3D modeling is the process of generating a three-dimensional (3D) digital representation of any object or image. It has changed the way people look at product design projects. While 2D is still suitable for plans and schematics, It provides an enhanced visual perception of the final product. With 2D rendering capabilities, 3D modelers can place their designs in real-life environments to more realistically show how products interact with the real world.
Here are the articles to explain, What is 3D modeling? What are the types and advantages?
3D modelers use 3D modeling software that creates 3D representations by manipulating polygons, edges, and vertices in a simulated 3D space. Users can create and deform polygonal surfaces or scan real-world objects into data points that can use to digitally represent the object.
Types of 3D Modeling
While several advanced forms of modeling commonly use in the creative industries, these advanced techniques are based on three basic types of 3D modeling:
Solid Modeling: This type of modeling uses 3D shapes (cylinders, pyramids, cubes, etc.) that work together like building blocks to create 3D objects. These shapes can rotate, modify, be brought together, or be manipulated while remaining whole and solid from all angles.
Wireframe Modeling: This often uses when the surfaces curve and are complex. The basic building blocks used in solid modeling are difficult to modify and manipulate into complex configurations. In contrast, wireframe modeling uses components such as lines, edges, and curves. Wireframe modeling displays as visible lines all surfaces and internal components that might normally hide in other forms of modeling.
Surface Modeling: This approach is more complex than solid and wireframe modeling. It helps to create detailed models with more details, complex features, and organic shapes. The primary use case for surface modeling is to represent objects in the real world.
Advantages of 3D Modeling
It has come a long way in terms of the design advantages it offers the creative industries and the visual benefits available to clients in those industries. Some of these advantages include:
Create accurate visual aids: 3D visualization provides an accurate depiction of what the final product will look like, which helps explain projects to clients, investors, or team members who may not have the design skills or imagination to understand results without visual assistance.
Save time: It saves designers time and allows them to create models faster than 2D modeling, without sacrificing quality or accuracy.
Marketing assistance: Marketers can incorporate 3D visualization into marketing materials to help customers understand and interact with products before they release them.
Help with inspection: Designers can inspect every nook and cranny of the 3D model, allowing them to find and correct errors and weaknesses before creating the actual product.
Efficiency: 3D models help designers and developers understand the most efficient way to build products, so they can create safe, functional products without wasting valuable time and materials.
The Essential Elements of 3D Modeling
While no two 3D design projects are the same, most of them will contain the same basic elements, which include:
Ideation: Before modeling begins, the designer must discuss project goals with the team or client requesting the model. Sketches often draw to ensure both parties are on the same page. This helps the designer understand the requirements.
Modeling: The basic geometry of an object is built using polygons. Then adjust the shape according to the expected result of the 3D model. Processes such as topology and retopology are also used to reduce the number of polygons to reduce the “weight” of an object. A “lighter” 3D model is more compatible with the applications it may be used in, such as (virtual reality) VR, augmented reality (AR), or video games.
Mapping and Texturing: This is the process of overlaying texture maps on 3D models. These overlays are usually made in 2D, which means they are just flat-color pictures. So if the designer wants the resulting 3D model to look realistic, the texture must look realistic.
Rendering: While rendering refers to an entirely different technique and process, design projects often use rendering and modeling. Rendering is the process of taking 3D objects and creating realistic visualizations. In this step, photorealistic effects and lighting add to the model.
Post-processing: The final stage involves modifying the final image to reveal more detail. Filters, lighting effects, and color manipulation can use to improve quality and make images look more realistic
3D Modeling Best Practices
It is not an easy skill to master, and 3D designers often spend years perfecting their skills. To keep improving as a designer, follow these best practices:
Holistic thinking: Keeping the big picture in mind helps to understand how all the elements of an object fit together. Details are important in 3D models and renderings, but it’s often proportion that makes an image attractive and realistic.
Details: While details and textures are very important for creating realistic models, it is necessary to balance details. Make sure to include large, medium, and small details.
Reuse: Instead of starting from scratch every time, maximize efficiency by reusing as many meshes as possible. Meshes can duplicate exactly, or a mirror modifier can use to make something similar.
Surfaces: One of the most important factors in determining the quality of a 3D model is how light interacts with the surface. Watch for surface imperfections in post-processing, such as bumps, warped areas, or pinches.
3D Modeling and 3D Rendering
3D renderings can only create after the 3D model has stood created.
It is the creation of 3D objects by manipulating polygons, edges, and vertices in a simulated 3D space. This representation calls a 3D model and use to convey the object’s shape, size, and texture. After the model creates, 3D rendering produces a realistic image of the 3D model. At this stage, photorealistic lighting effects add to simulate how the object would look if placed in a real environment. 3D modeling and rendering are steps designers take in the 3D visualization process.
What are the types and advantages of 3D modeling? Image by Anthony Jarrin from Pixabay.
Web UI Interface Design Prospect; The banner column is promotional and is an important way to convey information about the whole site on the web page, it is the easiest for the viewer to view. The text of the banner column has the properties of unity and identification, and the design tends to be graphic. The navigation bar is a map-like column. In the layout of the navigation bar, the text is the best user guide.
Here are the articles to explain, Prospect of Web UI Interface Design
The design effect of the text in the navigation bar determines whether the viewer can quickly find the target page. The types of websites are complex and have different attributes. When designing webpage text, factors such as the user’s age, gender, occupation, cultural background, and economic level must be fully considered. Web page “layout” is the design of the content size, spacing, and position of the page. A good layout can effectively help users find the target content quickly, and give users enjoyment in visual effects.
A reasonable layout must have a clear visual hierarchy and intuitively reflect the important gradients between the elements of the web UI interface. Also, The first area that users pay attention to is important elements such as logos, LOGOs, and navigation bars. To reflect the visual hierarchy, it is also necessary to consider the logic and browsing habits of the interactive characters when designing the visual flow.
Multi-media design
Multimedia technology refers to the technology that combines multiple single media. Multimedia technology integrates various visual and auditory media, including animation, text, graphics, images, language, music and stereo, etc. Also, The multimedia web UI interface allows users to receive various media information sources at the same time. The use of multimedia technology in web UI interface design can reflect the following characteristics:
1) Integration, unified acquisition, and processing of remote multimedia audio and video information.
