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  • How do we commonly perform brain activity research?

    How do we commonly perform brain activity research?

    Brain activity research is a broad field that encompasses various scientific studies and investigations aimed at understanding the functions, processes, and mechanisms of the brain. Researchers employ various techniques and technologies to explore brain activity, including neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and behavioral experiments.

    Understanding Brain activity research: Meaning, Types, Pros, and Cons with Its Importance

    Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG), allow researchers to visualize and measure brain activity. These methods provide insights into which areas of the brain are involved in different tasks. How they communicate and interact, and how they change under various conditions or during specific cognitive processes all are findings that can be interpreted from brain activity research, made possible by the likes of BrainAccess.ai.

    Electrophysiological techniques involve recording electrical signals generated by the brain. These methods include single-neuron recording, electrocorticography (ECoG), and event-related potentials (ERPs). They provide researchers with precise temporal information about the firing patterns of neurons. And the coordination of neural activity during specific events or cognitive processes.

    Behavioral experiments involve studying the relationship between brain activity and behavior. Researchers design experiments to manipulate certain variables or conditions and observe how they influence brain activity and subsequent behavior. This approach helps uncover the neural basis of cognition, perception, memory, decision-making, and other complex mental processes.

    Brain activity research has led to significant advancements in our understanding of the brain. And its role in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. It has shed light on the neural basis of consciousness, emotions, learning, and other cognitive functions. Moreover, it has enabled the development of diagnostic tools, therapeutic interventions, and neuroprosthetic devices to treat brain-related conditions and enhance human performance.

    It is worth noting that brain activity research is a rapidly evolving field, and new techniques and methodologies are continually emerging. Scientists are also exploring interdisciplinary approaches, combining insights from neuroscience, psychology, computer science, and other fields to tackle complex questions about the brain and its activity.

    What is Brain Research?

    Brain research is the scientific study of the brain, aiming to understand its functions, structure, and how it influences behavior and cognition. It involves using various techniques to investigate the brain’s activity, such as neuroimaging and electrophysiology. The findings from brain research have led to advancements in understanding neurological disorders and developing treatments.

    How do we commonly perform brain activity research Image
    How do we commonly perform brain activity research? Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay.

    Types of Brain Research

    Brain research encompasses various types of scientific investigations aimed at understanding the brain’s functions, processes, and mechanisms. Here are some common types of brain research:

    Neuroimaging:

    Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG), allow researchers to visualize and measure brain activity. You can check out an EEG cap here to get an idea of what they look like. These methods provide insights into which areas of the brain are involved in different tasks. How they communicate and interact, and how they change under various conditions or during specific cognitive processes.

    Electrophysiology:

    Electrophysiological techniques involve recording electrical signals generated by the brain. These methods include single-neuron recording, electrocorticography (ECoG), and event-related potentials (ERPs). They provide researchers with precise temporal information about the firing patterns of neurons and the coordination of neural activity during specific events or cognitive processes.

    Behavioral Experiments:

    Behavioral experiments involve studying the relationship between brain activity and behavior. Researchers design experiments to manipulate certain variables or conditions and observe how they influence brain activity and subsequent behavior. This approach helps uncover the neural basis of cognition, perception, memory, decision-making, and other complex mental processes.

    Computational Modeling:

    Computational modeling involves using computer simulations to replicate and understand brain activity. By creating models based on existing knowledge of neural networks. Also, Researchers can test hypotheses and gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of brain function.

    Genetics and Molecular Neuroscience:

    This type of research focuses on studying the genetic and molecular factors that influence brain development, function, and disorders. Researchers investigate the genes involved in brain processes and explore. How changes in gene expression can affect brain activity and behavior.

    Clinical and Translational Research:

    Clinical and translational research aims to apply findings from basic brain research to diagnose, treat, and prevent neurological and psychiatric disorders. Also, It involves conducting studies with human participants, evaluating the efficacy of interventions, and developing new therapies or techniques based on scientific discoveries.

    It is important to note that brain research is a dynamic and evolving field, and new types of research methods and interdisciplinary approaches continue to emerge as scientists strive to deepen our understanding of the brain and its activity read more here for further insight.

    Pros and Cons of Brain activity research

    Pros of Brain Activity Research:

    1. Advances our understanding of the brain.
    2. Contributes to advancements in neuroscience.
    3. Helps develop therapeutic interventions.
    4. Also, Enhances human performance.
    5. Promotes interdisciplinary collaboration.

    Cons of Brain Activity Research:

    1. Cost and resource-intensive.
    2. Raises ethical considerations.
    3. Complexity and interpretation challenges.
    4. Also, Potential bias in study design and sample selection.
    5. Limited generalizability of results.

    Importance of Brain activity research

    Brain activity research is of paramount importance for several reasons:

    1. Understanding the Brain: It allows us to unravel the complexities of the human brain, including its structure, functions, and how different areas interact. Also, This knowledge helps us comprehend how thoughts, emotions, memories, and behaviors arise from neural activity.
    2. Advancing Medicine: Brain activity research plays a crucial role in advancing medical knowledge and finding treatments for neurological disorders and mental illnesses. By investigating abnormal brain activity patterns associated with conditions like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, epilepsy, and depression, researchers can develop better diagnostic tools and more effective therapies.
    3. Improving Brain-Computer Interfaces: Studying brain activity is essential for the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that enable direct communication between the brain and external devices. Also, This technology holds tremendous potential for assisting people with severe disabilities. Allowing them to control prosthetic limbs or communicate through devices.
    4. Enhancing Learning and Education: Understanding brain activity patterns during learning can improve teaching methods and educational practices. Brain activity research can help identify the most effective learning strategies, and tailor instruction to individual needs. And optimize educational environments to maximize knowledge acquisition.
    5. Advancing Cognitive Enhancement: By studying brain activity, researchers can investigate techniques for enhancing cognitive abilities such as attention, memory, and problem-solving. Insights from this research may lead to the development of interventions and training methods to boost cognitive performance in healthy individuals.
    6. Uncovering Consciousness: Brain activity research plays a vital role in unraveling the mystery of consciousness. By studying patterns of brain activity associated with different states of consciousness. Researchers can explore the neural correlates of awareness, providing deeper insights into what it means to be conscious.

    Bottom line

    Brain activity research is a broad field that encompasses various scientific studies aimed at understanding the functions, processes, and mechanisms of the brain. Researchers use techniques such as neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and behavioral experiments to explore brain activity. Neuroimaging allows visualization and measurement of brain activity, while electrophysiology records electrical signals generated by the brain. Behavioral experiments study the relationship between brain activity and behavior.

    Brain activity research has led to advancements in our understanding of the brain, neurological and psychiatric disorders. And the development of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions. The field is rapidly evolving with new techniques and interdisciplinary approaches emerging. Brain research investigates the brain’s functions, structure, and influence on behavior and cognition. It involves different types of research methods, including neuroimaging, electrophysiology, behavioral experiments, computational modeling, genetics and molecular neuroscience, and clinical and translational research.

    The pros of brain activity research include advancing our understanding of the brain, contributing to neuroscience advancements, developing therapeutic interventions, enhancing human performance, and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration. However, there are cons, such as cost and resource intensiveness, ethical considerations, complexity and interpretation challenges, potential bias, and limited generalizability of results. Brain activity research is important for understanding the brain, advancing medicine, improving brain-computer interfaces, enhancing learning and education, advancing cognitive enhancement, and uncovering consciousness.

  • 5 Most Important Innovations in Nursing Education

    5 Most Important Innovations in Nursing Education

    5 Most Important Innovations in Nursing, Education Topic; No matter the industry, numerous innovations have been developed, streamlining service delivery and guaranteeing accuracy in every task. Why Are Innovations in Nursing Education Important? Yet when it comes to innovations, the ones in medicine are probably the coolest since they have the potential to save lives. 

    Here are the articles to explain, the 5 Most Important Innovations in Nursing for Education Topic

    Along with enhancing patient care, these technologies lighten the load on medical staff and guarantee that there is little room for error in the provision of services. The incorporation of these innovations into the curriculum as observed by numerous students looking for nursing assignment help is a testimonial to their usefulness to the sector. 

    5 Most Important Innovations in Nursing for Education Topic Image
    5 Most Important Innovations in Nursing for Education Topic

    Image source: Pexels

    The Benefits of Nursing Education: A Comprehensive Guide. Here, we’ll focus on a handful of the most significant developments that have reshaped nursing practice in recent years. 

    Automated IV pumps

    Auto IV pumps are excellent at managing patient doses and drips. These pumps exist in a variety of designs, including insulin pumps that give diabetes patients insulin. And syringe pumps that create specifically to use different-sized syringes. 

    Thus, these pumps guarantee timely meal delivery and quick modifications to dosage administration rates based on preset parameters. Because of this, the nurses’ workload reduces, freeing up the medical assistant to concentrate on patients with critical conditions. 

    Smart Beds

    One of the best advances for treating patients who admit towards is the use of smart beds. These beds monitor a patient’s weight, movement, and vitals, making it simpler for a caregiver to observe a patient’s behaviors. 

    Additionally, the smart bed uses sensor chips to track temperature, pulse, and respiration, sending this information to the doctor for immediate analysis. Also, these beds automatically adjust to offer the right support and position, allowing patients to recuperate more quickly. 

    Every time a patient leaves the bed, the alarm on the bed sounds. Allowing the nurse to keep an eye on them and provide the necessary care. 

    Portable Monitors

    These monitors are a great way to check on patients remotely. The monitor allows you to check on critical patients while doing other tasks. Therefore, allowing the clinical workers to multitask and maximize their productivity. 

    These monitors can use to track signs like ECG, respiratory rates, and oxygen saturation. And also to take readings at the right time and get timely alerts in case of emergencies. 

