What does Capital Formation Mean? Capital formation means increasing the stock of real capital in a country. The following points highlight the Capital Formation: Significances, Process, Stages, and also Meaning; Significances of Capital Formation, Process of Capital Formation, Stages of Capital Formation, and Meaning of Capital Formation! Capital-formation refers to all the produced means of further production, such as roads, railways, bridges, canals, dams, factories, seeds, fertilizers, etc. Read and share the given article in English. Understand the Indian Capital Market!
Explain and Introduction to Capital Formation.
In other words, capital formation involves making more capital goods such as machines, tools, factories, transport equipment, materials, electricity, etc., which are all used for the future production of goods. For making additions to the stock of Capital, saving and investment are essential.
#Meaning of Capital Formation:
Capital-formation or accumulation plays a predominant role in all types of economics whether they are of the American or the British type, or the Chinese type. Development is not possible without capital-formation.
According to Professor Nurkse,
“The meaning of (Capital Formation) is that society does not apply the whole of its current productive activity to the needs and desires of immediate consumption, but directs a part of it to the tools and making of capital goods: tools and instruments, machines and transport facilities, plant and equipment— all the various forms of real capital that can so greatly increase the efficacy of productive effort. The essence of the process, then, is the diversion of a part of society’s currently available resources to the purpose of increasing the stock of capital goods so as to make possible an expansion of consumable output in the future.”
Saving and investment are essential for capital formation. According to Marshall, saving is the result of waiting or abstinence. When a person postpones his consumption to the future, he saves his wealth which he utilizes for further production, If all people save like this, the aggregate savings increase which is utilized for investment purposes in real capital assets like machines, tools, plants, roads, canals, fertilizers, seeds, etc.
But savings are different from hoardings. For savings to be utilized for investment purposes, they must be mobilized in banks and financial institutions. And the businessmen, the entrepreneurs, and the farmers invest these community savings on capital goods by taking loans from these banks and financial institutions.
#The Top significance of Capital the Formation:
Capital formation or accumulation is regarded as the key factor in the economic development of an economy. The vicious circle of poverty, according to Prof. Nurkse, can easily be broken in underdeveloped countries through capital formation.
It is the capital formation that accelerates the pace of development with fuller utilization of available resources. As a matter of fact, it leads to an increase in the size of national employment, income, and output thereby the acute problems of inflation and balance of payment.
The following top Significance below is:
Use of Human Capital Formation:
Capital formation plays an extraordinary role in the qualitative development of human resources. Human capital formation depends on people’s education, training, health, social and economic security, freedom and welfare facilities for which sufficient capital in needed.
Labor force needs up-to-date implements and instruments is sufficient quantity so that with the increase in population there will be an optimum increase in production and increased labor is easily absorbed.
Improvement in Technology:
In underdeveloped countries, capital formation creates overhead capital and necessary environment for economic development.
This helps to instigate technical progress which makes impossible the use of more capital in the field of production and with an increase of capital in production, the abstract form of capital changes.
It is seen that present changes in the capital structure lead to changes in the structure and size of technique and public is thereby more influenced.
High Rate of Economic Growth:
The higher rate of capital formation in a country means the higher rate of economic growth. Generally, the rate of capital formation or accumulation is very low in comparison to advanced countries.
In the case of poor and underdeveloped countries, the rate of capital formation varies between one percent to five percent while in the latter’s case, it even exceeds 20 percent.
Agricultural and Industrial Development:
Modern agricultural and industrial development needs adequate funds for the adoption of the latest mechanized techniques, input, and setting of different heavy or light industries.
Without sufficient capital at their disposal, leads to a lower rate of development thus, capital formation. In fact, the development of these both sectors is not possible without capital accumulation.
Increase in National Income:
Capital formation improves the conditions and methods for the production of a country. Hence, there is much increase in national income and per capita income. This leads to an increase in the quantity of production which leads to again rise in national income.
The rate of growth and the quantity of national income necessarily depends on the rate of capital formation.
So, the increase in national income is possible only by the proper adoption of different means of production and productive use of the same.
Expansion of Economic Activities:
As there is an increase in the rate of capital formation, productivity increases quickly and available capital is utilized in a more profitable and extensive way. In this way, complicated techniques and methods are utilized for the economy.
This results in the expansion of economic activities. Capital formation increases investment which effects economic development in two ways.
Firstly, it increases the per capita income and enhances the purchasing power which, in turn, creates a more effective demand.
Secondly, investment leads to an increase in production. In this way, by capital formation, economic activities can be expanded in underdeveloped countries, which in fact, helps to get rid of poverty and attain economic development in the economy.