2) Interactive, humanized information dissemination, able to actively select and control the direction of information flow.
3) Non-linear, creating a hypertext link method to flexibly display browsing content.
4) Real-time, real-time control of multimedia information, and timely cooperation with user instructions.
5) Also, Dynamic, users can choose the way of using information according to their own needs, and even reorganize various forms of information.
Web Interaction Design
Interaction design needs to solve the problem of interaction between humans and machines, which is something on the presentation layer. A good interaction design scheme can make users feel that the webpage is advantageous. What kind of web interaction design is a good solution?
Make people wait patiently.
According to network surveys, most users wait for a webpage to open for up to 5 seconds. If the page cannot be opened within 5 seconds, then the content on this page will be meaningless. Therefore, when designing the interaction. It is necessary to consider the information provided to the user when the web page is waiting. The best way is feedback. When the user is waiting, tell the user whether his operation is successful and present the remaining waiting time in real time. Which can effectively solve the problem that the user cannot wait patiently.
Make people think without using their brains.
A good website can help users complete tasks quickly. To achieve the goal of quickly completing tasks, the interaction design must make the page simple, try to keep users from unnecessary interference when browsing, and preferably conform to the user’s mental model. Because most users want to quickly find a solution that is barely enough when browsing the website, and they are not willing to actively look for a solution. Eighty percent of users will only use 20 percent of the functions.
Prospect of Web UI Interface Design
The web UI interface design is mainly a three-dimensional visual interface and a two-dimensional graphical interface, supplemented by multimedia plug-in layout design such as animation and sound. With the continuous development of computer technology, the three-dimensional operation interface system will gradually become popular in web design. The direct operation of the three-dimensional interface is an important way of expressing the interactivity of virtual reality (Virtual Reality).
The direct operation in the three-dimensional virtual space includes operations such as translation, picking, and rotation, such as cutting-edge 3D shadow installation and multi-touch technology. The three-dimensional direct operation makes the design of web UI interface no longer limited to the three-dimensional transformation of visual effects but can realize direct human-computer interaction similar to four-dimensional space to better complete user operations.
In conclusion
For decades, web UI interface design has gone through different stages of development, and various styles are popular. The current web UI interface is in the era of graphical user interfaces. As a web designer, it is not enough to satisfy this status quo. It needs to cooperate with computer scientists and Work together to actively explore human-computer interaction technology with new interface styles. The main task of modern web UI interface design is to effectively combine the user’s actual work process, task model, behavior mode, and mental model, and reasonably convert it into an implementation model of the interface product content, to present a user interface as close as possible to its own. Real characters, interface product system models that meet high aesthetic standards.
What is the Prospect of Web UI Interface Design? Photo by Alvaro Reyes on Unsplash.
Selective Laser Melting (SLM), also directed as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) or natural metal laser melting (DMLM); exists an Additive Manufacturing (AM) strategy developed to melt and fuse metallic powders via a high power-density laser. The principle of the Selective Laser Melting procedure starts with a construction platform applied with very thin layers of metallic powders; which stand melted later by the thermal energy generated by one or several laser beams. The cross-section area of the developed 3D part stands built by selectively melting and re-solidifying metallic powders per layer.
Here is the article to explain, How to define Selective Laser Melting (SLM)?
The construction platform exists then lowered by a small length and a new layer of powders stands deposited and leveled by a re-coater. The laser beam(s) can exist handled and focused through a computer-generated pattern by carefully prepared scanner optics. Therefore, the powder particles can exist selectively melted in the powder bed and create the build of 3D things according to the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) layout. What does mean Rapid Prototyping (RP)?
A considerable variety of metal powders has existed displayed in the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) procedure, including aluminum, titanium, copper, chromium, cobalt-chromium, stainless steel, tool steel, and superalloys. Although most of the unused powders can stand reclaimed for further Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques; the necessity to fill the build volume in the SLM working compartment is problematic and inefficient especially when large details need to produce.
Some level of fabric loss occurs when the powders exist contaminated or oxidized in the melting procedure and hence become non-recyclable. The SLM procedure also has some limitations for building arbitrarily designed shapes. It is currently challenging to produce overhanging geometries or horizontal struts; mainly due to the poor heat conduction in the powder bed immediately below the newly solidified layers of exposed powders.
Essay;
Most of the saleable Selective Laser Melting (SLM) systems generally utilize powders with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 50 µm and a specific layer thickness of 20–100 µm. The analysis and development to climb down the conventional SLM for advanced quality resolution exist mainly focused on three factors: powder particle size, laser beam diameter, and layer thickness. Both CW and pulsed lasers have existed utilized in micro SLM systems.
The laser spot size ranging from 20 to 30 µm has existed utilized for micro SLM systems; and, the corresponding quality resolution could stand reduced to a similar level of the spot size. Compared to the direct writing techniques that exist more commonly used for micro applications, micro SLM shows several attractive benefits, including simpler procedure setup, faster cycle time, and larger material diversity. Micro SLM has recently found increasing applications in the fabrication of precision components and lattice structures in several fields, including microfluidic devices, MEMS, dentistry, etc.
The properties of metallic Microlattice exist governed by strut build angle, and micro SLM cannot build horizontal strut so far. It has existed demonstrated as a faster procedure to avoid wastage of material, even though it is relatively expensive. Current state-of-the-art micro SLM systems have successfully achieved a part density of more than 99% with a minimum surface roughness of 1 µm and a minimum quality resolution of 15 µm.
SLM Knowledge or Background;
Selective laser melting device stood first introduced by Fockele and Schwarze (F&S) of Germany in 1999 with the support of the Fraunhofer Institute of laser technology which stood a steel powder-based SLM machine. Later in 2004 first SLM device named Realizer, 250 SLM existed released commercially after F&S coped up with MTT and in 2005 high-resolution device named SLM Realizer 100 stood released.
