastructure answers for business outcomes.

    Outsourcing, which also includes software services, software programs as a service, and cloud-enabled outsourcing, allows clients to develop the proper sourcing techniques and vision, pick out the right IT service carriers, shape the first-class possible contracts, and govern deals for sustainable win-win relationships with outside companies. Outsourcing can enable firms to lessen costs, accelerate time to market, and take benefit of outside know-how, assets, and/or intellectual property.

    Definitions of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO);

    Outsourcing has variously existed defined by scholars in the Information Systems (IS) literature as follows:

    1. “The significant contribution of external suppliers in the physical and/or human resources associated with the entire or specific component of the IT infrastructure in the user organization”.
    2. “Outsourcing occurs when third-party vendors are responsible for managing the Information Technology components on behalf of their clients. IT Outsourcing means handing over the management of some or all of an organization’s information technology (IT), systems (IS), and related services to a third party”.
    3. “…business practice in which a company contracts all or part of its information systems operations to one or more outside information service suppliers”
    4. “Outsourcing is the handover of an activity to an external supplier. It is an alternative to internal production”
    5. “IS sourcing” is the organizational arrangement instituted for obtaining IS services and the management of resources and activities required for producing these services.

    Therefore outsourcing involves the transfer of the responsibility for carrying out an activity (previously carried on internally) to an external service provider against agreed service levels at an agreed charge.

    Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) History;

    ITO has received great attention from scholars and researchers since the mid-1990. But, it’s been around for a while as per the examples below:

    • 1963 – Electronic Data Systems (EDS under Ross Perot) signs an agreement with Blue Cross for the handling of its data processing services.
    • In the mid-1980s – EDS signed contracts with Continental Airlines, First City Bank, and Enron.
    • 1989 – Kodak outsources its IS function to IBM, DEC & Businessland (“Kodak Effect”) being the most notable example.
    • More recent developments (Kern and Willcocks 2000, Ross and Westerman 2004, Kishore 2003, Kaiser 2004, Lander 2004, IBM 2004, Smith and McKeen 2004), suggest motivation is more strategic to improve the business’ competitive advantage.
    • It’s clear that ITO is not quite a new phenomenon but is increasingly more prominent in this era where it is prevalent in almost every facet of the business. The industry evolved from a monolithic mainframe to pervasive computing.
    • A survey of the London Stock Exchange FTSE Index over three years found a generally positive relationship between high levels of outsourcing and enhanced stock market performance.
    Reasons for outsourcing;

    Organizations adopt ITO for various reasons. The ever-dynamic evolution within the IT sector grants great opportunities to businesses. The following reasons were invariably most common as per numerous surveys done and researched globally:

    Cost reduction;

    This has been the foremost reason to outsource as senior executives only view the IT function as a non-core activity and a necessary cost to minimize. Economic pressures are also external factors that lead to the advent of ITO. Lacity and Willcocks explain that cost savings are no longer a major reason for outsourcing.

    Focus on core competency;

    Business deems IT as a cost center and excludes it from their core strategy. With increased shareholder demands organizations feel they need to refocus on broader business issues other than technology. Organizations place more focus on their “core competency” business.

    Access to specialist expertise and technology;

    Highly skilled labor comes at a cost and also technology is also not readily available. ITO is not only for cost savings but as a tool for utilizing state-of-the-art expertise and technology through their service providers.

    However, of late, companies with strong IT capabilities, such as IBM, Microsoft, and SUN, are also outsourcing some of their IT functions to concentrate on their core responsibilities and reduce costs to economies of scale.

    Decision Making;

    In the past, organizations used frameworks and models as guidelines for assessing their current state and determining future strategic actions. More organizations are considering ITO as part of their strategic thinking. Organizations use ITO as a method to reduce costs and achieve efficiency and flexibility. But, many don’t realize the benefits due to bad decision-making.

    ITO decision-making is a process and requires scrutiny before the existing finalize. ITO decision-making process addresses a wide range of issues, such as economic (eg., financial feasibility), technological, and political. This process starts with an in-house assessment of the IT capabilities which should highlight management activities that can potentially outsource.

    SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threats) analysis could use to substantiate the need to whether ITO can use to negate those threats and weaknesses or whether it is necessary to explore ITO. The facts gathered should include a baseline and evaluation of the current environment. Which should exist made available for executive management approval.

    Knowledge within the strategic decision at this higher level can thus be descriptive (know-what), procedural (know-how), or reasoning (know-why). Case studies within surveys conducted by M.C.Lacity, L.P.Willcocks, and D.F.Feeny published in the Sloan Management Review summarize the ITO process. The abovementioned reasons were most common in their samples.

    Scope of sourcing;

    Sourcing exists often referred to in IT literature as outsourcing. The research delineates four categories of sourcing:

    • Total outsourcing is where all IT activities including assets and management become the responsibility of a third-party vendor.
    • Total insourcing refers to the in-house management of IT activities where external or internal staff stands used with the buying in of the vendor resources to meet a temporary need. Vendor resources exist only used to supplement the internally managed teams.
    • Selective sourcing locates selected IT activities to vendors. While the customer remained responsible for delivering the result and will exist held accountable.
    • De facto insourcing uses internal IT departments to provide products and services that arise from historical precedent. Rather than from a reasoned evaluation of the IT service market.
    Considerations of sourcing;

    A critical review of the above categories found that the all-or-nothing approach ( total outsourcing) characterized by long-term (5 years or more) deals can lead to trouble after a few years as exemplified in the case studies due to:

    • Senior Management approach ITO like any other make-or-buy decision. Where ubiquitous IT applications across business functions complicate matters.
    • Lost alignment between business and IT strategies.
    • Failed promises to access new technologies.
    • Processing power cost depreciates at an average of 20 percent annually due to the IT capabilities evolvement.
    • And contractual costs soared greater than market prices.
    • Termination of such contracts was found to be prohibitively expensive.
    • The research found that those who approach ITO in all-or-nothing terms either incur great risks or forego the potential benefits of selective sourcing.
    Categories Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO);