    Automated Blood Pressure Cuffs

    In the past, nurses had a difficult time providing their services to a large number of patients. Since they had to manually monitor each patient’s blood pressure. The automatic blood pressure cuff assists nurses in efficiently measuring the patient’s heart rate and overcoming any inaccuracies in the findings. 

    This invention, like the previous one, allows caregivers to multitask. While still allowing doctors to remain on top of an emergency before it escalates. 

    Electronic Health Records

    The former medical filing system, which stood characterized by sizable lockers housing a variety of files that were difficult to obtain and at high risk of damage, greatly replace by the EHR system. The EHR system makes it simple to access and update a patient’s medical records while also protecting them from external threats. 

    Using this technology, a clinician can quickly review a patient’s medical history and determine the course of a condition before rendering a diagnosis.

    Final Take

    Like killer papers discount for your studies, these innovations are among the many nursing technologies revolutionizing the medical field. Even better, other concept developments are in place intended to address the myriad problems faced in the medical industry. As a result, it is impossible to predict the condition of medicine in a few years. 

  • What is Behavioral Perspective in Psychology Essay?

    What is Behavioral Perspective in Psychology Essay?

    Behavioral Perspective in Psychology Essay; Behavioral psychology exists thought to be a perspective that mainly focuses on behaviors that have stood learned. While psychology existed mainly dominated by behaviorism in the early 20th century; it quickly started to diminish in the 1950s. Nowadays, the behavioral perspective still deals with how behaviors have existed learned, and reinforced. Behavioral principles have many times existed applied in settings of mental health; where some therapists/ counselors have used these certain techniques to try to explain and treat a lot of illnesses.

    Here is the article to explain, Behavioral Perspective Psychology Types and Essay!

    Since Behavioral Perspective is the way people view the psychological aspect of behavior; then it is obvious that this perspective indicates the study of observable and measurable behavior. It does this in a way only in which the environment is the only this that determines this behavior. Also included in this perspective is the natural way of man, the belief that everything stands caused by something; and the fact that change is capable of happening.

    Behaviorists tend to think that the nature of man is not good or evil. They also believe in the theory of “Tabula Rasa,” also known as the blank slate theory. This theory explains that when a baby is born with no reason or knowledge; then obviously their knowledge has to be drawn from their environment and experiences.

    Behaviorist B.F. Skinner goes over the fact that he believes in this concept by always stating that as far as he knows, at any point in time; his behavior has not been anything more than the product of his personal history; his genetic endowment, and the current setting he is in then.

    Ideas;

    The Behavioral Perspective takes some ideas from the Tabula Rasa such as conditioning; and behavior modification to merge or combine the other valuable ideas inside of the Behavioral Perspective; such as the perspective which includes the natural way of man; the belief that everything exists caused by something, and the fact that change is capable of happening. The concept that we as humans have no free will call Determinism. Also with the Tabula Rasa theory, there has been one more aspect of determinism which call conditioning.

    Conditioning considers being one of the simplest forms one can do to learn. In conditioning, a certain type of behavior exists learned by a person and or animal. This type of learning exists often considered to be a direct result of the reinforcement or the connection of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus.

    An interesting concept some behaviorists believe is that certain behaviors can counter or unlearn; through either positive or negative change in the actual reinforcement. The change in the reinforcement call behavior modification; and, the person can give an object or something that they can use to trade-in for something better every time they do the right thing.

    Behavioral Approach;

    The behavioral approach to understanding motivation deals with drives, both learned and unlearned, and with incentives. Drive theory involves the concepts of unlearned (or primary) drives, drive reduction, and learned (secondary) drives. It is based on the fact that all living organisms have physiological needs that must exist satisfied for survival (for example, the need for food, water, sleep, and so forth) to maintain a state of homeostasis, that is, a steady internal state.

    Disruption of an organism’s homeostatic state causes a state of tension (arousal) called an unlearned, or primary, drive. If the aroused state has existed created by hunger; it calls a hunger drive, and the drive can reduce by food. Drive reduction moves toward the re-establishment of homeostasis. Drives, then, may exist thought of as the consequence of a physiological need; which an organism stands impelled to reduce or eliminate. Clark Hull, a learning theorist, developed an equation to show how learning and drive are related. Drives may also learn, or secondary. Fear (or anxiety), for example, exists often considered a secondary drive that can learn through either classical or operant conditioning.

    Neal Miller’s Thories;

    In Neal Miller’s well-known operant conditioning experiment, a rat existed placed in a black box and then given a mild electrical shock. Eventually, the rat learned to react to the experience of being put in a black box (with no shock given) with the response of turning a wheel to escape. In this case, the black box exists said to have elicited the learned drive of fear. Among other drives considered by some theorists to learn are the need for affiliation (that is, to belong, to have companionship), the need for security (money), and the need for achievement.

    Theories of incentive motivation contend that external stimuli can motivate behavior. Humans and other animals can learn to value external stimuli (for example, the first prize in a track meet for a human and a pat on the head for a dog) and will work to get them. Incentive motivation stands sometimes called pull motivation because incentives exist said to pull in contrast with the push associated with drives. Kenneth Spence, well known for his work in incentive motivation, suggested that the incentive value of the reward strengthens the response”. The following two types of behavior from the behavioral perspective of psychology below are;

    What is the Normal Behavior?

    The common pattern of behavior found among the general majority stands said to be the behavior of the normal. Normal people exhibit satisfactory work capacity and earn an adequate income. They conform and adjust to their social surrounding. They are capable of establishing, satisfying, and acceptable relationships with other people; and their emotional reactions are appropriate to different situations.

    Such people manage to control their emotions. Their emotional experiences do not affect their personality adjustment though they experience occasional frustrations and conflict. These people who adjust well with themselves, their surroundings, and their associates constitute the normal group. The normal group covers the great majority of people.

    According to Coleman (1981), normal behavior will represent the optimal development and functioning of the individual consistent with the long-term well-being and progress of the group. Thus, people having an average amount of intelligence, personality stability, social adaptability consider normal.

    What is the Abnormal Behavior?

    The concept of abnormality stands defined as the simple exaggeration or perverted development of normal psychological behavior. In other words, it deals with the usual behavior of man. The unusual or maladapted behavior of many persons; which do not fit into our common forms of behavior stands known as abnormal behavior. Abnormality refers to maladjustment to one’s society and culture which surrounds him. It is the deviation from the normal unfavorably and pathologically.

    According to Brown (1940), abnormal psychological phenomena are simple exaggerations (overdevelopment or under development) or disguised (i.e., perverted, developments) of the normal psychological phenomena.

    It expects, for instance, that a normal human being would react to a snake by immediately withdrawing from it. But if the person, on the contrary, plays with the snake very happily, it is a sign of uncommon behavior; which may consider abnormal provided that experience or training does not play a part here.

    Training;

    A person who has been by profession trained from the very childhood to deal with snakes will not afraid of a snake and if he does not withdraw from a snake, will not consider abnormal. Coleman (1981) holds that deviant behaviors consider maladaptive because they are not only harmful to society but the individual. Maladaptive behavior impairs individual and group well being and it brings distress to the individual. It also leads to individual and group conflicts.

    Page (1976) views that the abnormal group consists of individuals marked by limited intelligence, emotional instability, personality disorgani­zation, and character defects who in most part led wretched personal lives and were social misfits and liabilities. Thus, abnormality and normality can only define in terms of conformity to the will and welfare of the group and the capacity for self-management.

    A close analysis of various types of abnormal behavior indicates that abnormal behavior circumscribes a wide range of maladaptive reactions like psychoneuroses, psychoses, delinquents, sexual deviants, drug addicts, etc.

    Thus, some kind of biological, social, and psychological maladjustment affects the functioning of the individual in a society. The abnormal deviants who constitute about 10 percent of the general population are classified into four main categories; such as psychoneurotic, psychotic, menially defective, and antisocial.

    Focused;

    The behavioral perspective stands mainly focused on the idea that psychology should only exist concerned with the measurable physical responses one has to certain environmental stimuli. This certain perspective was first introduced to the world by John Broadus Watson who lived from 1878 to 1958. He was a great student at the University of Chicago and worked to get his doctorate at the same time.

    He strongly believed that the science of psychology existed meant to be a hard science as the rest of the sciences were therefore psychology should seek out observable behavior. Watson thought that psychology existed not meant to deal with mental events because to him they are un-measurable in every way except to the actual organism experiencing them.

    Behavioral Perspective in Psychology Essay Image
    What is Behavioral Perspective in Psychology Essay?
  • What is Perception in Psychology Essay?

    What is Perception in Psychology Essay?

    Perception in Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay; Perception is the sensory expertise of the globe. It involves each recognizing environmental stimuli and actions in response to those stimuli. Through the sensory activity method, we tend to gain data concerning the properties; and components of the surroundings that are unit vital to our survival. What is Structuralism in a Psychology Essay? It does not solely create our expertise of the globe around America; it permits us to act among the environment.

    Here is the article to explain, What is essay of Perception in Psychology with their Meaning and Definition!

    Perception, according to Yolanda Williams, a psychology professor; can be defined as our way to recognize and interpret the information we’ve gathered through our senses. This also includes how we respond to a certain situation with the given information. Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes. They relate to psychology because as discussed in the notes, psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes; while perception is how we react to situations. In other words, our behavior towards that situation.

    What does means Perception? Meaning and Definition;

    It includes the 5 senses touch, sight, sound, smell, and taste. It additionally includes what is referred to as interception; a group of senses involving the flexibility to observe changes in body positions and movements. It additionally involves the psychological feature methods needed to process data; like recognizing the face of a lover or police investigation a well-known scent.