Since the release of the MCP Realizer SLM, other manufacturers such as Concept laser and EOS released machines with a different procedure named Laser curing and Direct metal laser sintering respectively. Concept laser (GmbH) first released M3 Liner and M1 Cushing in 2001, later they released another device named M2 Cushing to produce reactive materials like titanium and aluminum alloys. EOS released the device named EOSINT M 270 DMLS in 2003 and termed as the most common device for direct metal fabrication. In 2008 MTT and 3D systems proclaimed a distribution agreement for the rights to distribute SLM machines in the Americas and Japan. In 2008-09 new version of SLM existed released by MTT named SLM 250 and SLM 125.
Basic Principles of Selective Laser Melting (SLM);
SLM is a powder-based additive manufacturing procedure that permits attaining 3D functional parts from CAD data. SLM follows the same procedure route as SLS, where complete melting of powder occurs instead of sintering or partial melting. The procedure begins with the deposition of a thin layer of powder thickness ranging from 50µm to 75µm across a substrate platform. A high-power fiber laser scans the powder surface, the generated heat melts the powder particles and forms a molten pool.
Once the layer has existed scanned, the platform drops down by single-layer thickness in the z-axis; and the fresh layer of powder stands deposited and the procedure exists repeated until the entire building is complete. Loose powders remove once the fully dense part is complete. SLM parts must exist completed in the inert gas atmosphere such as argon to remove oxygen from the building chamber. Supports like thin teeth shaped needed to secure hanging features due to shrinkage of material solidification. The substrate removes from the build chamber once the procedure gets complete and supports removed carefully.
SLM is termed as the most viable technique for the direct fabrication of complex featured parts of metals. SLM can permit the design optimization and production of complex functionalities beyond the capabilities of traditional techniques; which is possible because of accuracy, versatility, and the laser beam spot size.
More things;
The small laser spot size minimizes the area to exist melted enabling the manufacturing of the part of high resolution. However, to positioned SLM in the RM category as a general method to achieve greater recognition in companies, methods and development need to change to perform and prove themselves as being reliable, repeatable, and cost-effective production processes.
SLM is also known as the freeform fabrication procedure and is capable to build thin wall complex features models of high resolution; and extends its capabilities than the conventional processes; such as customized medical implants especially dental crown and bridge framework, tooling inserts with conformal cooling channel and functional models.
SLM concerns primarily turn around the application of high powered fiber laser to generate high temperature to completely melt the powder, surface roughness is the main concern of SLM; because high heat input causes material vaporization and generation of spatter that stands subjected by melting and re-solidifying. But SLM parts cover committed microstructure parts and material properties that make possible this technique for the application.
Benefits of Selective Laser Melting (SLM):
Parts produced in this procedure are nearly 100% dense and have the same mechanical strength as the original material.
Almost no powder material waste, the loose powders which were not solidified can reuse.
SLM offers minimum time to market, exact shape generation without an expansive mold, procedure flexibility, and great utilization of material.
SLM powder bed technology allows reasonable and speedy powder metallurgy. The alloys to tested can utilize straightly within the prototyping apparatus; and alloys can smoothly accustomed to the evolution of the elemental balance of powders.
Drawbacks of Selective Laser Melting (SLM):
SLM consider as the increase-temperature gradient; which causes thermal stress build-up and quick solidification so coarse to grainy surface finished parts created.
The inadequate availability of some materials in powder form restricts the range of materials for processing. The procedure should optimized for available material.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Selective Laser Melting (SLM);
SLM technology enables the manufacturing of geometries that include complex elements that are not possible; with traditional manufacturing techniques such as casting, powder metallurgy, forging, and extrusion. Like other AM and RP techniques, the manufacturing of biomedical devices by SLM has an economic impact; as it allows short production runs without significant cost penalties. In particular, compared to conventional manufacturing techniques; SLM standssuited for biomedical device manufacturing because of the following capabilities:
It allows the manufacturing of prototype device features, for design validation objectives before mass production runs.
SLM technology enables low-volume production elements, especially during the initial formatting deployments, which allows rapid implementation of any design modifications.
This technology like other AM techniques results in a quicker product life cycle through flexible production stages; which ensure shorter time-to-market of the manufactured machines.
There practically no constraints in the imagination of any difficult-shaped geometries via SLM technology. Biomedical machine elements that are not technically feasible to fabricate with other conventional methods; for example, involved porous scaffolds and components with prepared porosities, can precisely manufactured by SLM.
Fabrication of biomedical machines by SLM does not require any additional expensive tooling or extensive assembly needs; thus directly reducing the production expenses.
SLM technology allows the complexity and customization of biomedical machines for free.
Optimization of different processing parameters of SLM results in part densities up to 99.98% for Ti alloys, permitting mechanical properties of the fabricated parts; their corrosion manners, and procedure accuracies to fulfill needs for medical or dental parts manufacturing.
The key advantages of biomedical machine manufacturing by SLM over traditional manufacturing techniques.
What does the meaning of Rapid Prototyping? It is an agile technique used throughout the product evolution process. With this technique, 3D (3-dimensional) prototypes of a product or element exist created and tested to optimize features like shape, size, and overall usability. They create product simulations for testing and validation during the product development process; with multiple iterations developed during a short period based on user feedback and research.
Here is the article to explain, How to define Rapid Prototyping (RP)?
Rapid prototyping (RP) processes are a relatively recent development, accurately described as layer manufacturing processes. The first commercial RP machine stood released at the AUTOFACT show in Detroit (USA) in November 1987 by the company named 3D systems. The process begins with creating a 3D model using CAD software and it is identical for all built techniques. The model exists then converted into Standard Triangulation Language (STL) format, this format shows the 3D surfaces as an assembly of many planner triangles. At the next stage STL file slice the 3D model into layers.
As we know additive manufacturing (AM) is a gradual process in which parts stand manufactured through layers and each layer joined and the process continues until the final part form. Post-processing exists usually required to improve the surface finish of the product. RP’s additive nature allows is to create parts with complicated internal features; which are not possible by other means like hollow areas and undercut for that these parts sometimes support are necessary.
RP products often have low functionality and exist commonly used as visual aids within product development. However material selection decides the prototype testing for short-term functionality parts. Most of the RP materials exist polymer-based, which stands for limited part functionality. Although for a little part functionality paper and starch-based materials exist used. RP modernized product development with an ability to produce single and multiple physical models, facilitating the reduction of product development cycle time ranging for different industries.