    Reasons for ITO can be categorized as two-dimensional and based on:

    • Purchasing style refers to contracts to either be once-off or an expectation of business for many years.
    • Purchasing focus refers to companies buying resources from vendors. Such as hardware, etc, and managing the delivery of IT themselves or vendors manage the IT activity and the organization expects the specified results.
    • The result is four distinct categories will be representative of whether ITO is required as the figures represent. The figure also represents a decision matrix for business and a guide for an effective strategy.
    • A decision in selecting what can be outsourced usually distinguishes between the contribution that IT makes to the business operations and its impact on competitive advantage.
    • ITO was primarily domestic but has now evolved due to globalization and can also be categorized now by the variance of service provider distance. The same reasons apply globally to ITO.
    • On-shoring refers to the outsourcing vendor located in the same country as the customer.
    • Near-shoring refers to the outsourcing vendor located geographically close but not in the same country.
    • Off-shoring refers to the outsourcing vendor located offshore and possibly on a different continent and time zone.

    How to Managing Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    Once the scope and type have been identified. The vendor selection process will exist initiated by soliciting via Request for Proposal (RFP). Not all service providers are equal as all offer different types of services:

    • IS consultancies/solutions providers – services in all IS functions
    • Systems houses – system integration
    • Hardware vendors – hardware platform
    • Ex-IS departments – industry-specific sourcing
    • Development houses – develop software
    • Generic outsourcers – manage functions, especially infrastructure
    What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) Image
    What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? Image by fancycrave1 from Pixabay.
  • Augmented Reality (AR) Definition Characteristics Essay

    Augmented Reality (AR) Definition Characteristics Essay

    Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that connects the digital and material planets to make a virtual experience. Operating an instrument camera, digital content such as graphics, sound, and video, stands displayed on-screen to deliver augmented experiences. Unlike virtual reality, augmented reality isn’t a fully immersive, synthetic experience. Instead, it’s comprised of virtual elements placed in your direct surroundings. Apps for mobile or desktop that use augmented reality technology to mix digital features into the real environment.

    Here is the article to explain, Augmented Reality (AR) Meaning Definition Characteristics Types Essay!

    Augment Reality is the full name of the technology. For instance, AR technology can use to overlay score overlays on televised sports plays and to pop out 3D pictures, texts, and emails.

    What do you understand about Augmented Reality? Meaning and Definition;

    Augmented reality is a computer system that can combine the real world and computer-generated data. With this system, virtual objects stand blended into real footage in real-time. Thus, we can imagine the high potential that this technology might have if applied in the field of education. In augmented reality, the computer works as a mirror. With a camera and a black and white printed marker, we transmit to the computer the angle and coordinates about an object.

    Thus real elements stand mixed with virtual elements in real-time, and in the same way, as in a mirror, the image appears inverted on the screen; which makes orientation a very complicated task. Virtual models can exist animated and multiplied. With this technology, we can create and combine animated sequences to control a virtual object and share the interaction with others.

    In the field of education, we can use this technology to create interactive 3-D books that respond to changes in the angle of observation. From the beginning, the advertising companies were the first to use this system using interactive web-based augmented reality applications. Because of its potential, augmented reality will exist widely applied in fields; such as architecture, surgery, simulations, geology, and ecology among others.

    How does Augmented Reality (AR) work?

    The basic process of creation in augmented reality is to create virtual models that will exist stored in a database. After this, the model will stand retrieved from the mentioned database, rendered, and registered into the scene. Sometimes, this process implies serious difficulties in many area applications. The virtual content must exist stored on the database and also published as printed material, containing an index to our database. This communication to the database increases the complexity of the virtual model as final work.

    To avoid these difficulties is necessary to fully encode our virtual content in a bar code; which is not understandable to a human without using a specific augmented reality system. When captured by an AR system, the virtual models exist then extracted from the incoming image.

    Embedding —> Acquisition —> Extraction —> Registration —> Rendering

    The virtual model stands created and printed. This printed representation exists then acquired by the augmented reality device. After, the virtual models exist extracted from the acquired image. Finally, the virtual models stand registered onto the scene and rendered.

    Besides adding virtual objects into the real world, AR must be able to remove them. Desirable systems would be those that incorporate sound to broaden the augmented experience. These systems should integrate headsets equipped with microphones to capture incoming sound from the environment; thus having the ability to hide real environmental sounds by generating a masking signal.

    Features or Characteristics of Augmented Reality (AR);

    The following Augmented Reality Features or Characteristics below are;

    Haptic Technology;

    The main goal of AR is the interactivity between the user and virtual objects. HT is the system that allows the user to have tactile experiences within immersive environments. With this system, the user interacts with the virtual environment through an augmented system. To bring realism to these interactions, the system must allow the user to feel the touch of surfaces, textures, and the weight and size of virtual objects.

    With haptic devices, mass can exist assigned to virtual elements so that the weight and other qualities of the object can exist felt in the fingers. This system requires complex computing devices endowed with great power. Furthermore, the system must recognize the three-dimensional location of fiducial points in the real scene.

    Position-Based Augmented Reality;

    For correct compensation between the virtual and real image, the system must represent both images in the same frame of reference by using sensitive calibration and measurement systems to determine the different coordinate frames in the AR system. This system measures the position and orientation of the camera concerning the coordinate system of the real world. These two parameters determine the world-to-camera transform, C. We can quantify the parameters of camera-to-image, P, by calibrating the video camera. Finally, the third parameter, O, stands computed by measuring the position and orientation of the virtual object in the real world, existing rendered and combined with the live video.