    Another word often associated with perception is sensation. They are often used interchangeably, however; sensation is the process of reevaluating information from the world into the brain. We use our senses to detect and recognize something; which then allows us to process the information and discover the emotions and react to the situation we see, which is perception.

    Types of the Perception;

    Some of the main types of perception include: Vision, Touch, Sound, Taste, and Smell; other senses allow us to perceive things such as balance, time, body position, acceleration, and the perception of internal states. Many of these are multimodal and involve more than one sensory modality. Social perception, or the ability to identify and use social cues about people and relationships, is another important type of perception.

    There are two types of theories to perception, there is the self-perception theory and the cognitive dissonance theory. There are many theories about different subjects in perception. Some disorders relate to perception even though you may think perception is just a person’s viewpoint.

    First, the self-perception theory, inspired by B. F. Skinner’s analyses, is when individuals come to “know” or better understand their attitudes, emotions, and other personal states mostly by concluding them from observing their behavior and/or the situations in which this behavior occurs. One example would be an individual who describes “butterflies in the stomach”. We have all identified this feeling for ourselves, on our own (Bem).

    The cognitive dissonance theory is a person having two thoughts that contradict each other. For example, a person that thinks eating sugar is bad for you, but then continues to eat sugar; because they believe that not eating sugar, wouldn’t change anything, so nothing will change the current health the individual is in. These thoughts are contradicting, almost hypocritical. According to Leon Festinger, the existence of dissonance causes the individual to be psychologically uncomfortable; which then allows the individual to try to remain constant in his/her thoughts. Also, while the individual wants to become consistent, the individual will try to avoid situations that include that subject that causes dissonance (Festinger).

    Other things in psychology;

    Like other things in psychology, there is a lot of science behind the perception. One thing has to do with light and our eyes. When looking in a mirror, light bounces off your face, and then off the mirror, and then into your eyes. Your eyes then take in all that energy and transform it into neural messages that your brain processes and organizes into what you see. As humans, we only see a small fraction of the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that ranges from gamma to radio waves.

    Our eyes percept what we see based on wavelengths and amplitudes. Wavelengths and frequency determine their hue; for example, short wavelengths and high frequencies omit blueish colors, whereas long wavelengths and low frequencies omit reddish colors. The amplitude determines the intensity or brightness. Large amplitudes are bright colors, and small amplitudes are dull colors.

    After taking in light through the pupil and the cornea, it hits the transparent disc behind the pupil called the lens. This focuses the light rays into specific images, which projects these images onto the retina. The retina is the inner surface of the eyeball that contains all of the receptor cells that begin sensing that visual information. Once reached the ganglion cells, the axon tails form the ropy optic nerve through the thalamus, to the brain’s visual cortex, which is located in the occipital lobe. This allows us to view things in the world.

    Example;

    An example of our perception of the things we look at and how they can differ depending upon the person would be The Dress. The Dress became an internet phenomenon overnight because people couldn’t agree on what color it was. Some people swore that they saw a white dress with gold lace, while others saw a blue dress with black lace. Scientists studied the dress and concluded that the different perception of color is due to the expectation that the dress will appear the same under different lighting, explaining color constancy. People who saw the dress as white and gold, probably saw that the dress was lit by sunshine, causing their brains to ignore the shorter, bluer wavelengths. The people that saw the dress as blue and black, saw it lit by false lighting; causing their brains to ignore longer, redder wavelengths (Lewis).

    Oliver Sacks, a famous physician, professor, and author of unusual case studies, is viewed as a brilliant individual for his work; however, cannot do a simple task such as recognizing himself in a mirror. He has a form of Prosopagnosia, which is a neurological disorder that impairs an individual’s ability to perceive or recognize faces. This is also known as face blindness. He can perceive other information, such as his handwriting, or book on a shelf, but is not able to recognize a close friend in a crowd. His Fusiform Gyrus, thought to be crucially involved in face perception, is malfunctioning. Many studies show that other parts of the brain; such as the occipital lobe, and amygdala also play a key role in this disorder.

    Disorder;

    Another disorder having to do with perception is the Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder. According to DSM 5, it is a psychiatric disorder that is very different from Palinopsia, which is a medical disorder. Palinopsia causes people to see reoccurring images even after the stimulus has left. With Hallucinogen Persisting Perception, the individual sees higher intensities of distractions or interferences than an individual with normal vision does. It is normal to stare at something bright and see light particles called floaters. A person with Hallucinogen experiences higher frequencies and this interferes with their everyday life. An example of an individual with this disorder would be that the person may have difficulty naming colors or telling the difference between them. Another issue they may have is while reading, the words and letters may seem to move all over the page.

    The perception exists often influenced or even biased by our expectations, experiences, moods, and sometimes cultural norms. This is where the mind comes in, not just the brain. We are even able to fool ourselves due to our expectations. Our eyes play a role in perceiving information to our brain, but really, our mind has the most power. Our perceptual set is the psychological factors that determine how we perceive the environment. For example, our perception can exist influenced by our mood. People often say a hill is steeper when listening to depressing music and walking alone; however, it would feel less steep if you were listening to pop, or a cheery tune and walking with a friend.

    Objects;

    The figure-ground relationship is the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. For example, the very common black and white picture of either a vase or two faces. It could be a white vase on a black background or two faces on a white background. If you look long enough, your perception will flip between the two, causing the figure and ground to flip also. Sometimes the vase is the figure and the black is the background, whereas the faces are the figure and the white is the background.

    Another example is if you are in a crowd of people and trying to listen to a certain person from across the room. You only hear what that person is saying, which makes the individual the figure. Whereas everyone else around you that is speaking is the ground. Another part of perception is proximity. This is an example that we like to group nearby things. Instead of seeing a ton of random people at a party; we tend to mentally connect people standing next to each other. For example, athletes in one spot, the government team in another spot, etcetera.

    Important;

    Something else important to perception would be depth perception. This is the ability to see objects in three dimensions, even though images that strike the retina are two-dimensional. Depth perception also helps us to perceive an object’s distance and full shape. We use binocular cues, the retinal disparity that depends on the use of two eyes. The retinal disparity exists used for perceiving depth. For example, by holding your index fingers in front of your face and proceeding to look beyond them, you now have four fingers instead of two. Monocular cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, are available to either eye alone. This helps us determine the scale and distance of an object; such as relative height and size, linear perspective, texture gradient, and interposition.

    Use;

    Motion perception exists used to determine the speed and direction of the moving object. Your brain perceives motion mostly based on the idea that shrinking objects are moving away, or retreating, and enlarging objects are coming fourth or approaching. However, your brain can easily stand misled when it comes to motion. For example, large objects appear to move slower than small ones that are going at the same speed. Also, organizing things by form, depth, and motion, our perception of the world requires consistency, which brings us back to the cognitive dissonance theory.

    Perceptual constancy is what allows us to continuously recognize an object regardless of its distance, view angle, or motion. Even though it might change color, size, and shape based on conditions. For instance, we all know what a Chihuahua looks like, so if we see a green Chihuahua, we still know it’s a Chihuahua. A person with dissonant beliefs might try to say that it’s not a Chihuahua because it’s a different color, even though it still clearly looks like a Chihuahua.

    Factors Affecting Perception;

    There are individual differences in perceptual abilities. Two people may perceive the same stimulus differently. The factors affecting the perceptions of people are:

    Perceptual learning:

    Based on past experiences or any special training that we get, every one of us learns to emphasize some sensory inputs and to ignore others. For example, a person who has got training in some occupation like artistry or other skilled jobs can perform better than other untrained people. Experience is the best teacher for such perceptual skills. For example, blind people identify the people by their voice or by the sounds of their footsteps.

    Mental set:

    Set refers to preparedness or readiness to receive some sensory input. Such expectancy keeps the individual prepared with good attention and concentration. For example, when we are expecting the arrival of a train; we listen to its horn or sound even if there is a lot of noise disturbance.

    Motives and needs:

    Our motives and needs will influence our perception. For example, a hungry person exists motivated to recognize only the food items among other articles. His attention cannot exist directed towards other things until his motive stands satisfied.

    Cognitive styles:

    People stand said to differ in the ways they characteristically process the information. Every individual will have his or her way of understanding the situation. It exists said that flexible people will have good attention; and, they are less affected by interfering influences and be less dominated by internal needs and motives than people at the constricted end.

    Our mind is responsible for most of the ways we perceive things. Our eyes and our brain do the science; while our mind decides how were going to take the sensations, or data collected. Our mind decides to retain information from the sensations we experience and evaluate them to different personal views.

    Perception in Psychology Meaning Definition and Essay Image
    Perception in Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay
  • What is the Structuralism in Psychology Essay?

    What is the Structuralism in Psychology Essay?

    Structuralism Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay; It considers as a theory of consciousness that existed suggested by Wilhelm Wundt and developed by his student Edward Titchener. The theory came to be in the 20th century: where its reliability stood debated and challenged by the growing scientific community at that time. Structuralism also considers a school of psychology that seeks to analyze the components of an adult mind. It seeks to analyze the simplest thoughts of a mind that bring about the more complex experience that we go through in our day-to-day life.

    Here is the article to explain, Structuralism in Psychology also their Meaning, Definition, and Essay!

    According to structuralism, meaning stands produced and reproduced through actions and practices that form a unit. Linguistics, literature, Anthropology, and mathematics are some fields of knowledge where structuralist principles existed applied.

    What is the meaning of structuralism in psychology?

    Structuralism was a faculty of thought that sought-after to spot the elements (structure) of the mind — the mind existed thought of as the key component to psychological science at now. Structuralists believed that the thanks to study the brain and its functions was to interrupt the mind down into its most elementary components.