Introduction to Rapid Prototyping;
The introduction of RM is not as simple as it first appears, although research in RM technologies and applications exist progressed by RP. The evolution is still in progress to link RM from research to actual manufacturing for that number of matters to existing addressed that prevail need explanation and consensus before it can happen. RP-produced prototypes existed not considered for product repeatability and quality measures.
Since products of RM have proposed functionality, industrial certification, and the requirements include material control, accuracy, speed, surface finish, and part repeatability RM stands successfully applied in many industries including medical, automotive, and aerospace to produce a low quantity of small, high-value parts with complex geometries that is difficult through conventional methods.
Definition of Rapid Manufacturing;
Firstly, it is essential to define rapid manufacturing. The way that several parts stand manufactured will change in the future.
RM has existed explained as;
“The use of a CAD-based automated AM process to construct parts that exist used directly as finished products or components”.
Since the time change, the research on AM technologies and materials has advanced and the feasibility of fabrication of functional, low volume parts is increasing in many industries. Many industries are examining the available technology and investigating the possibilities of design to increase the high functional component and to reduce the product to market time.
A key benefit of the RM approach claimed that it proposes the opportunity of mass customization; however, can be cost-effective for individual short-run parts, clearing conventional designing constraints of manufacturing processes. RM greatly minimized wastage of raw material as compared to subtractive process; so got popular in the aerospace industry, where expensive metal alloys exist extensively used.
Graded material such as titanium, ABS, nylon, and aluminum has been an important part of the progress of RM technologies. In the future, RM technology addition in industries can offer small complex design feature parts that ever imagined with great manufacturing facilities and the extension of approach. The development of advanced materials and equipment enable the fabrication of complex product by directly manipulating matters on a molecular scale.
Rapid Prototyping Technologies;
There is a huge number of experimental RP technologies either in development or used by small groups of individuals. RP techniques that are currently commercially available include; Stereolithography (SLA) is the first RP technique developed by 3D systems in 1987. SLA builds a single layer at a time by tracing a beam of laser on the vat of liquid UV curable photopolymer resin. UV light strikes the surface of the polymer resin and solidifies the single layer of resin, when one layer exists cured the built platform drop-down by single-layer thickness.
RP in dentistry: technology and application. A resin-filled blade sweeps over the cross-section and fills it with fresh material for further curing at the top of the previous layer, the process continues until the model produces. Material self-adhesive property bond each layer and form a complete 3D model, the fabricated part stands cleaned in Dawanol resin, alcohol and then cured in a UV oven.
Selective laser sintering (SLS) uses powdered materials. This is one of the system’s major advantages that a part could stand built in any fusible powdered material. SLS technology existed developed at Texas University and existed commercialized in 1993 by a company named DTM. In 2001 the DTM existed bought out by 3D systems.
RP technology Explain;
This technology works by selectively sintering fine powder materials directly using an infrared (IR) laser from CAD. Numbers of thermoplastic materials stand processed in SLS like nylon (polyamide) for rapid tooling application, aluminum-filled nylon, polystyrene for sacrificial pattern in investment casting, and gas-filled nylon. Part produced through this process exists used as a functional model; as well as visual prototypes because of good mechanical properties.
However, as compared to traditional tool steel the part had poor mechanical properties; so material required post-processing to form dense models; thus it was very difficult to control the part accuracy because of introduced stresses in the processing stage. With the combination of EOS GmbH and Electrolux, a special alloy powder existed developed; which did not develop shrinkage distortions. Moreover, the introduction of fiber laser technology allowed the introduction of Selective laser melting (SLM); since the fiber laser allowed the sintering of metals that existed completely melted into the dense parts with no need for post-process infiltration.
Numbers of other technologies have existed commercialized since 1991; such as laminated object manufacturing (LOM), fused deposition modeling (FDM), 3-dimensional printing (3DP). The recent technological availability of RP stands increased with material diversity; which increased the efficiency of creating a physical prototype in advanced product development.
How will Prototyping Work?
Prototyping maybe thanks to validating the hypothesis that a product can solve the matter it means to unravel; though not purposeful by any suggests that a paradigm typically “looks” real enough that potential users will act with it and supply feedback. If the feedback reveals that the paradigm is pretty remote the mark; then the corporate saves weeks or months from building one thing that won’t add to the important world. At an equivalent time, a positive reaction to a paradigm indicates the merchandise ideas are on the correct track, and development ought to proceed.
The “rapid” part of this comes into play with the speed that the initial paradigm may exist made; however quickly feedback may exist gathered and synthesized, and the way quick succeeding iterations will bear an equivalent method; groups should realize a fragile balance between making a paradigm that appears real enough; therefore users are providing real reactions and feedback however while not disbursal most time on the paradigm; that the team is hesitant to throw away the work thanks to gone resources and chance prices of going back to stand one.
Best tools for Rapid Prototyping;
The following rapid prototyping tools below are;
Adobe XD;
Of course, the name Adobe is synonymous with creative tools. No list of design aids is going to stand complete without an Adobe effect, if solely for name recognition alone. Adobe XD is not only a recognizable symbol, however. It’s one of the most extensive RP suites out there.
InVision;
Useful creators aren’t necessarily great coders. This means that visual creators and web designers sometimes require fewer technical tools to bring their concepts to light. Enter InVision: a rapid prototyping tool that brings all of your creative tools into one central background.
Framer;
For designers and creators looking for a wide design platform and rapid prototyping tool all rolled into one, Framer’s an excellent solution. A framer is a powerful rapid prototyping tool as well as a complete design platform in its regard. Framer features a comprehensive vector editing toolkit that lets you smoothly export frames and shapes as bitmaps or vectors.
Origami Studio;
If you’re looking for a middle ground between the basic prototyping tools like Adobe XD or InVision and the more technological solutions like Framer, Origami Studios is a perfect option.
Marvel;
Marvel is an amazing rapid prototyping tool for developers looking to facilitate and streamline the design technique. It offers all of the features you need for prototyping, from wireframes to mock-ups to changes, without writing a line of code. You simply need to upload drawings you create in your design software, like Drawing or Photoshop.
Webflow;
For designers and creators mostly working with the web, Webflow is worthy of your review. First and greatest, Webflow exists geared towards creating high-end web animations, interactions, and responsive web layouts.