    Computer Vision for Augmented Reality;

    Augmented Reality uses computer vision methods to improve performance. Thus, the system eliminates calibration errors by processing the live video data. Other systems invert the camera projection to obtain an approximation of the viewer pose. Recently, a mixed-method uses fiducial tracking; which stands combined with a magnetic position tracking system that determines the parameters of the cameras in the scene. Currently, the problems of camera calibration exist solved by registering the virtual objects over the live video.

    Animation;

    If we want an AR system to be credible, it must have the ability to animate the virtual elements within the scene. Thus, we can distinguish between objects moving by themselves and those whose movements exist produced by the user. These interactions exist represented in the object-to-world transform by multiplication with a translation matrix.

    Portability;

    Since the user can walk through large spaces, Augmented Reality should pay special attention to the portability of its systems, far from controlled environments, allowing users to walk outdoor with comfort. This stands accomplished by making the scene generator, the head-mounted display, and the tracking system capable of being autonomous.

    Types and Categories of Augmented Reality;

    There are several types of augmented reality in use today. From marketing to gaming, there are a lot of businesses in the exploration phase of utilizing this emerging technology. The question is… how? Easier asked than answered. To get a better understanding of how you can use AR, let’s walk through the different types and see examples of each.

    Marker-based;

    Marker-based AR uses markers to trigger an augmented experience. The markers, often made with distinct patterns like QR codes or other unique designs, act as anchors for the technology. When a marker in the physical world exists recognized by an augmented reality application, the digital content stands placed on top of it. Marker-based augmented reality stands commonly used for marketing and retail purposes. Think business cards that speak and brochures that move.

    In this example, marker-based AR is existing used for retail purposes in someone’s home. Imagine if you could see what your new bathroom vanity would look like before you buy it. Plus, with this application, you can swipe through the various sink options to see what looks best in the space.

    Markerless;

    Marker-less AR is more versatile than marker-based AR as it allows the user to decide where to put the virtual object. You can try different styles and locations completely digitally, without having to move anything in your surroundings. Markerless augmented reality relies on the device’s hardware, including the camera, GPS, digital compass, and accelerometer, to gather the information necessary for the AR software to do its job.

    In this example, the virtual car can stand positioned anywhere, regardless of the surrounding area. You can customize the Mustang itself, adjust and rotate the view, and learn additional product information. The following types of augmented reality technically fall under the umbrella of markerless AR in that they don’t need a physical marker to trigger the digital content.

    Location-based;

    Location-based AR ties digital content and the experience it creates to a specific place. The objects exist mapped out so that when a user’s location matches the predetermined spot it exists displayed on the screen. The game that brought augmented reality to the masses, Pokemon Go, is an example of location-based AR. The experience brings virtual Pokemon to our world through your smartphone and users exist encouraged to find as many of the characters as possible.

    Superimposition;

    Superimposition AR recognizes an object in the physical world and enhances it in some way to provide an alternate view. This can include recreating a portion of the object or the whole thing in its entirety. In this example, the chair stands copied, rotated, and placed in another location around the table. The user can do so many things with this technology, like decide if they want to have four chairs and a little elbow room or if they can comfortably seat six at the same table.

    Projection-based;

    Projection-based AR is a little different than the other types of markerless augmented reality. Namely, you don’t need a mobile device to display the content. Instead, light projects the digital graphics onto an object or surface to create an interactive experience for the user. Yes, that’s right, holograms! Projection-based AR stands used to create 3D objects that can interact with the user. It can exist used to show a prototype or mockup of a new product, even disassembling each part to better show its inner workings.

    Outlining;

    Outlining AR recognizes boundaries and lines to help in situations when the human eye can’t. Also, Outlining augmented reality uses object recognition to understand a user’s immediate surroundings. Think about driving in low light conditions or seeing the structure of a building from the outside. This example of outlining AR tells the driver exactly where the middle of the lane is to keep them out of harm’s way. Similar applications include parking your car and having the boundaries outlined so that you can see exactly where the parking space is.

    What does Augmented Reality for Education?

    The use of Augmented Reality in school promotes teamwork and allows viewing of three-dimensional models to students; which facilitates the task of learning through a fun and interactive process. Likewise, this system can exist applied to a wide variety of learning areas outside the educational field. Among the reasons that make AR attractive to exist applied in educational centers, we find, among others, the interaction between virtual and real environments; the easy manipulation of objects within the virtual environment, and the ease of movement from one space to another in real-time.

    Through the use of HMDs, AR promotes team communication, showing the possible gestures and other communication signals from the students of the group. All this information view by students on their screens, which facilitates interpersonal communication. This allows this form of collaboration to exist seen more like face-to-face communication than isolated communication through displays on the HMD screen.

    In these collaborative environments, the information taken from the real world is socially shared in the virtual space. The advantage of using AR systems instead of other technologies is that results are highly intuitive for people; who have no experience with other computer systems. Thus, even the youngest students can enjoy a fun interactive experience.

    Fantasy Interfaces;

    Little children often fantasize about being actors in a fairy tale. With AR, we can make this fantasy a reality, by using a book with markers that acts as the primary interface. Thus, we can turn the pages, read the text, and we can see also three-dimensional animations that tell us the story better. These 3D models are embedded in the page of the book so the child can see the animations from any point of view, moving them from different angles. These animations can be adapted to any size of the book so that reading becomes a very fun and immersive experience.

    These systems can be used at any educational level, making the learning process a very engaging task. To apply this system successfully, educators should collaborate with the developers of these applications to find the best way to apply it in school environments.

    Future directions;

    Future monitoring systems will be more robust and will incorporate mixed media to remedy the mistakes of registration. These systems will fully reproduce the scenes in real-time within the HMD. Moreover, future AR systems will offer users the ability to walk in great outdoor spaces.