    Besides the higher than, what’s the most plan of structuralism? the fundamental plan behind structuralism is that individual and collective behaviors emerge from some underlying structure. With Ferdinand de Saussure and therefore the linguists, the structure is Associate in Nursing abstract system of reticulate ideas.

    Definition of Structuralism;

    Structuralism was a faculty of thought that sought-after to spot the parts (structure) of the mind — the mind was thought-about the key component to scientific discipline at this time. Structuralists believed that the thanks to study the brain and its functions was to interrupt the mind down into its most simple components. They believed the entire is the adequate total of the elements.

    Wilhelm Wundt, a UN agency took into account the pioneer Structuralist, who found the initial psychological laboratory in 1879. Following Wundt was Titchner UN agency popularized the sphere (he was one among Wundt’s students). Titchener was curious about the acutely aware mind. He used a method referred to as self-contemplation to undertake to grasp the acutely aware mind. self-contemplation could be a method of getting someone “look inward”, focus on, and check out to grasp the feeling or thought they’re experiencing at that moment.

    The Structuralism faculty of thought has influenced the scientific discipline in its pursuit of the analysis of the adult mind (the analysis of the assemblage of lifespan experiences). It seeks to gauge these experiences in terms of the only determinable parts and so makes an attempt to seek out however these parts work along to create additional advanced experiences. Another goal is to seek out however these experiences correlate to physical events; this exists often accomplished through practices like self-contemplation, self-reports (of sensations), viewpoints, feelings, and emotions.

    Sources;

    There are various sources such as books and articles that speak about structuralism. One such source is the article “How structuralism and functionalism influenced early psychology” written by Kendra Cherry. The article informs us that in the early 20-century Psychology existed separated from biology. At that time there was a raging debate in the scientific community on how the human mind and behavior worked. These questions led to the establishment of two major schools of Psychology. They included Structuralism and Functionalism. Structuralism was the first school of thought. Many if not all structuralism components existed idealized by who was also the founder of the first psychological lab.

    Later on, one of his students went on to formally establish structuralism as a theory. However, Edward’s ideas had misrepresented the teachings of Wundt. Almost immediately after the establishment of structuralism, other ideas emerged such as functionalism from thinkers like Charles Darwin. Furthermore, we learn that structuralism was the first school of psychology and focus on breaking down the mental process into basic elements. Researchers tried to learn the basic elements of the mind through a method known as introspection.

    Another sources;

    A second source of the formation, background, and development of structuralism is an article “Structuralism” written by Richard Hall. Richard informs us that in the past many advances in science were occurring due to the concept of “elements”. “Elements” referred to the conception of complex phenomena in terms of underlying elements. It was at this moment that what psychologists refer to as the first school of psychology stood established. A psychologist called Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. Hall further informs us that the school of psychology that Wundt championed existed called Structuralism. It led many people to refer to Wundt as the father of Structuralism.

    Structuralism stands fundamentally defined as the study of the human conscious. The rationale behind it is that the human consciousness could exist broken down into basic conscious elements. Most of the experiments conducted in Wundt’s laboratory involved cataloging primary conscious elements. To research the basic elements, structuralism relied on a method called introspection. An example is how someone can describe the basic elements of an orange (cold, juicy). Introspection involved describing each basic element separately from the complex entity. Through the use of this method, Wundt was able to catalog different human experiences in mind.

    Theory;

    Although structuralism stood established as a psychological theory, it faced a lot of criticism through the times. Many psychologists failed to accept the theoretical background of Structuralism. The experimental methods that existed used to study the structures of the mind were too subjective. Moreover, we also learn that using introspection, led to the unreliability of the data gotten. Others critics also argued that structuralism was concerned with internal human behaviors. Internal human behaviors exist considered non-observable and cannot exist accurately measured.

    Moreover, we also learn that structuralism faced more limitations such as not having its principal theory supported by most psychologists in the scientific world. In the present times, Structuralism considers being dead in psychology. Informs us that one reason why Structuralism faced criticism was because of a methodological flaw in Wundt’s structuralism. The theory relied on introspection which lacked subject agreement and reliability. In psychology, many observers must agree independently on phenomena. When it comes to Wundt’s Structuralism experiment, his observes were students trained by him. Wundt was also the one who resolved any disagreement of concepts during the experiments. The use of trained observers as opposed to the current practice of psychology.

    Criticism;

    However, the existence of criticism was not enough to undermine the strength of structuralism. It was important because it was the first school of thought. Structuralism led to the development of experimental psychology. Structuralism has been dead for many years since the passing of Wundt. Other sources differ on how Structuralism developed. The last alternative narrative of how structuralism existed formed is that Structuralism was a theory that existed introduced by psychologist Wilhelm Wundt and was later on popularized by Edward Titchener.

    An article written and submitted to the journal of Psychology informs us that, an example of Structuralism is a fleece blanket, it can be considered as warm, fuzzy, soft, and green. The breakdown of a complex component such as the fleece blanket to its basic elements is what’s considered structuralism. Another example is how an apple can describe as red, crisp, and sweet. Structuralism existed only interested in showing the basic elements of something and not the complex ideas. The person describing the apple or fleece blanket can only describe it to its most basic elements.

    In conclusion;

    Structuralism dictates that the total sum of parts that have been broken down is what makes up the whole “something.” Wundt mainly formed structuralism to focus on understanding the fundamental component of the human mind. Through the use of different processes such as introspection, he was able to conduct experiments on the conscious mind. This way Wundt subjectively identified what makes them experience those thoughts. However, the structural school lost considerable influence when Titchener died. In the end, structuralism led to the development of other theories such as behaviorism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology.

    Structuralism Psychology Meaning Definition and Essay Image
    Structuralism Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay
  • Asthma UK Case Study Nursing Essay

    Asthma UK Case Study Nursing Essay

    Case Study of Asthma UK Nursing Essay; This essay writing as a case study referring to a patient from my practice area. As I will exist reflecting on my practice about the case study; use will stand made of first-person writing where appropriate. Hamill (1999) supports the use of first-person writing in academic essays; such as case studies and suggests it develops self-awareness, reflection, analysis, and critique.

    Here is the article to explain, Asthma UK Case Study Nursing Essay!

    As this essay exists focused on a specific patient from my practice area; it is important to consider issues of confidentiality. Therefore, neither my practice area nor the patient’s name will exist identified. However, to be able to discuss key issues about the patient; I will refer to their age, gender, and lifestyle, and use a false name to aid the flow of writing.

    Introduction to Asthma;

    Asthma affects 5.2 million people in the UK; 1.1 million children and 4.1 million adults according to Asthma UK in their 2004 report. However, depending on which report one reads, this number can almost double to 10.1 million. This wide variation of prevalence may exist explained by the different studies; and, reports used to gather the data, and the different inclusion criteria used. There is nevertheless agreement on the fact that the number of cases of asthma is increasing.

    Asthma UK (2004) reports a 400,000 increase in the number of adults with asthma in the UK between 2001 and 2004. The rising patterns of asthma prevalence however exist not explained by current knowledge of causes of asthma; but, stand paralleled by increases in other allergic conditions such as eczema and rhinitis.

    There is currently no agreed definition of the disease. Widely documented in the literature, however, is the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (1992) definition describes it as; “a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing widespread but variable airflow obstruction…Obstruction is often reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment”. The severity of the condition varies significantly from mild intermittent asthma to a distressing disabling condition; which results in time off work or school, disturbed sleep, restriction of social and leisure activities, and anxiety. The main aim of asthma management is to control symptoms, minimize asthma exacerbations and optimize quality of life.

    Student Degree;

    As a student of the Acute Care Pathway Degree, one of the specific learning outcomes for my pathway is to be able to manage programs of care for patients with chronic diseases. Hyland (1998) states that the Advanced Nurse Practitioner has become a major provider of asthma care in the UK. Watkins, Edwards, and Gastrell (2003) agree, and suggest that currently the management of long-term conditions, including asthma, is a core component of an Advanced Nurse Practitioner’s work.

    Therefore I must have an understanding of this condition and be able to review patients effectively using evidence-based guidelines and have the confidence to provide advice on the management of their condition. I aim to improve my understanding and asthma management skills through critically reviewing key issues of patient care as a case study. The key issues I intend to focus on relating to a specific patient are:

    • Treatment of Asthma in the Emergency Department
    • Patient education
    • Patient concordance

    Initially, this essay will examine my current practice about asthma management through reflecting on my present level of knowledge and understanding, discussing the level of care I can provide for patients with asthma at the moment. I then intend to give a brief outline of the patient chosen for this study; explaining the reasons for that choice and the rationale behind the key issues highlighted for discussion. A critical review of the key issues will follow using up-to-date evidence-based literature and considering relevant policies. The conclusion will summarise the main points, reflect on what I have learned from; this module, and consider ongoing learning requirements about asthma management.

    Reflection on current practice;

    At the time of writing, I have so far completed 16 hours in practice; Therefore my first few days in practice existed spent adjusting to this new and very different area of nursing. Nevertheless, I have had the opportunity to observe my mentor assessing patients with asthma and recently have become more involved in the review of these patients, with supervision.

    Before starting the course I did feel I had some understanding of the disease process of asthma from working in the Emergency Department, albeit very fundamental, and some basic knowledge of the management. Some of this understanding comes from personal experience but also through my previous experience working in dermatology. Often patients presenting with atopic eczema would also be asthmatic, there is a well-known link between these conditions. Some of the advice given in eczema management, for example, allergen avoidance, will also be relevant in asthma management.

    Other things;

    Using Benner’s (1984) novice to the expert model I would classify myself at present as an advanced beginner. This is someone who has a marginally acceptable performance with some background experience but who still requires supervision. I feel this accurately describes my current ability in practice asthma management. With supervision, I can undertake an assessment using a template for guidance, check medication usage, check symptoms and carry out peak flow assessment.