Axure;
A digit of the rapid prototyping tools on our index are either for apps or OS X. If you’re looking for a design tool that will run on any forum you can imagine, and easily assemble prototypes for each, Axure is worth taking a look at. It has to stand among high-end companies thanks to the level of graphical elements that can incorporate into the prototypes.
Why did Do Product Managers get to perceive Rapid Prototyping?
RP permits product managers to “fast forward” to obtaining real-world client feedback; while not spending precious development resources on trial and untested ideas. Hypotheses aren’t any longer theoretical, and you’ll check use cases with real users.
Getting actual customers to do things out and perceptive what works; and what doesn’t is priceless for making merchandise that match user wants and shortening the time to plug. By corroborative assumptions and uncovering “gotchas” abundant earlier within the method; product groups will move forward confidently that the ultimate product can notice associate degree audience… or return to the strategy planning stage if they don’t receive things well.
Because it is implausibly repetitious with short turnaround times from one check to succeeding, product groups should be ready to produce input to the developers and UX people spinning out prototypes, quickly analyze usage and feedback, and so suggest what ought to exist modified within the next spherical; this needs attentiveness, responsiveness, and collaboration since the event team effectively idles till the choice exists created on whether or not to spin up another paradigm or move forward with full development.
They have the additional advantage of prioritizing the options and practicality that refer users; if the paradigm doesn’t embrace it, does one got to build it at all? The urgency of the method creates a pruning dynamic that focuses on what matters most.
Conclusion;
It is often a useful time-saver and disaster-avoider for product groups. With dependable feedback from users interacting with prototypes; product managers have qualitative validation of their assumptions or clear indicators that changes area unit needed. This all helps scale back the danger of the ultimate product failing to fulfill expectations.
Additionally, the externalized thinking that comes from the RP method breaks down communication barriers and fills within the gaps. This ensures the event organization delivers what the merchandise team visualized. This additionally creates additional potency within the overall development method; and, puts the most effective potential product before paying customers and prospects.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a general word for all technologies that have a parts-by-layer accumulation of material at the micron level, to perform the needed shape, except for the metal removal process which is a standard subtractive process. How to define Additive Manufacturing (AM)? It is a creative process in which an object produce layer by layer in an option design. A 3D model made using a computer-aided design (CAD), i.e. 3D scanning, exists cut into individual layers that provide the tool path code for a 3D printing machine at that point. Based on the specific software, the machine performs a parallel process that replicates the model from the base to the top until the object finishes.
Here is the article to explain, What are the Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technologies?
AM technologies can exist broadly divided into three types. The first of which is sintering whereby the material heat without standing liquified to create complex high-resolution objects. Direct metal laser sintering uses metal powder whereas selective laser sintering uses a laser on thermoplastic powders so that the particles stick together.
The second AM technology fully melts the materials, this includes direct laser metal sintering which uses a laser to melt layers of metal powder, and electron beam melting, which uses electron beams to melt the powders. The third broad type of technology is stereolithography, which uses a process called photopolymerization; whereby an ultraviolet laser stands fired into a vat of photopolymer resin to create torque-resistant ceramic parts able to endure extreme temperatures.
Additive manufacturing technology, commonly referred to as 3D printing, has captured our overall creativity, producing wild visions of 3D-printed aircraft and bio-printed organs. Even though innovation guarantees the eventual destiny of assembly; it already has a great impact on our immediate environment, but these visions are still far from existing fully realized. Whether the effects will occur in the immediate future or the long term, 3D printing will change how things stand done.
Types of 3D printing;
There are seven different types of 3D printing procedures dealing with:
Binder jetting: A procedure that occurs when a liquid bonding agent place on a powder bed.
Direct Energy Deposition: where the metal is liquified onto a substrate layer by layer.
Physical extrusion: content deposited from an extruder on a substratum usually liquified by a heating mechanism by a thermoplastic filament.
Material jetting: Materials that hardened by ultraviolet light, for example, photopolymer.
Powder bed fusion: the process whereby an energy source such as a laser or an electron beam steer to a powder bed to heat the individual particles until they melted together.
Sheet lamination: a process where sheets of material combined, with the coveted shape carved into each shape.
VAT photopolymerization: the resin of the photopolymer exposed to an energy source such as a laser beam that solidifies the material bit by bit.
3D Printing Innovations;
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM);
In the late 1980s and mid-1990s, a few organizations introduced new non-SL technologies the develop 3D commercial center. FDM is an extrusion-based process in which thermoplastic heat to its melting point as filament spools and deposits in a substratum. Thermoplastics are different from thermosets and may exist melted and cooled several times.
FDM requires a thermal extrusion process which is why the process is notable for producing strong parts which serve a more functional purpose of the processes made with a printing technology called stereolithography (SL) which is a form of VAT photopolymerization. These FDM parts formed in industries with performance-critical applications such as in Spacecraft Industries.
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS);
A powder bed modified software that selectively combines plastic powder with a laser into complete 3D objects. The process is exceptional in that the printing framework acts as integrated support for unlike FDM sintered parts that require 3D printing of support structures. This allows the printing of very complex geometries, including interlocking and moving parts.
Binder Jetting;
Although material jetting may not have existed entirely conquered by the 3D framework; it has existed dominated by another colorful 3D printing method. This process uses piezoelectric inkjet print heads: however, instead of keeping the photosensitive ink, it stores a fluid-restricting agent that results in sandstone-like prints in full color.
Metal 3D Printing;
Although 3D printing plastics can become invaluable to many industries, manufacturers of aerospace and defense exist keenly interested in development.
Direct Energy Deposition (DED);
Also known as laser cladding, which requires the addition of metal powder to a source of heat that melts particles when deposited. Due to the ability of the technology to inject metal powder directly into the heat source often attached to a 4 or 5-pivot arm, DED systems exist not limited to 3D printing with a level substratum. It can exist conceived instead on bent surfaces with existing metal structures. For this reason, laser cladding in the aerospace industry exists often used to repair damaged parts. Likewise, DED machines as a print volume may not exist limited
Powder Bed Fusion;
Unlike DED systems, powder bed machines stand housed in a high-powered energy source inert gas chamber, usually, a laser that melts metal particles layer by layer, similar to the plastic SLS process. Electron beam melting is a special category of SLM technology that relies on an electron beam instead of a laser which makes construction time much faster. This technology can exist better suited to the production of finely detailed parts in small lots when the machine is large enough.