    To achieve this, these systems will have to evolve towards better portability. To a greater sense of immersion, these systems should also incorporate 3D sound systems. As for the political and social dimensions, through the gradual introduction of Augmented Reality in the daily tasks of our lives, it will be more accepted by people. Gradually, we will see that this system allows the users to make; their work easier and faster instead of being seen as a system that replaces human workers.

    Conclusion;

    Augmented Reality is less technologically-advanced than Virtual Reality Systems, but by contrast, AR is much more commercial. Nowadays, AR can exist found in research laboratories and academic centers. The next development of AR will be initially on aircraft manufacturing. On the other hand; its introduction to the medical field will take longer than in other areas. AR will probably be used in medical training before surgery.

    Another area where AR will develop strongly in the coming years will be in tours through outdoor environments by wearing a Head-mounted display, facilitating the development of advanced navigation systems and visualizations of past and future environments. These systems will make the orientation a much easier task. AR systems will also include 3D maps displaying information about the elements we´re looking at; and, their dimensions and will show the easiest way to reach that destination.

    Regarding the application of AR in education, the lesson will be better understood by visualizations of history, geography, anatomy, and sciences in general that will make the learning process much easier. After solving the basic problems of Augmented Reality, advanced virtual elements will be developed that will be perceived as realistic as the real world. To achieve this purpose, the conditions of lighting, texturing, shading, and registration will be almost perfect; so we will wear a pair of glasses outdoors that will show us realistic virtual elements with which we will interact normally.

    Augmented Reality (AR) Meaning Definition Characteristics Types Essay Image
    Augmented Reality (AR) Meaning Definition Characteristics Types Essay!
  • Best Business Continuity Management Software and Solutions

    Best Business Continuity Management Software and Solutions

    Best Business Continuity Management Software with Top BCMS Solutions and Suggestions. Business continuity management software helps companies identify and address potential disruptions in their operations. This type of software is used to ensure the continuous flow of a company’s business by identifying risks, assessing their potential for destruction, and implementing procedures to mitigate them. CopyTex Business Solutions; Organizations also use business continuity management software for compliance purposes.

    Here is the article to explain, Best Business Continuity Management Software (BCMS) Top Solutions and Suggestions.

    Business continuity management software is primarily used by compliance and risk management professionals and by departments responsible for quality and safety management. Companies typically implement business continuity management software as part of their management, risk, and compliance strategies.

    The meaning and definition of business continuity management software.

    Business continuity software, often also known as business continuity management, is a category of applications that help companies optimize their processes and avoid data loss. Also, Business continuity includes risk management; Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Recovery; and in-depth knowledge of potential business problems and weaknesses.

    While most business continuity management platforms focus on disaster recovery; and, other critical data protection functions; business continuity as a general theme covers more than just sensitive company information or files. Risk minimization also includes preparation for unforeseen events; such as the departure of an employee from the company or termination of a partnership by a third-party organization.

    “An ounce of prevention consumes a pound of cure,” says Benjamin Franklin.

    Business continuity can also include improving project progress, how documents are stored, and financial management. Also, A business continuity plan must take into account the company’s dependencies: which projects, tasks, and employees depend on each other.

    Business continuity, when implemented properly, can save businesses money. If another server or machine goes down, a business continuity platform offers a way to save money because the company already has a backup plan. Technical failures, in particular, are very costly business accidents, and even brief failures can result in thousands of dollars in losses.

    Business continuity management software category.

    Business continuity management software can be provided as a stand-alone solution or as part of the management, risk, and compliance package. When used separately, this type of software can be integrated with risk management solutions, disaster recovery, quality management software, and emergency notification software.

    To be eligible for inclusion in the Business Continuity Management category, products must:

    • Integrating enterprise sustainability, recovery, and disaster functions.
    • Provision of standard continuity programs as well as customizable plans.
    • Also, the Provision of a workflow for the implementation of a crisis management plan.
    • Warn internal and external users in case of an accident.
    • Assessing potential violations of various types of risk, and.
    • Assess the effectiveness of business continuity activities.

    How to buy business continuity management software?

    As the scope of business continuity extends to many parts of your business; there are many potential platform features to consider. Ideally, business continuity software should:

    • Have a good technical support team. If software problems arise, especially because business continuity often has to react quickly to disasters; you need a fast and qualified support team.
    • You have strong and reliable cybersecurity. Most business continuity and disaster recovery protect data and prevent and respond to security breaches; so, software with dubious security features cannot be trusted.
    • You have a good Recovery Goal (RPO). RPO measures how much data loss or downtime a company can handle before it actually suffers a loss. For example, if a sensitive file update was lost three hours ago; but, the RPO is backed up every four hours and no changes have been made since then, the company has suffered no real loss. The term RPO is often used to describe how often archives are scheduled. However, it does show how much loss or downtime a company can take and still operate without any real danger.
    • Become a hybrid cloud provider if your company is migrating to the cloud or if it still has on-premises hardware. Hybrid clouds are generally a good choice overall as they provide business flexibility and room for expansion.

    Compare business continuity management software.

    We pride ourselves on providing unbiased customer satisfaction feedback in our ratings and reviews. We don’t allow paid placement in our reviews, ratings, or reports. Learn more about our scoring methods.

    Oracle Risk Management Cloud:

    Use Oracle RMC (Oracle GRC Cloud) with built-in Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to automate advanced analytics for ERP role design, segregation of duties (SOX), data confidentiality (GDPR), and financial fraud prevention.