    However, I still find the array of inhalers confusing and don’t feel confident in interpreting the information gleaned during assessment into planned care within the time constraints of the clinic. When I have the time to reflect on the information and review the guidelines away from the patient I feel more confident. I need however to be able to make the transition from an advanced beginner to a competent practitioner, increasing my level of proficiency to no longer requiring supervision but being aware of my limitations. I feel with more experience in practice and by working through this case study I should be able to achieve this.

    The rationale for the choice of the patient and key issues;

    Rolfe, Freshwater, and Jasper (2001) suggest that choosing an event or incident to reflect upon or analyze is concerned with anything that happens to us that we want to write about for some reason. It is the significance of the experience within our daily lives which helps us choose one experience over another. Having decided to focus on asthma as the topic for my case study; when I looked back at the patients I had seen with asthma; it was the above episode of care that held the most significance for me.

    Pharmacological management;

    The pharmacological management of asthma aims to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations and achieve the best possible lung function; while minimizing side effects and long-term sequelae. National clinical guidelines developed in 2003 by the British Thoracic Society (BTS) and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) existed produced in collaboration with, amongst others, Asthma UK and the Royal College of Physicians of London, and have more recently existed updated in 2005. They exist widely accepted as the ‘Gold Standard’ of evidence-based asthma care for health care professionals working in the UK.

    Patient education and concordance;

    The issues of education and concordance will exist discussed together as they exist inextricably interlinked. It is difficult for the health professional to achieve concordance with the patient without providing education about their disease and its management. It exists estimated that one-quarter of asthma patients in the UK have a compliance rate of 30% or less. The term compliance in health care has become less fashionable recently due to it implying that a patient is perhaps ineffectual and hasn’t followed the health professionals’ instructions.

    Whereas in reality, the reasons for non-compliance are complex and not necessarily the fault of the patient; for example, not existing shown how to use their inhaler device properly. Nevertheless, non-compliance exists thought to contribute to between 18% and 48% of asthma deaths. Concordance exists the term used to describe a negotiated agreement between health professionals and patients about the management of their condition. However, even when concordance seems to have existed achieved a patient still may not adhere to the agreed plan of care for many reasons.

    Ensuring patients exist well informed about how their medication works have existed shown to improve adherence and control. They need to be aware of the risks of taking and of not taking their medication. The latter is of particular concern in asthma in that persistent inflammation of the airways may lead to irreversible obstruction. Written personalized asthma action plans have been shown to improve outcomes of care. They reinforce verbal education and set out for patients what to do if their symptoms worsen.

    Conclusion;

    Asthma is a frequently seen chronic condition in the Emergency Department; and one that Advanced Nurse Practitioners are expected to be involved in the management of. Therefore as an Acute Care Pathway Degree Student, I need to develop my knowledge; and skills in this condition to enable me to provide a high standard of evidence-based care for patients. Throughout this essay, I have endeavored to demonstrate my understanding of asthma, especially about the pharmacological management and issues of education and concordance.

    These issues have been discussed and have shown to be interrelated; without achieving concordance, adherence to prescribed medication cannot be achieved and without patient education, concordance cannot be realized. Although I have been unable to discuss all aspects of asthma management due to word limit constraints; my understanding of asthma medications and the use of the stepwise; guidelines have increased significantly to the point where I now feel more confident in practice.

    More things;

    More recently when seeing patients with asthma I have been able to visualize; which ‘step’ they are on which has helped me to decide whether they are on the correct medication about the severity of their disease. Reviewing the issues of concordance and education has made me realize how important these aspects of management are; however the time needed to address these issues in practice often doesn’t correlate to the time allowed for appointments.

    To enable me to become a competent practitioner in asthma management I need to consolidate the increased knowledge I have gained from writing this essay with more experience in practice. I need to increase my knowledge in areas not discussed in this essay, such as non-pharmacological management through self-directed study, and perhaps consider further education through an accredited asthma diploma course, on completion of my degree course.

    Asthma UK Case Study Nursing Essay Image
    Asthma UK Case Study Nursing Essay; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay

    Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay

    Case Study of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay; In Case study 5, A male, 24 years of age presents to the STI clinic. He complains of a burning and sore sensation upon urination, along with discharge from his penis that has a mucopurulent consistency and is green-yellow. In the preceding two weeks, he has had unprotected sex with numerous partners.

    Here is the article to explain, Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts, Case Study, and Medical Essay!

    Laboratory tests; A penile/urethral swab is taken from the male and is inoculated onto NYC agar and chocolate agar. The plates are incubated at 37˚C in CO2 at the clinic and later that evening is transported to the microbiology laboratory. A Gram stain is carried out on a smear of the penile discharge. The patient is also screened for other STI’s and is interviewed about contact tracing his sexual partners.

    Results; The following are the results obtained for the organisms growing on the chocolate agar and the organism growing on the NYC agar. Both agars existed incubated in CO2 at 37˚C. Two organisms, A and B, were growing on the chocolate agar. Organism B was growing on both agars. This organism existed identified as Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The preliminary identification of organism A existed not obtained. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative pathogen of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection facts that exist characterized by a pus-filled infection of the surfaces of the mucous membranes of the throat, eye, vagina, and urethra in males and females.

    This pathogen can spread through direct sexual contact or vertical transmission from mother to baby during birth. Symptoms of this bacteria in males include painful urination and urethral discharge, while females present with increased vaginal discharge. Usually, females infected with this pathogen present as asymptomatic and are the biggest reservoir of this sexually transmitted infection facts.

    Legend:

    Catalase: + = positive for the enzyme catalase – bubbles produced.

    = negative for the enzyme catalase – no bubbles produced

    Oxidase: + = positive for the enzyme oxidase – purple color formed

    = negative for the enzyme oxidase – no color formed

    Discussion;

    From the clinical details given in Case study 5 and from the basic characterization tests; it is evident that the causative pathogen of the patient’s dysuria and penile discharge; and the organism that was growing as organism B on chocolate agar and growing on the NYC agar is Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

    Numerous further tests could carry out to confirm this causative pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae that the patient in this case study infects with. This pathogen should confirm using two different methods of detection as biochemical; such as the API NH strip for Neisseria and Haemophilus species and molecular and serological testing. Such tests include the Nucleic Acid Hybridization Test (NAAT) that utilizes a DNA probe that exists labeled with a chemiluminescent tag and exists targeted to a region of the 16s rRNA of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogen that mixed with the patient’s sample.

    This assay is based on the hybridization of nucleic acids. In the patient’s sample, if the pathogen is present, rRNA released from Neisseria gonorrhoeae will hybridize with the probe DNA. The probe that does not hybridize stands removed. The DNA: RNA hybrids luminescence intensity exists then measured. Samples used for this testing are endocervical and urethral swabs. According to the HPSC, NAAT testing is the standard test for the laboratory detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The enzyme tube test, Gonocheck II can differentiate between the various Neisseria species; such as Neisseria meningitides, Neisseria lactamica, and Neisseria gonorrhea.

    Essay Part 01;

    Specimens used for this test stand well-isolated colonies from either Modified Thayer Martin or chocolate agars. Enzymes produced by the bacteria act on colorless substrates to produce colored end products. Neisseria meningitidis produces a yellow end product. Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces three enzymes – gammaglutamylaminopeptidase, hydroxyprolyaminopeptidase, and beta-galactosidase and produce a red-pink colored end product, confirming this pathogen (CDC, 2018).

    The GeneXpert CT/NG System by Cepheid is a real-time PCR NAAT platform that allows sample preparation, amplification, and detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patient urine samples, male urethral swabs, and female vaginal and endocervical swabs in 90 minutes. The Abbott RealTime CT/NG utilizes RT-PCR and a fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotide probe that allows for the direct, real-time, fluorescent, qualitative detection of the genomic DNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and plasmid DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis from patient urine samples, male urethral swabs, and female vaginal and endocervical swabs.

    Neisseria gonorrhoeae possesses a wide abundance of virulence factors that enable it to efficiently establish infection; and adapt to its host’s environment, as it did in this patient in the case study. The entry site of this bacteria in males is the urethral cells of the penis and the vagina in females. This pathogen mainly infects the epithelia of the urogenital tract and infects areas; such as the rectal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva less commonly. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, with its repertoire of adhesion molecules, attach to the cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells present in the urethra, pharynx, endocervix, and anorectal region.

    Essay Part 02;

    Such adherence molecules include pili, porin proteins – Opa and PI, and type IV fimbriae. These adhesion molecules bind to host carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecules (CEACAM) receptors present on epithelial cells. Once attached to these receptors, the pathogen then rapidly proliferates and spreads up through the urethra in males; and the cervix to the fallopian tubes in females where the infection and healing processes cause fibrosis, blockage, and damage to the tubes. These adhesion molecules can evade existing removed by vaginal discharge or urine.

    The pili and fimbriae facilitate attachment to the mucosal epithelium and the pili protein genes possess hypervariable; and constant regions that enable the pathogen to exhibit antigenic variation by recombination of its surface antigens. This proves difficult in developing a vaccine for this bacteria and also for the production of host antibodies; that is only effective for a short duration and so, are not protective against this bacteria. Pili also enable twitching motility that allows the bacteria to ascend the mucous lined surfaces. Porin protein (PI) is responsible for forming pores in the host cell membrane and induces apoptosis in the epithelial cells causing the shed of epithelial cells and fallopian tube damage in females.