Applications of Additive Manufacturing (AM);
Although many of the newest technologies are now on the market, many of the processes mentioned stand widely used for rapid prototyping, auxiliary production, and the manufacture of finished parts.
Visual and Functional Prototypes;
Manifesting physical 3D printing pre-production plans was a quick prototyping technique. 3D printing can be a quicker and more precise technique than craftsmanship as a design.
The different designs mentioned above are suitable for different prototyping applications such as SL and DLP for fine features; although they may be fragile, they reflect the details that stand included in the end product and FDM for mechanical testing. PolyJet can reflect the real properties of the material, including rubber flexibility of glass transparency.
Tooling;
These technologies can exist used to produce secondary products. For example, many processes exist used to print 3D objects that help to create metal parts such as tooling and investment casting models.
Tooling defines as any type of part that stands specialized in the production of a particular component. Examples of tooling include a shape that can exist used to frame the end part from the raw material; a hop designed to hold a part while other processes, such as assembly drilling; cutting tools.
Pros or Benefits of additive manufacturing:
Similar to standard 3D printing, AM allows for the creation of bespoke parts with complex geometries and little wastage. Ideal for rapid prototyping, the digital process means that design alterations can exist done quickly and efficiently during the manufacturing process. Unlike with more traditional subtractive manufacturing techniques, the lack of material wastage provides cost reduction for high-value parts; while AM has also existed shown to reduce lead times.
In addition, parts that previously required assembly from multiple pieces can stand fabricated as a single object; which can provide improved strength and durability. AM can also exist used to fabricate unique objects or replacement pieces where the original parts exist no longer produced. The following advantages below are;
Material waste reduction;
In conventional manufacturing processes, the material exists typically removed from a larger piece of work; think timber milling or cutting shapes from sheets of steel. In contrast, AM starts from scratch, adding material to create a component or part. By using only the substance necessary to create that part, AM ensures minimal waste. AM also reduces the need for tooling, therefore limiting the amount of material needed to produce components.
Manufacturing and assembly;
A significant benefit of additive manufacturing is the ability to combine existing multi-part assemblies into a single part. Instead of creating individual parts and assembling them at a later point, additive manufacturing can combine manufacturing and assembly into a single process. Effectively consolidating manufacture and assembly into one.
Part flexibility;
Additive manufacturing is appealing to companies that need to create unusual or complex components that are difficult to manufacture using traditional processes. AM enables the design and creation of nearly any geometric form, ones that reduce the weight of an object while still maintaining stability. Part flexibility is another major waste reduction aspect of AM. The ability to develop products on-demand inherently reduces inventory and other waste.
Legacy parts;
AM has gifted companies the ability to recreate impossible-to-find, no longer manufactured, legacy parts. For example, the restoration of classic cars has greatly benefited from additive manufacturing technology. Where legacy parts were once difficult and expensive to find; they can now exist produced through the scanning and X-ray analysis of original material and parts. In combination with the use of CAD software, this process facilitates fast and easy reverse engineering to create legacy parts.
Inventory stock reduction;
AM can reduce inventory, eliminating the need to hold surplus inventory stock and associated carrying costs. With additive manufacturing, components exist printed on-demand, meaning there is no over-production, no unsold finished goods, and a reduction in inventory stock.
Energy savings;
In conventional manufacturing, machinery and equipment often require auxiliary tools that have greater energy needs. AM uses fewer resources, has less need for ancillary equipment, and thereby reduces manufacturing waste material. AM reduces the number of raw materials needed to manufacture a product. As such, there is lower energy consumption associated with raw material extraction, and AM has fewer energy needs overall.
Customization;
AM manufacturing offers design innovation and creative freedom without the cost and time constraints of traditional manufacturing. The ability to easily alter original specifications means that AM offers greater opportunities for businesses to provide customized designs to their clients. With the ease of digitally adjusting the design, product customization becomes a simple proposition. Short production runs exist then easily tailored to specific needs.
Cons or Drawbacks of additive manufacturing:
The following disadvantages below are;
Production costs;
Production costs are high. Materials for AM exist frequently required in the form of exceptionally fine or small particles; that can considerably increase the raw material cost of a project. Additionally, the inferior surface quality often associated with AM means there is an added cost to undertake any surface finishes and the post-processing required to meet quality specifications and standards.
Cost of entry;
With additive manufacturing, the cost of entry is still prohibitive to many organizations and, in particular, smaller businesses. The capital costs to purchase necessary equipment can be substantial and many manufacturers have already invested significant capital into the plant and equipment for their traditional operations. Making the switch is not necessarily an easy proposition and certainly not an inexpensive one.
Additional materials;
Currently, there is a limit to the types of materials that can stand processed within AM specifications and these are typically pre-alloy materials in a base powder. The mechanical properties of a finished product exist entirely dependent upon the characteristics of the powder used in the process. All the materials and traits required in an AM component have to exist included early in the mix. It is, therefore, impossible to successfully introduce additional materials and properties later in the process.
Post-processing;
A certain level of post-processing exists required in additive manufacturing; because surface finishes and dimensional accuracy can be of a lower quality compared to other manufacturing methods. The layering and multiple interfaces of additive manufacturing can cause defects in the product; whereby post-processing exists needed to rectify any quality issues.
It’s slow;
As mentioned, additive manufacturing technology has been around since the eighties, yet even in 2021; AM stands still considered a niche process. That is large because AM still has slow build rates and doesn’t provide an efficient way to scale operations to produce a high volume of parts. Depending on the final product sought, additive manufacturing may take up to 3 hours to produce a shape that a traditional process could create in seconds. It is virtually impossible to realize economies of scale.
Principles of Additive Manufacturing;
AM technologies fabricate models by fusing, sintering, or polymerization of materials in predetermined layers with no need for tools. AM makes possible the manufacture of complex geometries including internal part detail that is approximately not possible to manufacture using machining and molding processes, because the process does not require predetermined tool paths, draft angles, and undercuts.
