Category: Currencies

Currencies – Business Content!

Currency, a system of money in general use in a particular country. Currency, in the most specific use of the word, refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a system of money (monetary units) in common use, especially in a nation. Also, Under this definition, INR, US dollars, British pounds, Australian dollars, and European euros are examples of currency. These various currencies are recognized stores of value and are trading between nations in foreign exchange markets. Which determine the relative values of the different currencies. Currency in this sense is defining by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance.

 

  • Cryptocurrency: Meaning, Definition, Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages

    Cryptocurrency: Meaning, Definition, Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages

    Cryptocurrency is a digital coin that not authorizes by the government but still, people use it for online transition and online shopping. Here explain it with their Meaning, Definition, Types, Advantages, Benefits, Merits, Demerits, Limitations, and Disadvantages. Cryptocurrency is an online digital and virtual currency which only exists electronically where it designs to be secure and anonymous. This online currency can offer as a medium of exchange that operates independently of a central bank.

    Here are explains the Concept of Cryptocurrency, by its Meaning, Definition, Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages.

    Being independent is a massive attraction for many people as it won’t have any government tampering as there is no central controlling authority. Users on the network would confirm every transaction which then becomes a public record. This helps prevents the same digital/virtual currency from being spent more than once by the same individual. The ever-fast-moving market of cryptocurrency with exchange rates that can dramatically change by the day or even sometimes by the hour Is quite a difficult market to understand.

    What is Cryptocurrency? Meaning and Definition.

    In the 90’s they were many attempts to create digital currencies but most of them failed due to reasons such as fraud and financial difficulties. The first cryptocurrency was Bitcoin and it was released in 2009. It doesn’t have a physical form and used for online transactions only. However, there are lots of websites where the user can convert Cryptocurrencies in real money and transfer to your bank account. Even those websites are providing real-time exchange rates as well. However, in 2009 an anonymous programmer or group of programmers under the name “Satoshi Nakamoto” introduced the well-known, dominant crypto-currency out there which is named Bitcoin. Satoshi described it as a “peer-to-peer electronic cash system”.

    Bitcoin has a valuable reputation and obtains many users. There are many merchants online and offline that accept Bitcoin as a form of payment. Some online retailers accept bitcoin as well in shops, bars, and restaurants. Bitcoins are also accepted in hotels, apps flights and many others. Some markets would only accept cryptocurrencies as a form of payment such as “Bitify” and “OpenBazza”. There are other types of cryptocurrencies that aren’t as big as Bitcoin but still popular these are Blackcoin which requires users to stake coins from their wallet for the right to verify a Blackcoin block.

    If the block isn’t verified then the coins are spent. Dash is another example of a type of cryptocurrency which is a two-their network, the first there are for the miners to secure the market network and transaction. The second uses “Masternodes” that deliver multiple transactions at once. Many people talk about why you should use cryptocurrencies and tell us why they are so good. One of these reasons is that it has high identity protection.

    For example;

    The first rise of Bitcoin – in 2013 – has already become history. Last year began with a new rise when the Bitcoin exchange rate began to overcome one thousand-dollar line after another. Paying with your credit or debit cards online, you will be asked to submit sensitive banking details that can easily be stolen whereas, the cryptocurrency you send to an individual without the need for any of the sensitive information details or credit cards require. Also due to the high accessibility of the internet in the 21st century, many people have quick and easy access to crypto-currency online whereas not everybody has access to banks or money exchange systems.

    Types or Kinds of Cryptocurrency:

    Bitcoin’s explosion in prominence has led to the growth of dozens of other cryptocurrencies. Meanwhile, companies are betting that blockchain, the underlying technology of bitcoin, could fundamentally change the economy, leading to a surge in blockchain projects. You should do your research if you intend to buy. It’s also worth noting that buying some of these is not exactly easy. In many cases, you’ll likely need to buy Bitcoin or Ethereum first. As with all investments, but especially ones in the crypto space, avoid investing money that you are not comfortable losing given the volatility of the space.

    The following kinds or types of cryptocurrency below are, that isn’t bitcoin;

    Zcash.
    Ethereum.
    Ripple.
    Bitcoin Cash.
    Cardano.
    Litecoin.
    NEM.
    Stellar.
    NEO.
    IOTA.
    Dash.
    Monero, and.
    Tron.

    Advantages or Merits or Benefits of Cryptocurrency:

    The following merits or benefits or advantages of Cryptocurrency below are;

    1] Easy Useable:

    You know the procedure for opening a simple bank account they are asking you several documents if there are any mistakes in documents then they refuse to open an account, also accessing your funds in a different geographical location is a little bit hard. In the case of cryptocurrency you just need a device that able to access the internet with the help of the device, you can create your wallet and use where ever and whenever you want.

    2] Decentralization:

    You know that most of the cryptocurrencies have no central authority to control, the network distributes to all participants, each computer mining node is a member of this system. This means that the central authority has no power to dictate rules for owners of coins. And even if some part of the network goes offline, the payment system will continue to operate stably.

    3] Crypto Use Internationally:

    When you talk about transactions using cryptocurrencies then there are no limits. You may be in a different part of the world and the receiver might be in some other hemisphere, you can still transfer the amount without any hassle. The inter-country transaction is extremely easy with crypto-currency because its function is not under the control of any central bank.

    Also, coins cannot fake, copies or spent twice. These capabilities guarantee the integrity of the entire system. Every month the number of online shops, resources, and companies to accept BTC is expanding.

    4] Operation Cost is low:

    Transferring money by using any other online forum or bank gateway is expensive as they levy considerable fees for the transaction. If you transfer crypto no need to pay commission and fees to banks and other organizations.