    Fusion Framework System:

    Its platform, the Fusion Framework System, is the foundation for operational resilience. The Fusion Framework provides a simple, visual, and interactive way to analyze every aspect of your business so you can identify individual sources of failure, key risks, and the appropriate actions you need to take to reduce their impact.

    iGrafx:

    We believe that process is at the heart of everything. Our business transformation platform turns your processes into a valuable asset portfolio. Leveraging the power of process knowledge, iGrafx provides the most comprehensive business transformation solutions for process retrieval and discovery, RPA support and workflow automation, customer experience, management, risk, compliance, and more.

    SAI360:

    Global Risk, Ethics, and Compliance SAI enable clients to focus on developing effective integrated risk management solutions using a combination of software and learning content. Together with our experience, companies can build and promote a strong risk and compliance culture, make safer decisions with a unified view of management, risk, and compliance, achieve readiness to control business processes and strengthen employee ethics and behavior.

    Arcserve Continuous Availability:

    Arcserve Replication and High Availability (RHA) provide real-time asynchronous replication technology for live migration and continuous data protection across hardware and environments. Confidently enforce the most stringent Service Level Agreements (SLA) by continuously replicating data at the file system level of files/folders and applications and full physical/virtual systems with automated server rhythms to ensure that they continue to operate.

    Flexible and scalable business continuity management software.

    Quantitative business continuity software has an easy-to-use interface that allows you to quickly create plans for BC, DR, pandemic, and crisis management with minimal effort. Also, The point, click and configure your way to a business continuity management solution that fits your needs.

    Increase your return on investment with integrated business continuity planning software.

    Why buy multiple modules for your BC/DR process? A software solution for business continuity and disaster recovery should contain all the necessary tools for BC/DR planning. Quantitative business continuity software increases your return on investment with a complete platform for all your business continuity planning and management needs. The Quantivate Business Continuity / Disaster Recovery system supports your data throughout the BCP process; you don’t need to manually enter data into separately purchased modules. Quantitative business continuity includes:

    • Risk assessment (threat and vulnerability analysis).
    • Also, Business Impact Analysis (BIA).
    • Strategy and solution development.
    • Develop a plan.
    • Treatment schedule.
    • Practice.
    • Emergency notification (SMS, email, voice transmission), and.
    • Incident management.
    Easy adaptation of plans and ready-made templates.

    Quantitative business continuity and disaster recovery include question-based plan templates that increase your efficiency, engage your employees, and get them thinking. With an easy-to-use word-processing interface, this software ensures that your plans can be created in hours, not days. Plus, you can save more time with custom pre-made templates that allow you to focus on important BC/DR plan details rather than on unnecessary tasks. Also, Available BC/DR plan templates include:

    • Business and Operations Continuity.
    • Pandemic flu.
    • Application disaster recovery.
    • Platform recovery.
    • Also, Server recovery.
    • Data-center recovery, and.
    • Crisis management (with or without incident management system elements).
    Best Business Continuity Management Software and Solutions Image
    Best Business Continuity Management Software and Solutions; Image by 200 Degrees from Pixabay.
  • What are the different Branches of Psychology? Explain

    What are the different Branches of Psychology? Explain

    Different branches of psychology: First realize, what’s Psychology? People use the term psychological, mental or psychic or psycho, etc., very freely. But many of these who use these terms are far away from having a true understanding of nature, scope, methods, and uses of psychology as a science. Today, psychology finds useful applications in an individual’s life almost from the womb to the tomb; psychology essay writing topics.

    Here are Explain the various Categories or Branches of Psychology.

    The commoner is extremely much conscious of the uses of other sciences, like physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and, statistics, in lifestyle but finds it difficult to understand the possible uses of psychology in lifestyle. Various regions of specialization in psychology have emerged over the years; a number of these discussions during this section.

    The following the various branches of Psychology below are;

    Cognitive Psychology:

    It investigates mental processes involved within the acquisition, storage, manipulation, and transformation of data received from the environment alongside its use and communication. the main cognitive processes are attention, perception, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, and language. you’ll be studying these topics later during this textbook.

    To study these cognitive procedures, psychologists conduct the exercise in laboratory settings; a number of them also follow an ecological approach, i.e. an approach which focuses on the environmental factors, to review cognitive processes during a natural setting. Cognitive psychologists often Co-operation with neuroscientists and computer scientists.

    Biological Psychology:

    Focus on the connection between behavior and therefore the physical system, including the brain and therefore the remainder of the systema nervosum, the system, and genetics. Biological psychologists often Co-operation with neuroscientists, zoologists, and anthropologists. Neuropsychology has emerged as a region of investigation where psychologists and neuroscientists are working together.

    Researchers are studying the role of neurotransmitters or chemical substances that are liable for neural communication in several areas of the brain and thus in associated mental functions. they are doing their research on people with the traditional functioning brain also as on people with the damaged brain by following advanced technologies like EEG, PET, and fMRI, etc. about which you’ll study later.

    Developmental Psychology:

    It studies the physical, social, and psychological changes that occur at different ages and stages over a life-span, from conception to adulthood. the first concern of developmental psychologists is how we become what we are. for several years the main emphasis was on child and adolescent development. However today an increasing number of developmental psychologists show a robust interest in adult development and aging.

    They specialize in the biological, socio-cultural, and environmental factors that affect psychological symptoms like intelligence, cognition, emotion, temperament, morality, and social relationship. Human life passes through various stages of development from conception to adulthood.

    This branch explains the expansion and development of varied processes about behavior. Developmental psychologists collaborate with anthropologists, educationists, neurologists, social workers, counselors, and almost every branch of data where there’s a priority for the expansion and development of a person’s being.

    Social Psychology:

    They Explore how people are suffering from their social environments, how people believe, and influence others. Social psychologists have an interest in such topics as attitudes, homology, and obedience to authority, interpersonal attraction, subsidiary behavior or conduct, prejudice, aggression, social motivation, inter-group relations, and so on; a person’s being maybe a social animal.