In there, the layers of a model are formed by slicing CAD data with professional software. All AM system work on the same principle; however, layer thickness depend upon parameters and machine being used, and the thickness of the layer range from 10µm up to 200µm. Layers are visible on the part surface in AM operation, which controls the quality of the final product. The relation between the thickness of the layer and surface orientation is known as the staircase effect. However, the thinner the layer is the longer the processing time and the higher the part resolution.
Creative;
Layers in AM are built up at the top of the previous one in the z-axis. After the layer gets processed the work platform is dropped down by the single-layer thickness on the z-axis and the fresh material layer is recoated differently for several other methods. In a resin-based system traversing edge flatten the resin, in a powder-based system deposited powder is spread using a roller or wiper, in some systems the material is deposited through a nozzle that deposits the required material. Because recoating time is even longer than the layer processing time. For that sake, multiple parts are built together in the time of single material recoating build. Different software is available to position and orient parts so that a maximum number of parts can be built together. Available software is VISCOM RP and Smart Space used in MAGICS.
Some delicate parts produced through AM technologies need a support structure to hold the part in the work platform during the build process. All AM machine uses different support structure that is designed from specific material for effective use of build parts. Commonly used support structures are thin small pointed teeth to minimize the part contact so that they can be removed easily with the hand tools.
Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that connects the digital and material planets to make a virtual experience. Operating an instrument camera, digital content such as graphics, sound, and video, stands displayed on-screen to deliver augmented experiences. Unlike virtual reality, augmented reality isn’t a fully immersive, synthetic experience. Instead, it’s comprised of virtual elements placed in your direct surroundings. Apps for mobile or desktop that use augmented reality technology to mix digital features into the real environment.
Here is the article to explain, Augmented Reality (AR) Meaning Definition Characteristics Types Essay!
Augment Reality is the full name of the technology. For instance, AR technology can use to overlay score overlays on televised sports plays and to pop out 3D pictures, texts, and emails.
What do you understand about Augmented Reality? Meaning and Definition;
Augmented reality is a computer system that can combine the real world and computer-generated data. With this system, virtual objects stand blended into real footage in real-time. Thus, we can imagine the high potential that this technology might have if applied in the field of education. In augmented reality, the computer works as a mirror. With a camera and a black and white printed marker, we transmit to the computer the angle and coordinates about an object.
Thus real elements stand mixed with virtual elements in real-time, and in the same way, as in a mirror, the image appears inverted on the screen; which makes orientation a very complicated task. Virtual models can exist animated and multiplied. With this technology, we can create and combine animated sequences to control a virtual object and share the interaction with others.
In the field of education, we can use this technology to create interactive 3-D books that respond to changes in the angle of observation. From the beginning, the advertising companies were the first to use this system using interactive web-based augmented reality applications. Because of its potential, augmented reality will exist widely applied in fields; such as architecture, surgery, simulations, geology, and ecology among others.
How does Augmented Reality (AR) work?
The basic process of creation in augmented reality is to create virtual models that will exist stored in a database. After this, the model will stand retrieved from the mentioned database, rendered, and registered into the scene. Sometimes, this process implies serious difficulties in many area applications. The virtual content must exist stored on the database and also published as printed material, containing an index to our database. This communication to the database increases the complexity of the virtual model as final work.
To avoid these difficulties is necessary to fully encode our virtual content in a bar code; which is not understandable to a human without using a specific augmented reality system. When captured by an AR system, the virtual models exist then extracted from the incoming image.
The virtual model stands created and printed. This printed representation exists then acquired by the augmented reality device. After, the virtual models exist extracted from the acquired image. Finally, the virtual models stand registered onto the scene and rendered.
Besides adding virtual objects into the real world, AR must be able to remove them. Desirable systems would be those that incorporate sound to broaden the augmented experience. These systems should integrate headsets equipped with microphones to capture incoming sound from the environment; thus having the ability to hide real environmental sounds by generating a masking signal.
Features or Characteristics of Augmented Reality (AR);
The following Augmented Reality Features or Characteristics below are;
Haptic Technology;
The main goal of AR is the interactivity between the user and virtual objects. HT is the system that allows the user to have tactile experiences within immersive environments. With this system, the user interacts with the virtual environment through an augmented system. To bring realism to these interactions, the system must allow the user to feel the touch of surfaces, textures, and the weight and size of virtual objects.
With haptic devices, mass can exist assigned to virtual elements so that the weight and other qualities of the object can exist felt in the fingers. This system requires complex computing devices endowed with great power. Furthermore, the system must recognize the three-dimensional location of fiducial points in the real scene.
Position-Based Augmented Reality;
For correct compensation between the virtual and real image, the system must represent both images in the same frame of reference by using sensitive calibration and measurement systems to determine the different coordinate frames in the AR system. This system measures the position and orientation of the camera concerning the coordinate system of the real world. These two parameters determine the world-to-camera transform, C. We can quantify the parameters of camera-to-image, P, by calibrating the video camera. Finally, the third parameter, O, stands computed by measuring the position and orientation of the virtual object in the real world, existing rendered and combined with the live video.
Computer Vision for Augmented Reality;
Augmented Reality uses computer vision methods to improve performance. Thus, the system eliminates calibration errors by processing the live video data. Other systems invert the camera projection to obtain an approximation of the viewer pose. Recently, a mixed-method uses fiducial tracking; which stands combined with a magnetic position tracking system that determines the parameters of the cameras in the scene. Currently, the problems of camera calibration exist solved by registering the virtual objects over the live video.
Animation;
If we want an AR system to be credible, it must have the ability to animate the virtual elements within the scene. Thus, we can distinguish between objects moving by themselves and those whose movements exist produced by the user. These interactions exist represented in the object-to-world transform by multiplication with a translation matrix.
Portability;
Since the user can walk through large spaces, Augmented Reality should pay special attention to the portability of its systems, far from controlled environments, allowing users to walk outdoor with comfort. This stands accomplished by making the scene generator, the head-mounted display, and the tracking system capable of being autonomous.