Less Dependence on Foreign Capital:
In underdeveloped countries, the process of Capital formation increases dependence on internal resources and domestic savings by which dependence on foreign capital is declined.
Economic development leaves the burden of foreign capital, hence to give interest to foreign capital and bear expenses of foreign scientists, the country has to be burdened by improper taxation to the public.
This gives a setback to internal savings. Thus, by the way of capital formation, a country can attain self-sufficiency and can get rid of foreign capital’s dependence.
Increase in Economic Welfare:
By the increase in the rate of capital formation, the public is getting more facilities. As a result, the common man is more benefited economically. Capital formation leads to an unexpected increase in their productivity and income and this improves their standard of living.
This leads to improvement and enhancement in the chances of work. This helps to raise the welfare of the people in general. Therefore, capital formations the principal solution to the complex problems of poor countries.
#The Top 3 Process of Capital Formation:
The process of capital formation involves three steps:
- Increase in the volume of real savings.
- Mobilization of savings through financial and credit institutions, and.
- Investment of savings.
Thus the problem of capital formation becomes two-fold: one, how to save more; and two, how to utilize the current savings of the community for capital formation. We discuss the factors on which capital accumulation depends.
1. How to Increasing Savings?
The following savings below are:
Power and Will to Save:
Savings depend upon two factors: the power to save and the will to save. The power to save the community depends upon the size of the average income, the size of the average family, and the standard of living of the people.
Highly progressive income and property taxes reduce the incentive to save. But low rates of taxation with due concessions for savings in provident fund, life insurance, health insurance, etc. encourage savings.
The perpetuation of Income Inequalities:
A perpetuation of income inequalities had been one of the major sources of capital formation in 18th century England and early 20th century Japan. In most communities, it is the higher income groups with a high marginal propensity to save that do the majority of savings.
Increasing Profits:
Professor Lewis is of the view that the ratio of profits to national income should be increased by expanding the capitalist sector of the economy, by providing various incentives and protecting enterprises from foreign competition. The essential point is that the profits of business enterprises should increase because they know how to use them in productive investment.
Government Measures:
Like private households and enterprises, the government also saves by adopting a number of fiscal and monetary measures. These measures may be in the form of a budgetary surplus through an increase in taxation (mostly indirect), reduction in government expenditure, expansion of the export sector, raising money by public loans, etc.
2. How to Mobilization can Savings?
The next step for capital formations the mobilization of savings through banks, investment trusts, deposit societies, insurance companies, and capital markets. “The Kernal of Keynes’s theory is that decisions to save and decisions to invest are made largely by different people and for different reasons.”
To bring the savers and investors together there must be well-developed capital and money markets in the country. In order to mobilize savings, attention should be paid to the starting of investment trusts, life insurance, provident fund, banks, and cooperative societies.
Such agencies will not only permit small amounts of savings to be handled and invested conveniently but will allow the owners of savings to retain liquidity individually but finance long-term investment collectively.
3. How to Investment can Savings?
The third step in the process of capital formations the investment of savings in creating real assets. The profit-making classes are an important source of capital formation in the agricultural and industrial sectors of a country.
They have an ambition for power and save in the form of distributed and undistributed profits and thus invest in productive enterprises, besides, there must be a regular supply of entrepreneurs which are capable, honest and dependable. To these may be added, the existence of such infrastructure as well-developed means of transport, communications, power, water, educated and trained personnel, etc.
#The Top 3 Stages of Capital Formation:
The following stages below are:
Creation of savings:
Capital formation depends on savings. Saving is that part of national income which is not spent on consumption goods. Thus, if national income remains unchanged more saving implies less consumption. In other words, in order to save more and more people have to curtail their consumption voluntarily.
If people reduce their consumption savings will increase. If consumption falls some resources used in the production of consumption goods will be released. The creation of money-savings in a country depends mainly on the people’s ability to save and partly on their willingness to save.
Conversion of savings into investment:
However, generation of savings is not enough. Often people save money but this saving largely goes waste because saving is held in the form of idle balance (as in rural areas), or to purchase unproductive assets like gold and jewelry. This is why society’s actual savings falls below its potential savings. Thus, the generation of savings is just a necessary and not a sufficient condition of capital formation.
The actual production of capital goods:
This stage involves the conversion of money-savings into the making of capital goods, or what is known as investment. The latter, in turn, hinges on the existing technical facilities available in the country, existing capital equipment, entrepreneurial skill, and venture, the rate of return on investment, the rate of interest, government policy, etc.
Thus the third stage of capital formations concerned with the actual production of capital goods. The process of capital formation is not complete unless business firms acquire capital goods so as to be able to expand their production capacity.