    Naturally, the behavior of a private is influenced by society, and successively influences society. psychology essay writing topics affect the interrelationships of individuals among themselves likes and dislikes of individuals, attitudes and interests, the prejudices and social distances people have, group behavior, group cohesiveness, group conflicts, etc.

    Cross-cultural and Cultural Psychology:

    They examine the role of culture in understanding behavior, thought, and emotion. It assumes that human behavior isn’t only a mirrored image of human-biological potential but also a product of culture. Therefore behavior should be studied in its socio-cultural reference. As you’ll be studying in several chapters of this book; culture influences human behavior in some ways and ranging degrees.

    Environmental Psychology:

    They study the interaction of physical factors like temperature, humidity, pollution, and natural disasters on human behavior. The influence of the physical arrangement of the workplace on health, spirit, and interpersonal relations also are investigated. Current topics of research during this field are the extent to which, disposal of waste, population explosion, conservation of energy, efficient use of community resources are related to, and are functions of human behavior.

    Health Psychology:

    They specialize in the role of psychological factors (for example, stress, anxiety) within the development, prevention, and treatment of illness. Areas of interest for a health psychologist are stress and coping, the connection between psychological factors and health, patient-doctor relationships, and ways of promoting health-enhancing factors.

    Clinical and Counselling Psychology:

    Deals with causes, treatment, and prevention of various sorts of psychological disorders like anxiety, depression, eating disorders, and chronic drug abuse. A related area is counseling, which aims to enhance everyday functioning by helping people solve problems in daily living and cope more effectively with challenging situations. This branch deals with the therapeutic aspects of psycho or mental disorders.

    There are many sorts of mental diseases requiring varied sorts of therapies like chemotherapy, psychotherapy, recreational and occupational therapies, behavior modification, etc. The work of clinical psychologists doesn’t differ from that of counseling psychologists although a counseling psychologist sometimes deals with people that have less serious problems.

    In many illustrations, counseling psychologist works with students, recommending them about personal problems and career planning. Like clinical psychologists, psychiatrists also study the reason, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders.

    How are psychotherapist s and psychiatrists different? A clinical psychologist features a degree in psychology, which incorporates intensive training in treating people with psychological disorders. In contrast, a psychiatrist features a medical degree with years of specialized training within the treatment of psychological disorders. One important difference is that psychiatrists can prescribe medications; and, give electroshock treatments whereas clinical psychologists cannot.

    Industrial or Organizational Psychology:

    Deals with workplace behavior, that specialize in both the workers and therefore the organizations that employ them. Industrial or organizational psychologists are concerned with training employees, improving work conditions, and developing criteria for choosing employees. citizenry are different from machines.

    They will have huge problems in their workplace like adjustment, safety, security, health, financial, and such other problems and solutions. Both the management and workers got to cooperate in handling such problems. applied psychology seeks the appliance of psychological principles, theories, and techniques for the study of these problems and therefore the industrial environment.

    For example, an organizational psychologist might recommend that a corporation may adopt a replacement management structure that might increase communication between managers and staff. The background of commercial and organizational psychologists often includes training in cognitive and psychology.

    Educational Psychology:

    It is Studies how people of all ages learn. Educational psychologists primarily help develop instructional methods and materials wont to train people in both educational and work settings. they’re also concerned with research on problems with relevance for education, counseling, and learning problems.

    This is the foremost important field where psychological principles are applied. within the field of education “learner” is that the focus. Another side like management, teachers, teaching, and learning aids are all meant for learners. Learners differ in their abilities, hence they have different approaches to teaching, learning material, etc.

    This branch addresses the issues and enhancements in teaching and learning processes. A related field, school psychology, focuses on designing programs that promote the intellectual, social, and emotional development of youngsters, including those with special needs. they struggle to use knowledge of psychology essay writing topics during a school setting.

    Sports Psychology:

    Applies psychological principles to enhance sports performance by enhancing their motivation. Sports psychology may be a relatively new field but is gaining acceptance worldwide.

    Different Branches of Psychology Explain Images
    What are the different Branches of Psychology? Explain, Image from Pixabay.

    Other Emerging Branches of Psychology:

    The interdisciplinary specializes in research and application of psychology essay writing topics has led to the emergence of various areas like aviation psychology, space psychology, military psychology, forensic psychology, rural psychology, engineering psychology, managerial psychology, community psychology, the psychology of girls, and political psychology, to call a couple of.

  • Management explains the Categories and levels of Planning

    Management explains the Categories and levels of Planning

    Meaning of Planning; It is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve the desired goal. It is the first and foremost activity to achieve the desired results. What are the categories and levels of Planning? Categories and Levels of Planning; A class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics. And, a level is a point on a scale, and a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality.

    Here are explain; What are the categories and levels of Planning? Know and Understand each of them!

    The following Categories and Levels are below;

    What are the categories of planning?

    Meaning of categories; Categories defines as different-different departmental divided into different levels in the base of their profession. A class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics. Any of several fundamental and distinct classes to which entities or concepts belong Taxpayers fall into one of several categories.

    Planning can classify on different bases which are discussed below:

    Strategic and Functional Planning.

    In strategic or corporate planning, the top management determines the general objectives of the enterprise and the steps necessary to accomplish them in the light of resources currently available and likely to be available in the future. Functional planning, on the other hand, is planning that covers functional areas like production, marketing, finance, and purchasing.

    Long-range and short-range planning.

    Long-range planning sets the long-term goals of the enterprise and then proceeds to formulate specific plans for attaining these goals. It involves an attempt to anticipate, analyze, and make decisions about basic problems and issues which have significance reaching well beyond the present operating horizon of the enterprise.

    Short-range planning, on the other hand, is concerned with the determination of short-term activities to accomplish long-term objectives. Short-range planning relates to a relatively short period and has to be consistent with the long-range plans. Operational plans are generally related to short periods.