    Essay Part 03;

    However, in a study carried out by using Chang epithelial cells, an anti-apoptotic role of porin proteins existed hypothesized. It existed found that enhancing the survival of epithelial cells of the urethra could allow the bacteria to multiply within an intracellular environment that protects and thus, enhance the colonization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. PI also allows the bacteria to survive following apoptosis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae also possesses a lipo-oligosaccharide layer (LOS) that exhibits endotoxin activity by inducing inflammation. A pelvic inflammatory disease that can result in fallopian tube infection; and infertility caused by the shedding of the LOS that initiates local inflammatory injury.

    The LOS can evade the activation of the complement cascade by concealing itself with host sialic acid, rendering it unrecognizable by the host immune system. Opa proteins present on the surface of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, bind to the CEACAM family of adhesion receptors present on neutrophils, epithelial cells, and B and T lymphocytes, facilitating the activation of the adaptive and innate immune responses upon epithelial cell infection. TNF- α, a cytokine released during the host innate immune response is pro-inflammatory and has a profoundly damaging effect on the host epithelial cells such as the fallopian tubes; This cytokine prompts the production of phospholipases and proteases, inducing excess inflammation and damage.

    Essay Part 04;

    Neisseria gonorrhoeae contain the enzyme IgA protease at its core. This is responsible for breaking down the host IgA1 antibodies found in mucosal membranes that have an immune function in protecting against infections in the mucous membranes. This bacteria also possess a capsule that allows them to resist opsonization and phagocytosis; as it is similar in composition to that of the connective tissue of the host. Thus, this enables the bacteria to multiply, survive and spread within the host to carry out further infection and damage. All of these virulence factors culminated to initiate infection in the male patient in this case study to cause his burning and sore sensation while urinating and his purulent penile discharge.

    If gonorrhea does not treat, disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI) occurs. This is due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae spreading systemically to other parts of the body via the bloodstream, causing joint pain and arthritis, and lesions on the skin, and endocarditis may also result from DGI but this is rare. DGI is more common in females due to them more frequently being asymptomatic. Further investigation that could carry out for this patient includes contact tracing all of his previous sexual partners in the past two weeks and notifying them of his infection.

    Essay Part 05;

    The HPSC international guidelines for gonorrhea infections recommend that all male patients; who have a urethral infection that is symptomatic must notify all of their sexual partners of the previous two weeks or if longer; their last partner This ensures that his previous sexual partners are made aware of his infection; as they too may infect and may not be displaying symptoms (asymptomatic). His previous partners will also undergo a full STI screen to establish whether they infect with gonorrhea or other sexually transmitted infection facts.

    Contact tracing reduces transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its reinfection; while also informing and aiding individuals and healthcare workers in the understanding of the patterns of transmission within communities. In Ireland, gonorrhea is a notifiable disease under the Infectious Disease Regulations as this pathogen can have consequences later in life such as infertility.

    In 2017, there were 2249 notified cases of gonorrhea in Ireland; causing it to become the second most commonly encountered STI in Ireland. This pathogen has an incidence rate in Ireland of 47.2 per 100,000 population. However, these figures believe to underestimate as 55% of males and 86% of females suffering from gonorrhea infections are asymptomatic and so, the actual figures believe to be a lot higher.

    Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay Image
    Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay; Image by Fernando Zhiminaicela from Pixabay.
  • Observation Methods in Research Case Study Essay

    Observation Methods in Research Case Study Essay

    Case Study of Observation Methods in Research Essay; This essay will look at the difference between two research methods; Case Study and Observation. A case study is the understanding of complex issues or can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. It is an in-depth study of an individual, group, incident, or community. Case studies emphasize the detailed analysis of the event or conditions and their relationship.

    Here is the article to explain, Case Study of Observation Research Methods Essay!

    Sometimes researchers use the case study method for real-life situations and use sources of evidence to prove their study. Observation method of data collection in research methodology; The first step to take in the case study is to collect all data about the case and should organize to draw attention to important points in the case. The case study’s questions are most likely to be information questions “why “and “How “therefore these questions are helpful to focus on the study’s goal.

    David;

    In this case, study researchers gather facts from different sources, and conclusions made of these facts. Here is a case study of David’s behavior,” David, 13 year old who has been admitted to a detention facility in California. Police reports indicate that he and another boy stood arrested for breaking into a private residence. David grew up in an upper-middle-class section of California. David’s father is a professor at a college, and his mother is a dentist who works for a health care group. Even as a small child, David seemed unable to restrain himself. He would bound around the house, crashing into walls and objects, frequently breaking items or destroying house plants.

    David entered puberty at the age of 11, and at that time, his behaviors became more destructive. He frequently got in fights with his classmates, and would verbally assault teachers. His parents suspect that he may have tried smoking cigarettes and may have experimented with sniffing glue. After his arrest for breaking, David began to cry and told his parents that he felt bad for what he had done. He added that he was unable to control himself.”

    In David’s case study which took a long time to study David’s behavior from his childhood to his teenage and in different circumstances David’s behavior had changed and resources have been used to prove his behavior such as his parents or police.

    Another example for case study research;

    it’s Freud’s little Hans case study,

    “Freud used a case study method to investigate little Hans’ Phobia however the case study was carried out by the boy’s father who was a friend of Freud. Freud probably only met the boy once. The father reported to Freud via correspondence and Freud gave directions as to how to deal with the situation based on his interpretations of his father’s reports. Freud noted that it was the special relationship between Hans and his father that allowed the analysis to progress and for the discussions with the boy to be so detailed and so intimate.”

    “The first reports of Hans are when he was 3 years old. When Hans was almost 5, Han’s father wrote to Freud explaining his concerns about Hans. He described the main problem as follows:’ he is afraid of the horse will bite him in the street, at age 19 the not so little Hans appeared at Freud’s consulting room having read his case history. Freud believed that the findings from the case little Hans supported his theories of child development.”

    Observation involves looking and listening to the object very carefully. Researchers in observation studies an individual or group in their natural settings without being informed of the observation in advance. Observational data usually detailed information about a particular person, group, or situation and reveals changes.

    Non-participant observation;

    In a non-participant observation researchers observe the behavior of the subject without interacting with the subject whereas in participant observation the researchers put themselves in the subject’s position; so the researchers become part of the world of the subject while focusing on their study and indirect observation; people know that you are watching them, and there is concern that sometimes individuals change their actions; while not showing what you are looking for or what they look like.

    Research led by Charlton,

    “studied the effect of television on children’s behavior when it was introduced to an island of St Helena in mid-1990s, The researchers focused specifically on pro-and-anti-social behavior. Using video recording, they found that, compared with playground observation on three to eight years olds made four months before television started, five years after its introduction 5 out of 64 measures were showing a decrease in pro-social behavior. However for boys, only there was a significant increase on two pro-social measures and a significant decrease on two anti-social measures. In other words, for boys at least there was almost as much positive as a negative effect.”

    The research led by Charlton was a naturalistic observation that use to collect behavioral data in real-life situations. The data-gathering device in this research was the video recording, which taped the children’s interaction daily.

    There is another example of Whyte studies about Italian gangs for an Observation research study,

    “Whyte studied an Italian street gang in Chicago by joining it. It was obvious Whyte was not a normal gang member. His ‘cover’ was that he was writing a book about the area. He made the famous statement that ‘I began as a non-participating observer. As I became accepted into the community, I found myself becoming almost a non-observing participant.”

    Whyte;

    Whyte’s research study existed undisclosed participant observation. Whyte as an observer kept hidden his study about the gang from gang members; Whyte aimed the understanding of the gang by putting himself in their position; and observed gang members in their natural setting, as they were busy in their everyday lives.

    Ethical issues;

    Two ethical issues Consent and Deception, both are very important issues to concentrate on before deciding on psychological research. Consent should obtain in an early time of research; this would involve informing the participant about the grounds for the research and their role in the research; however, there are some cases where this does not require; if the research is something in public where they would normally expect to observe; they would need permission to observe on the other side in deception; participants should never deceive about any aspect of the study they are taking part in. Same as consent participants should be provided with sufficient information at the earliest stage.

    Other ethical issues;

    Other ethical issues are, the introduction where both sides’ confidence need between the researcher and the participants, and the data protection act protects participants in the research; therefore confidentiality and privacy are important to agree on both sides except in a situation where the human life is in danger. And participants must inform of their right to withdraw from the research at any stage of the research. After debriefing, participants have the right to ask for their details in the study to destroy in their presence. Participants should not ask to risk their lives in any circumstances during the study.

    The publication is another important part of the ethical issues; it’s the responsibility of the researcher to publish is his research; this is because if the research failed has cost a lot of time; and money someone else might have the same idea and might invest lots of time and money, which would waste.

    Colleagues;

    It’s the researcher’s responsibility to monitor his colleagues in research to ensure that code follow; and, if the researcher becomes aware of the participant’s problems in the study; the researcher should refer them to someone qualified to advise them on the issue if the participants wish to.

    In Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment, participants existed deceived and existed physically harmed; they do not inform properly about all that took place later in the research; therefore deception does not allow in any circumstances; and, all that is going to take place in research should talk to participant in an earlier stage. And the participant’s consent existed not obtained before the research and participants do not inform of the reason for the study

    This involves informing the participant of the reasons for the study and what is expected of them. There are few cases where this does not require; if someone is doing something in public where they would normally expect to observe, they permit to observe.

    Observation Methods in Research Case Study Essay Image
    Observation Methods in Research Case Study Essay; Image by Arek Socha from Pixabay.

    References; Case study and observation research methods. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/case-study-and-observation-research-methods.php?vref=1, http://www.holah.karoo.net/freud.htm

  • 10 Dissertation Methodology Examples Topic with Essay

    10 Dissertation Methodology Examples Topic with Essay

    What is a Dissertation Methodology Examples 10 Topic with Essay? The methodology section will be the article that you write following your literature review. After you have researched and discovered the gap in the available literature, you can create ideas for your proposed research.