Types and Categories of Augmented Reality;
There are several types of augmented reality in use today. From marketing to gaming, there are a lot of businesses in the exploration phase of utilizing this emerging technology. The question is… how? Easier asked than answered. To get a better understanding of how you can use AR, let’s walk through the different types and see examples of each.
Marker-based;
Marker-based AR uses markers to trigger an augmented experience. The markers, often made with distinct patterns like QR codes or other unique designs, act as anchors for the technology. When a marker in the physical world exists recognized by an augmented reality application, the digital content stands placed on top of it. Marker-based augmented reality stands commonly used for marketing and retail purposes. Think business cards that speak and brochures that move.
In this example, marker-based AR is existing used for retail purposes in someone’s home. Imagine if you could see what your new bathroom vanity would look like before you buy it. Plus, with this application, you can swipe through the various sink options to see what looks best in the space.
Markerless;
Marker-less AR is more versatile than marker-based AR as it allows the user to decide where to put the virtual object. You can try different styles and locations completely digitally, without having to move anything in your surroundings. Markerless augmented reality relies on the device’s hardware, including the camera, GPS, digital compass, and accelerometer, to gather the information necessary for the AR software to do its job.
In this example, the virtual car can stand positioned anywhere, regardless of the surrounding area. You can customize the Mustang itself, adjust and rotate the view, and learn additional product information. The following types of augmented reality technically fall under the umbrella of markerless AR in that they don’t need a physical marker to trigger the digital content.
Location-based;
Location-based AR ties digital content and the experience it creates to a specific place. The objects exist mapped out so that when a user’s location matches the predetermined spot it exists displayed on the screen. The game that brought augmented reality to the masses, Pokemon Go, is an example of location-based AR. The experience brings virtual Pokemon to our world through your smartphone and users exist encouraged to find as many of the characters as possible.
Superimposition;
Superimposition AR recognizes an object in the physical world and enhances it in some way to provide an alternate view. This can include recreating a portion of the object or the whole thing in its entirety. In this example, the chair stands copied, rotated, and placed in another location around the table. The user can do so many things with this technology, like decide if they want to have four chairs and a little elbow room or if they can comfortably seat six at the same table.
Projection-based;
Projection-based AR is a little different than the other types of markerless augmented reality. Namely, you don’t need a mobile device to display the content. Instead, light projects the digital graphics onto an object or surface to create an interactive experience for the user. Yes, that’s right, holograms! Projection-based AR stands used to create 3D objects that can interact with the user. It can exist used to show a prototype or mockup of a new product, even disassembling each part to better show its inner workings.
Outlining;
Outlining AR recognizes boundaries and lines to help in situations when the human eye can’t. Also, Outlining augmented reality uses object recognition to understand a user’s immediate surroundings. Think about driving in low light conditions or seeing the structure of a building from the outside. This example of outlining AR tells the driver exactly where the middle of the lane is to keep them out of harm’s way. Similar applications include parking your car and having the boundaries outlined so that you can see exactly where the parking space is.
What does Augmented Reality for Education?
The use of Augmented Reality in school promotes teamwork and allows viewing of three-dimensional models to students; which facilitates the task of learning through a fun and interactive process. Likewise, this system can exist applied to a wide variety of learning areas outside the educational field. Among the reasons that make AR attractive to exist applied in educational centers, we find, among others, the interaction between virtual and real environments; the easy manipulation of objects within the virtual environment, and the ease of movement from one space to another in real-time.
Through the use of HMDs, AR promotes team communication, showing the possible gestures and other communication signals from the students of the group. All this information view by students on their screens, which facilitates interpersonal communication. This allows this form of collaboration to exist seen more like face-to-face communication than isolated communication through displays on the HMD screen.
In these collaborative environments, the information taken from the real world is socially shared in the virtual space. The advantage of using AR systems instead of other technologies is that results are highly intuitive for people; who have no experience with other computer systems. Thus, even the youngest students can enjoy a fun interactive experience.
Fantasy Interfaces;
Little children often fantasize about being actors in a fairy tale. With AR, we can make this fantasy a reality, by using a book with markers that acts as the primary interface. Thus, we can turn the pages, read the text, and we can see also three-dimensional animations that tell us the story better. These 3D models are embedded in the page of the book so the child can see the animations from any point of view, moving them from different angles. These animations can be adapted to any size of the book so that reading becomes a very fun and immersive experience.
These systems can be used at any educational level, making the learning process a very engaging task. To apply this system successfully, educators should collaborate with the developers of these applications to find the best way to apply it in school environments.
Future directions;
Future monitoring systems will be more robust and will incorporate mixed media to remedy the mistakes of registration. These systems will fully reproduce the scenes in real-time within the HMD. Moreover, future AR systems will offer users the ability to walk in great outdoor spaces.
To achieve this, these systems will have to evolve towards better portability. To a greater sense of immersion, these systems should also incorporate 3D sound systems. As for the political and social dimensions, through the gradual introduction of Augmented Reality in the daily tasks of our lives, it will be more accepted by people. Gradually, we will see that this system allows the users to make; their work easier and faster instead of being seen as a system that replaces human workers.
Conclusion;
Augmented Reality is less technologically-advanced than Virtual Reality Systems, but by contrast, AR is much more commercial. Nowadays, AR can exist found in research laboratories and academic centers. The next development of AR will be initially on aircraft manufacturing. On the other hand; its introduction to the medical field will take longer than in other areas. AR will probably be used in medical training before surgery.
Another area where AR will develop strongly in the coming years will be in tours through outdoor environments by wearing a Head-mounted display, facilitating the development of advanced navigation systems and visualizations of past and future environments. These systems will make the orientation a much easier task. AR systems will also include 3D maps displaying information about the elements we´re looking at; and, their dimensions and will show the easiest way to reach that destination.
Regarding the application of AR in education, the lesson will be better understood by visualizations of history, geography, anatomy, and sciences in general that will make the learning process much easier. After solving the basic problems of Augmented Reality, advanced virtual elements will be developed that will be perceived as realistic as the real world. To achieve this purpose, the conditions of lighting, texturing, shading, and registration will be almost perfect; so we will wear a pair of glasses outdoors that will show us realistic virtual elements with which we will interact normally.
Augmented Reality (AR) Meaning Definition Characteristics Types Essay!