    Adhoc and Standing Planning.

    Adhoc planning committees may constitute for certain specific matters, as, for project planning. But standing plans are designing to use over and over again. They include organizational structure, standard procedures, standard methods, etc.

    Administrative and Operational Planning.

    Administrative planning is finishing by the middle-level management which provides the foundation for operative plans. Operative planning, on the other hand, is finishing by the lower-level managers to put the administrative plans into action.

    Physical Planning.

    It is concerned with the physical location and arrangement of buildings and equipment.

    Formal and Informal Planning.

    Various types of planning discussed above are formal. They are carrying on systematically by the management. These specify in black and white the specific goals and the steps to achieve them.

    They also facilitate the installation of internal control systems. Informal planning, on the other hand, is mere thinking by some individuals which may become the basis of formal planning in the future.

    What are the levels of planning?

    Meaning of level; A horizontal plane or line concerning the distance above or below a given point. Second means, a level is a point on a scale, and a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality.

    In management theory, it is usual to consider that there are three basic levels of planning, though in practice there may be more than three levels of management and to an extent, there will be some overlapping of planning operations.

    The three levels of planning are as under:

    Top Level of Planning.

    Also known as overall or strategic planning, top-level planning is done by the top management, i.e. board of directors or governing body.

    It encompasses the long-range objectives and policies of the organization and is a concern with corporate results rather than sectional objectives.

    Top-level planning is entirely long-range and is inextricably linked with long-term objectives. It might call the “what” of planning.

    Second Level of Planning.

    Also known as tactical planning, it is done by middle-level managers or department heads. It’s concerned with “how” of planning. They deal with the deployment of resources to the best advantage.

    It is concerned mainly, but not exclusively, with long-range planning, but its nature is such that the periods are usually shorter than those of strategic planning.

    This is because its attentions are usually devoting to the step by step attainment of the organization’s main objectives. It is, in fact, Oriente to functions and departments rather than to the organization as a whole.

    Third Level of Planning.

    Also known as operational or activity planning, it is the concern of department managers and supervisors. It is confining to putting into effect the tactical or departmental plans. It is usually for short-term and may revise quite often to be in tune with the tactical planning.

    What is the categories and levels of Planning
    What are the categories and levels of Planning? #Pixabay.

    Advanced levels of strategic planning:

    Upstair we have discussed – the categories and levels of Planning. And, now studying and take a look at the topic; levels of strategic planning are also useful.

    There are three levels of strategic planning: Corporate, business, and functional. The strategy may plan at each level, but the plans for every level of an organization should align to ensure maximum unity of effort. Without alignment, departments and functions will be working at cross-purposes, and the overall corporate strategy will be less effective.

    Here is how strategist views each of the three levels of strategic planning:

    Corporate level:

    Planning at this level should provide overall strategic direction for an organization, sometimes refers to as the “grand strategy.” This is a concise statement of the general direction which senior leadership intends to undertake to accomplish their stated mission or vision.

    The corporate-level strategy is usually deciding by the CEO and the Board of Directors although other senior leaders will often contribute to the strategy formulation. Strategic options at the corporate level will likely require a commitment of a significant portion of the firm’s resources over an extending period, and the results will have a significant impact on the future health of the organization.

    Strategic planning at this level will usually include a robust analysis and identification of several strategic options based on the assumed future operating environment. In a multi-business firm, careful consideration will give to the overall core competencies of the firm and where the boundaries lie between corporate and business level responsibilities.

    Business level:

    Each business within an organization will develop a strategy to support the overall business within its specific industry. The business-level strategy reflects the current position of the firm within its industry and identifies how the available resources can apply to improve the position of the firm about its competitors.

    There are a variety of ways that businesses will compete, but more often than not it is based on the USP (unique selling proposition) of the firm which distinguishes the company and its products from other competitors. If there are no differences between one firm’s products or services from other competitors, then the product or service becomes a commodity.

    Competition among firms that offer commodities is usually root in price competition, and low-cost providers usually take over. On the other hand, businesses that distinguish themselves can compete on their unique selling proposition.

    If they can successfully demonstrate why they are different and how that difference can provide a better level of service or quality product, then the business can command a higher margin for the premium service or product. This is the “value” adds by the firm, and the business strategy should focus on how the firm adds value.

    Functional level:

    The functional level describes the support functions of a business: Finance, Marketing, Manufacturing, and Human Resources are a few examples of the functional level. Strategies at this level should define to support the overall business and corporate-level strategies.

    If the functional level leaders can describe their activities and goals about the business or corporate levels. Then everyone in the organization will align and as such contribute to the overall goals and objectives for the organization.

    So for example, functional leaders for IT or HR must ask. If the strategies for their functions match and support the overall strategic direction of the businesses. They support or of the overall firm itself.

    The best strategic planners understand how important. It is for a firm to have alignment among the corporate, business, and functional levels of strategy. The overall corporate-level strategies will not be effective. If the supporting business and functional level strategies are inconsistent with the overall strategic intent of the senior leaders. Thus, it is not only important to pick the right strategy for the corporate level. But also equally important to make sure that the business and functional level strategies support the overall grand strategy for the organization.

  • The Corporate Entrepreneurship Categories and Organizational Thinking

    The Corporate Entrepreneurship Categories and Organizational Thinking

    Rise of Corporate entrepreneurs: The current change in the economy throughout the world pressurize to businesses and industries to change the strategies rapidly to satisfy the multiple stakeholders. Also learn, What is the Difference Between an Intrapreneur and Entrepreneur? This article explains to Corporate Entrepreneurship Categories and Organizational Thinking. Large organizations are focusing on innovation. The need for Intrapreneur arises due to the number of problems. The number of competitors is increasing rapidly these competitors are very sophisticated, these competitors are not only their backyard but from other countries as well. Many innovative people leave corporate and became business entrepreneurs. Organizations want to improve efficiency and productivity.