    Here is the article to explain, What is a Dissertation Methodology Examples 10 Topic with Essay?

    In your research proposal, you will have had a suggested methodology where; you would have given ideas about how to approach the research; this would have been either through a primary data approach or through collecting secondary data. Before discussing the topic of Dissertation Methodology Examples with essays we just take look at types of data. The following types of data;

    Primary data;

    Primary data is any form of evidence that you collect yourself through; your research in the form of surveys, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, observations, experiments. Also, Primary data collection methods do not involve the collection of data from other researchers’ work and their studies.

    Secondary data;

    Collecting secondary data is the collection of evidence from previous researchers’ work. An example could be focusing on another researchers’ experiment and using their findings as a basis for your dissertation. An example could be collecting the findings from two different experiments and comparing the findings of these studies about the question posed.

    Once you have decided what type of data you will be collecting; you will then need to determine whether the data being collected is qualitative or quantitative as this will have an impact on the analysis of your research.

    10 Dissertation Methodology Examples Topic and Essay;

    We have provided the selection of examples of methodology dissertation topics below to help and inspire you.

    An assessment of the relative strengths of different interviewing techniques within qualitative research;

    Furthering the hypothesis that choosing the correct interviewing technique (or techniques) is a vital prerequisite to the attainment of quality primary research data; this dissertation offers a comparative critique of four interviewing techniques and scenarios. They are; face-to-face interviews versus email interviews, structured versus semi-structured interviews, individual interviews versus group interviews, and open versus closed questioning techniques. Having used secondary data to assess the relative strengths and merits of each; the second part of the dissertation will then conduct a ‘fictitious’ study upon ‘perceptions of Norwich as a romantic weekend holiday destination’ and will conduct interviews using each of the aforementioned techniques. Through so doing, the study will be able to offer a series of reasoned comments as to which interviewing technique was most useful for the given study area.

    Adapting the Likert scale for a more sophisticated audience: an opinion.

    As a mechanism through which to quantify primary data, especially within the social sciences, a Likert scale is an oft-used tool. Whilst this dissertation advances the view that quantitative data is superior to qualitative (a contention discussed within the study); it nevertheless posits, that improvements could make to the Likert scale. In so doing, it suggests that a fundamental weakness exists within the scale as a consequence of its usage of terms such as ‘agree strongly’ for such phrases are nebulous concepts. The result is that, whilst 80% of respondents may ‘strongly agree’; there may be substantial variations amongst the respondents as to what ‘strongly agree’ specifically means.

    A critique of Bryman.

    To many, the work of Alan Bryman has been pivotal to their studies. Offering a range of key texts on issues relating to methodology and ethics within research; Bryman is an acknowledged guru of research techniques within the social sciences, particularly within the United Kingdom. However, not all agree that, without Bryman, a research methodology bibliography is ‘not complete’. This dissertation addresses some of the questions raised by authors such as Leahey and Tashakkori; who contend that mixed methods research can be anomalous as it attempts to cross the qualitative/quantitative divide.

    Theoretical perspectives within the social sciences: they always need?

    Amongst the social sciences, there appears to exist an almost institutional doctrinal expectation that all primary research must underpin by reference to either the work of Michel Foucault or Karl Marx, both ‘sacred cows’ in theoretical studies. This dissertation takes issue with this assumption and in so doing reviews the doctoral theses of Geography Ph.D. students from the years 1950-1960 and those of 1999-2009 as held within the libraries of the universities of York, Durham, Newcastle, and Leeds. In so doing it notes the theories within them and suggests that the present-day preoccupation with ‘shoehorning’ Foucauldian or Marxian theory into the methodology of each dissertation detracts from a wider academic ground.

    A discussion of the importance of ontological research within the pedagogy of education.

    As “a theory of existence concerning the status of the world and what populates it”, ontological research advances concerning pedagogy by educationalists who posit that ‘reality’ is evaluated by two broad assumptions: ‘interpretivism’ and ‘realism’. Combining these theoretical assumptions and philosophical definitions, this dissertation evaluates the methods currently being applied to assessing pedagogy and determines; which approach best suits this area. Accordingly, it also examines the value of epistemological research methods and considers the merits of both approaches. Finally, it investigates how much ‘learning’ is actually ‘knowing’; and how much the methodology in pedagogy has affected the understanding of ‘learning’.

    Epistemological research within the classroom: a rejoinder.

    Hamlyn posits that epistemology is concerned with “the nature of knowledge, its possibility, scope, and general basis”. In applying such concepts to pedagogical issues and wider educational research, Pring furthers that epistemology is, resultantly, a concept upon which individual researchers can adopt different (but logical) positions. This dissertation debates the theoretical research viewpoints of epistemology with interpretivism and non-interpretivism and in so doing furthers existing academic debate such as that advanced by Crotty that reality ‘comes into existence in and out of our engagement with the realities of our world’, rather than existing independently of peoples’ thinking.

    The literature of qualitative data; a secondary source-based commentary.

    Qualitative research evolves out of a pursuit of phenomenological data that provides evidence of particular behaviors, occurrences, and perspectives. Traditionally employing a greater emphasis on sociological techniques for its investigative process; a qualitative approach can therefore generate relevant findings retrieved from fundamentally complex scenarios. This dissertation reviews existing literature on the merits and weaknesses of qualitative data and in so doing seeks to make its contribution to research within the social sciences more accessible to the general reader. Thus this is a dissertation that involves close textual referencing and will require the writer to explain complex methodological issues clearly and concisely.

    A critique of the complications involved in using interviews within primary research.

    Walliman asserts that interviews are a useful method of obtaining both information and opinions from experts during the early stages of a research project. However, Sarantakos warns that the process of interviewing can affect by many diverse problems, leading to errors. These problems generally tend to associate with the nature of the method used; which includes data recording, evaluation, and instruction errors. This dissertation accordingly, therefore, also discusses the proactive steps that researchers can take to recognize potential errors and mitigate them. This is a dissertation that would be ideal for a researcher who has previously conducted research using interviews.

    Ethical considerations within primary research: an overview of its development and existing best practice.

    This dissertation notes that several ethical issues can arise during conducting primary social research, particularly “to prevent harming or wronging others”. Accordingly, it further notes that the best advice for the researcher is to be constantly ethically aware and to ensure that the ‘meaning and justification of moral consideration which underlies research’ are always apparent. Working with specific reference to the ethical considerations that arise when interviewing vulnerable members of society; this dissertation charts the development of ethical research codes within higher education over the past twenty years and thereafter presents a commentary on existing best practices. In so doing, it hopes also to proffer reasoned suggestions as to how existing codes could further improve.

    The importance of Boyatzis and Glaser and Strauss to contemporary approaches to methodology.

    From a methodological viewpoint ‘grounded theory’ is often taken to refer to the theoretical explanations about the social world that emerge from empirical data. This approach was developed by Glaser and Strauss, to conduct research that generates inductive and qualitative theories. In addition, it is widely acknowledged that a more formal definition of thematic analysis existed developed by Boyatzis in 1998. Moreover, his technique recognizes that to analyze appropriately unrelated or dissimilar information; a theme or pattern must be discerned that describes and organizes the possible observations. This dissertation reviews the importance of the work of these authors to prevailing attitudes to the collation of research.

    What is a Dissertation Methodology Examples 10 Topic with Essay Image
    What is a Dissertation Methodology Examples 10 Topic with Essay? Image by StartupStockPhotos from Pixabay.

    References; Methodology Dissertation Topics. Retrieved from https://ukdiss.com/topic/methodology-topics.php?vref=1

  • Physician Productivity Compensation Models Importance Tools

    Physician Productivity Compensation Models Importance Tools

    Physician Productivity Compensation Models with their Importance and Tools; Health care companies throughout America are reacting to modifications in repayment by using federal and commercial payers. In addition to declining repayment, there boom accountability to illustrate upgrades in protection, high-quality, and patient pride. Furthermore, payers are enforcing pay-for-overall performance applications to align monetary incentives with the attainment of specific performance standards. These modifications in compensation are calling into question the viability, application, and pleasure of modern-day doctor compensation fashions.

    Here is the article to explain, Physician Productivity Compensation Models, Importance, and Tools!

    Leaders of many hired doctor networks assume there has to be that one great health practitioner compensation version that addresses modern realities and moves companies forward on the journey to cost-based care and its repayment. In truth, there is not an “excellent” physician reimbursement model. The best model for the company will rely on wherein the organization is, wherein it wants to pass, the way it wants to get there, what culture it embraces, and other considerations. These elements affect repayment version additives and determine which is probably excellent for that moment in time – and the way the model will want to evolve. It isn’t always a matter of selecting a version and being achieved. The version, or at least its components, desires to adapt as the employer – and the healthcare industry – evolves.

    Different Productivity Models of Physician Compensation;

    These one-of-a-kind models from 3 views: a brief description, the underlying incentive structure, and the usage-associated risks. A repayment plan may additionally incorporate a couple of versions given that a fitness company may also have a couple of agreements with its payers. For instance, an individual can compensate beneath Medicaid, Medicare, Medicare Accountable Care Organization (ACO), direct contracting with an agency, or more than one contract with specific personal medical health insurance companies in his/her jurisdiction. Compares each version, and this contrast will enable health care businesses to assess their cutting-edge repayment plan, layout a brand new plan or remodel a present plan.

    Service rate:

    Service fee (FFS) reimbursement plans base pay upon clean measures of productiveness. The underlying incentive is to provide more reimbursed services. In this plan, productiveness is normally measured by using the number of offerings performed through the man or woman, and in lots of cases, paintings relative value units (WRVUs) degree volume. This version ties reimbursement to work executed in preference to the number of patients seen, accounting for versions in workload due to exclusive forms of patients. This reimbursement plan makes a specialty of the character performer; the leader risk is the overuse of hospital therapy offerings.