    Learn, and Understand, The Corporate Entrepreneurship Categories and Organizational Thinking.

    Corporate entrepreneurial leadership Characteristics: A corporate entrepreneur is a person who focuses on innovation and creativity to transform dreams into a profitable reality. A charismatic leader in a company instills an entrepreneurial philosophy in the employees in an organization. These entrepreneurs must have leadership characteristics. They must be visionary and flexible. Also, the Entrepreneur encourages teamwork and builds a coalition of support. For the team, performance entrepreneur understands the organization environment they persist continuously trying to give their best.

    What is Corporate Entrepreneurship?

    Since the late 1990s, many large companies have been experimenting with the idea of corporate entrepreneurship as a way to launch and manage new ventures within a big corporation. Using the resources of the parent company, individual employees and internal teams can develop new products, innovations or brands. Also, this leads to increased profits and a more competitive stance in the marketplace. It also helps large companies retain talented staff that might otherwise leave to start their ventures.

    Corporate entrepreneurship has also been called corporate venturing. This should not be confused with corporate venture capital, which involves large corporations investing directly in external startups as a means of innovation. Also, they happen completely from within the existing company.

    Categories of Corporate Entrepreneurship:

    As well as Corporate entrepreneurship is the choice for large organizations. They have been categorized into four broad categories.

    1] Corporate Venturing:

    The Corporate venturing involves is starting a new business within the existing business, e.g. Thermo- Electron company’s core competence in medical laser technology and started a new venture involve hair removal salons utilizing their laser technology.

    2] Intrapreneuring:

    Is an effort used by entrepreneurs to create and build a business to set up their mind and behaviors. Companies who wish to bring innovation in their companies generally make some intrapreneurs in their company to build a culture of creativity.

    3] Corporate renewal or Transformation:

    When in a company transformation involves innovation and it leads to economic value it is called a corporate renewal.

    4] Industrial Rule Breaking:

    When a company transforms itself significantly and the change involves a competitive environment it is called an industry rule-breaking. Amazon.com is one such company that broke the rules of engagement of booksellers.

    Organizational Thinking in Corporate Entrepreneurship:

    Numbers of corporations are trying to re-engineer corporate thinking and encourage an entrepreneurial environment. But some top managers are finding it difficult to implement policies to encourage freedom and not believe in entrepreneurial ideas that can be nurtured in their environment. Managers need to develop policies to encourage innovative people. Management should identify potential intrapreneurs in their companies early. If someone has these qualities try to promote him before he leaves the organization. Also learn, How to Explain Observing Trends in Entrepreneurship?

    Key features in the success of any innovative program are trust, accountability, and confidence. Management should emphasize individual responsibility. To encourage staff to take the risk and achieve management should implement the reward system and give freedom. In case of failure, the project must examine closely for real learning. Also, Individuals must feel free to do all the experiments without the fear of punishment.

    Why is Intrapreneur better than an entrepreneur?

    Intrapreneur generally has the burning vision which helps them to improve the organization as an Intrapreneur you have the company name and a marketing channel at your back which can increase the chances of success of your enterprise, Intrapreneur does not need to risk his funds but as an entrepreneur have to risk your finances.

    Especially if capital for your idea is easier to come from inside the organization, Intrapreneur is better than an entrepreneur. The success of the enterprise needs continuous assesses of the companies technologies to stay competitive. If the Intrapreneur wants to bypass the existing company distribution channel still the company name matters. For the right person, intrapreneurs are invigorating and addicting. Also, the company provides him security with the freedom and creativity of the entrepreneur.

    Corporate Entrepreneurship Models:

    Traditionally, most new ventures arise from the research and development of information technology departments. Also, Corporate entrepreneurship encourages innovative thinking in departments across the organization. A research study by Robert C. Wolcott and Michael J. Lippitz published in MIT Sloan Management Review; outlines four models of corporate entrepreneurship:

    1] Opportunist model:

    This is sort of the “no model” model. An employee has an innovative idea and happens to get the support of a project champion with the power to say yes to funding and research.

    2] Enabler model:

    The organization hires entrepreneurially-minded people and encourages all employees and teams to promote and pursue their ideas. Google, for example, aims to hire people with “entrepreneurial DNA,” and allows employees to spend 20% of their time exploring new concepts and prototypes. This model requires that companies communicate clearly how they select projects, provide resources, and track projects.

    3] Advocate model:

    The company creates a core group of who act as innovation experts and evangelists to work throughout the company and help encourage new business ideas. There are no established funds to participate, so each unit must pay for its ideas. Those that participate do so because they think the initiative is valuable. This model depends on people who can work with different teams and facilitate change.

    Producer model:

    The company creates internal organizations with funding and a defined process for how new ideas will develop if they don’t fit into the existing business structure. This model requires significant funding and staffing, and support from executive management.

    As well as Corporations or management teams that want to encourage intrapreneurship should promote an environment where new ideas are heard and supported, make innovative thinking a part of the corporate culture, and identify and foster those who have an entrepreneurial drive.

    Also, Successful corporate entrepreneur initiatives, according to Wolcott and Lippitz, are those that communicate a broad vision and delineate specific objectives. Companies typically start with a small team that can get consensus from senior management to determine these objectives and build support across the board.

    The Corporate Entrepreneurship Categories and Organizational Thinking
    The Corporate Entrepreneurship Categories and Organizational Thinking, Image #Pixabay.

    Reference:

    1. Categories and More – //www.ukessays.com/essays/business/the-need-for-the-corporate-intrapreneurship-business-essay.php
    2. Model – //generalassemb.ly/blog/how-to-encourage-corporate-entrepreneurship/
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