    Fee for value:

    Fee-for-fee (FFV) repayment facilities pay physicians based totally on defined measures past productiveness, including but now not restrained to great, patient protection, citizenship, populace health, and affected person pride. The major incentive is to align repayment with the measures of importance to unique key stakeholders ranging from the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to industrial health insurance vendors. In this plan, the chief hazard is misuse or lack of alignment with key stakeholders. Similar to FFS, compensation is ready at the person’s degree.

    Straight revenue:

    The straight profits compensation plan has a distinct charge structure primarily based on the doctor’s process description. This version incentivizes the alignment between performance and task expectations as defined using the task description. The two dangers associated with this plan are underuse and misuse. Previous research. Have empirically validated a statistically widespread courting between pay stages and productiveness. In brief, better pay levels induce higher productiveness. If the profits perceive as “unfair,” personnel will adjust their tiers of effort, performance, and productivity, according to the fairness principle.

    This may additionally result in the misuse and underuse of fitness care. Similar to both FFS and FFV, reimbursement supplies on the person’s degree. These physician productivity compensation models (e.G., FFS, FFV, and instant earnings) can and, DO coexist. For instance, new physicians typically obtain assured, constant base earnings for one to 3 years to ramp up their practice after which convert to an FFS plan. If the base revenue is constant and warranted, then the physician reports no financial risk, in contrast to the performance-and capitation-primarily based reimbursement fashions.

    Pay for overall performance:

    P4P systems provide pay round major elements: base profits, plus variable or incentive repayment. This model incentivizes the alignment of many of the designated performance objectives and paintings effort, overall performance, and productiveness. The variable or incentive thing is just like FFV approximately the drivers of the motivation. The foremost dangers of this plan are overuse and misuse of hospital therapy. Underuse could arise if the specified performance objectives are not first of all well described.

    Steven Kerr outlined the risks of P4P structures in his look. This repayment model is generally placed at the individual degree. However, a few groups pay variable repayment on the group degree if they are unable to decide the performance of a man or woman doctor. Furthermore, as group-primarily based care fashions inclusive of Patient-Centered Medical Homes (PCMHs) boom, P4P applications will possibly comprise crew repayment as nicely.

    Capitation:

    A repayment method that seeks to align physician compensation without delay with how the corporation reimburses. This is regularly known as establishing a “clear line of sight”. In this version, the corporation gets money in advance to offer services for a described patient population. The physicians pay a hard and fast quantity in keeping with enrollee, no longer in step with service, every month. Capitation incentivizes physicians to incorporate expenses and economic hazards and provide appropriate care because of the constant finances. In this method, physicians are also stimulating to contain charges with the aid of providing preventive care that catches ailments early (e.G., mammograms), and bounds the number of additional workplace visits that sufferers want. The underuse of hospital treatment is the main hazard in this version.

    Bundled payment:

    A repayment version that determines physician repayment in a right away alignment with how the agency reimburse. Under this repayment version, the corporation receives cash based upon an episode of care, including a hip or knee replacement; which normally involves more than one health practitioner, multiple carriers, and in some cases, multiple a part of the business enterprise. The underlying incentive is to cognizance the doctor’s interest at the complete episode of care as opposed to a single unit of service as described via a not unusual procedural terminology (CPT) code.

    The predominant risk in this model is the underuse of hospital therapy. An assignment beneath this repayment model is establishing an organization that supports the sharing of medical; and, economic chance and coordinates care throughout companies each within identical and in different groups. The ACO is emerging as an organizational model designed to house bundled payments better than traditional organizational paperwork together with medical agencies and hospitals.

    Accountable care employer:

    An ACO is an organizational version popularized via the Affordable Care Act (ACA) that attempts to base compensation upon the Triple Aim. The 3 outcomes of the Triple Aim are the experience of care; the health of the population, and in line with capita price. These three outcomes feature as the incentives for medical doctor repayment. Moreover, if the ACO achieves the articulated desires, then the savings accrue to the payer and the enterprise. In some agencies, the shared financial savings may trickle, DOwn to character physicians and teams along with physicians and different caregivers. This resembles a gainsharing repayment version. Given the precise nature of a given populace, the repayment version’s potential for success needs to be regionally determined.

    Concierge:

    Concierge remedy is an organizational and financing health care version wherein the health practitioner without delay contracts with patients who pay the physician an annual retainer. The physician additionally bills the coverage employer for clinical offerings. In trade for the once-a-year retainer, the affected person normally gets extra access, availability, and other facilities. This is a form of the direct pay reimbursement version. In its purest shape, such repayment fashions pass government and commercial medical insurance.

    In a hybrid concierge version, the health practitioner accepts each the once-a-year retainer and the insurance. Concierge reimbursement models encourage decrease charges of care through ensuring suitable utilization of services, given the financial risk assumed through the doctor upon obtaining the retainer. This model is much like a capitation version and faces the same risks of underuse and misuse. However, those dangers may counterbalance in a hybrid model due to the possibility to generate extra revenue based upon services rendered.

    Direct pay contracting:

    Direct pay contracting turned into the Dominant price technique for scientific services before the creation of health insurance in the late 1920s. This model has two variations: a commercial enterprise-to-consumer (B2C) version and an enterprise-to-enterprise (B2B) version. In the B2C version, the affected person immediately can pay the physician at the same time as, in the B2B version, the organization at once will pay the medical doctor.

    Both models are contractual and encourage physicians to include the fees of care, improve patient enjoyment, mainly pride, and collaborate with the payee to improve offerings based totally upon together agreed-upon standards. The dangers of this version are ordinarily underuse and misuse of hospital treatment. The moral threat principle describes the dangers underneath this reimbursement version, mentioning that; if a character has again, then they’re probably to use that gain even though there’s no want to, DO so. Cagatay Koç observed evidence of the relationship between the moral hazard concept and medical insurance.

    Volunteering:

    Volunteering is usually not seen as a doctor compensation model. However, it’s been established in the literature concerning reimbursement that volunteers pay however now not financially. They compensate in ways associated with which means, fulfillment, sense of purpose, and giving to others. Furthermore, volunteering also provides fitness blessings to the volunteer. Lynn VanderWielen and Yasar Ozcan speak about the role of free clinics in imparting care to human beings without ok medical health insurance and getting entry to medical offerings.

    Demographers are expecting that aging child boomers in all occupations will be inside the retirement area in the subsequent decade. The common age for physicians with an energetic license to practice was fifty-one years in 2012, up from 50 years in 2010. Furthermore, it expects that more than one out of four (26 percentage) actively certified physicians in the U.S. Are 60 or older, signaling a statistical want for growing the delivery of physicians, as older physicians retire from practice or die. The key could be enticing physicians who are contemplating retirement or actively retired to live concerned in remedy as volunteers.

    Importance of Compensation Productivity Tools;

    The benefits of using repayment productivity tools are manifold, physician compensation models. Their sensible utility is to generate reports and matrices; which permit organizations to get the right of entry to their achievement and monetary health. It lets HR managers increase new strategies for employee retention and development; and additionally trade the compensation shape primarily based on marketplace information. Additionally, reimbursement control software program affords flexibility by way of the use of answers that can be custom-suit to combine into the current gadget.

    It can also boom international flexibility whilst businesses perform in one-of-a-kind countries by way of right away converting forex and taking into account the desires of the different branches of a corporation. Most software now is simple to apprehend, is pretty cozy, and most importantly; their automation saves HRPs precious time that they can invest in turning into a greater strategic partner inside the enterprise.

    There are numerous stand-alone repayment software program structures to be had within the marketplace which can assist with diverse HR processes. They can goal just repayment, or compensation and advantages, or training, and so forth. In precise, to automate techniques like earnings surveys, earnings range making plans, and budgeting and forecasting, the repayment supervisor is inquisitive about the subsequent equipment.

    Salary Survey Analyzer to automate the whole Salary Surveying manner:

    A salary survey analyzer is a “dynamic device that can accumulate and examine a huge variety of records; including average salaries and blessings paid to personnel in particular regions and industries, concerning a precise profession”. This device is no longer the most effective collect salary statistics; however, it can add even gather repayment statistics which includes blessings. Surveying the marketplace manually is time-eating and records can get previous very quickly. Automated reimbursement productiveness tools use real-time information and hence allowing companies to remain competitive in targeted areas.

    Salary Range Developer to automate the variety-crunching steps in updating Salary Ranges and Merit Matrices:

    By growing a salary range employers can manipulate; their income expenses at the same time as still making sure pay fairness among personnel. Organizations can pick to steer, lag or suit the marketplace whilst compensating employees. An automatic revenue range developer can use historical data from the employer; and, additionally, marketplace statistics to live in sync with the modern-day market situations. This helps organizations keep their competitive advantage. The software program ensures budgetary controls at the same time as presenting tips to enhance profitability.

    A Salary Forecasting and Budgeting Tool to automate the yearly wide variety crunching method:

    Compensation is certainly one of the biggest working fees of an enterprise. Thus repayment-making plans which entail forecasting income will increase; and, budgeting for the one’s increases is a critical obligation of a reimbursement manager. A multitude of resources used for this cause incorporates earnings survey statistics, authorities’ exertions statistics, enterprise magazines, and expert guides. An automated procedure allows in gathering all these statistics as inputs and crunches numbers to supply accurate finances. Such a system can expect destiny hiring desires and allocate finances for those as nicely. As opposed to the use of spreadsheets, computerized salary forecasting, and budgeting tools to shop money and time.

    Physician Productivity Compensation Models Importance Tools Image
    Physician Productivity Compensation Models Importance Tools; Image by Batian lu from Pixabay.