    That does not mean cryptocurrencies are free for transactions, crypto is charging a very small amount of the transaction as a fee, and in crypto’s, it is the buyer paying the small fee. The issue with these fees is that they often pile up and could quickly pile up. Transaction fees are very small and only the buyer gets hit with it.

    5] Crypto use unlimited transactions:

    In cryptocurrencies, you can pay using your wallet to anyone, anywhere and any amount. The transaction cannot be controlled or prevented, so you can make transfers anywhere in the world wherever another user with a crypto wallet is located.

    6] Crypto can very fast transactions:

    With cryptos, you don’t need to wait a couple of days for your business to receive the money. cryptocurrencies are based on the blockchain technology, it removes delays, payment of fees and a host of other third-party approval that might have been present.

    7] Transparency:

    In cryptocurrency, every transaction recorded on the blockchain. The blockchain keeps the information about everything. If anyone has publicly used the crypto address, then anyone can see how much crypto owns. If the address not publicly confirms, then no one will ever know that it belongs to someone.

    8] Anonymity:

    In cryptocurrencies, you’re able to create an infinite number of wallets without reference to the name, address or any other information.

    9] Highly Secured:

    All your transactions will be secure as it is using cryptography. It is next to impossible for any person other than the owner of the wallet to make any payment from the wallet unless they were hacked, don’t worry there are many ways to protect yourself.

    10] No Inflation:

    Coins are limited to use and mine in cryptocurrencies therefore neither political forces nor corporations able to change this order, there is no possibility for the development of the inflation in the system.

    11] Peer-to-Peer Cryptocurrency Network:

    Cryptocurrencies do not have any master server to manage all transactions. The exchange of information is between 2-3 or more software clients. All installed by users program-wallets are part of a crypto network.

    Each client stores a record of all committed transactions and the number of crypto in each wallet. Transactions are made by hundreds of distributed servers. Neither banks or taxes nor governments can control the exchange of money between.

    Cryptocurrency Meaning Definition Types Advantages and Disadvantages Image
    Cryptocurrency: Meaning, Definition, Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages, Image from Pixabay.

    Disadvantages or Demerits or Limitations of Cryptocurrency:

    Above are some Advantages of Cryptocurrencies, now move on and look at some disadvantage of cryptocurrencies. The following demerits or limitations or disadvantages of Cryptocurrency below are;

    1] Lack of Knowledge:

    Most people are not aware of how to use crypto-currency and hence open themselves to the hacker. Digital currency technology is somewhat complex and therefore one needs to be mindful of it before investing.

    2] Currency is Strong Volatility:

    Since from the beginnings, cryptocurrencies having highly volatile nature. This is one of the main reasons mass adoption is taking longer than it should. Many corporations don’t want to deal with a form of money that is going to go through huge swings in volatility.

    3] More Risks of Investing in Cryptocurrency:

    Crypto investments are involved in high risk because of its volatile nature and terrorist and other illegal activity financings, lack of a central issuer, which means that there is no legal formal entity to guaranty in case of any bankruptcy.

    4] Widely Not Acceptable:

    Still, cryptocurrencies are not acceptable in countries and online websites, Very few countries have legalized the use of cryptocurrencies. It makes it impractical for everyday use. Due to a lack of acceptance. In India, Cryptocurrency currency is using for any wallet or digital payment.

    5] Not Able to Reverse the Payment:

    If you mistakenly pay someone by using cryptocurrency, then there is no way to get a refund of the amount paid. All you can do is to ask the person for a refund and if your request turns down, then just forget about the money.

    6] Not Saving or Storing of Cryptocurrencies:

    If you have stored digital currency on your phone or computer, you better remember your password and not lose those devices. Losing your coins means you won’t be able to retrieve it.

    That’s why to use secure offline wallets like Ledger Nano. There are always pros and cons to everything in life and this is why you need to weigh both actions thoroughly before making a decision.

    Cryptocurrencies are here because of making our day-to-day transactions easy now as time passes technology usage also getting a wide range as well as more and more pros and cons add to the technology, it depends upon us how we use technology to make our lives better and easier.

  • Meaning, Definition, Types, and Advantages of Eurobonds

    Meaning, Definition, Types, and Advantages of Eurobonds

    A Eurobond is an international bond that denominates in a currency not native to the country where it issues. Also, call external bonds; “External bonds which, strictly, are neither Eurobonds nor foreign bonds would also include: foreign currency-denominated domestic bonds…” This article explains the Euro bonds or Eurobonds with their topics Meaning, Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Advantages. Money may raise internationally by bond issues and by bank loans. This does in domestic as well as international markets.

    The Concept of Eurobonds or Euro bonds explains in Meaning, Definition, Types, Characteristics, and Advantages.

    It can categorize according to the currency in which it issues. London is one of the centers of the Eurobond market, with Luxembourg being the primary listing center for these instruments. The difference is that in international markets the money may come in a currency that is different from that normally used by the borrower. A foreign bond a bond issue in a particular country by a foreign borrower. Eurobonds bonds underwrite and sell in more than one country.

    Meaning and Definition of Eurobonds:

    A foreign bond may define as an international bond sold by a foreign borrower but denominated in the currency of the country in which it is placed. It underwrites and sells by a national underwriting syndicate in the lending country. Thus, a US company might float a bond issue in the London capital market, underwritten by a British syndicate and denominated in sterling.

    The bond issue would sell to investors in the UK capital market, where it would quote and traded. Foreign bonds issued outside the USA call Yankee bonds, while foreign bonds issued in Japan are called Samurai bonds. Canadian entities are the major floaters of foreign bonds in the USA.

    Euro bonds may define as an international bond underwritten by an international syndicate and sold in countries other than the country of the currency in which the issue denominates. In the Eurobond market, the investor holds a claim directly on the borrower rather than on a financial institution.

    Eurobonds are generally issued by corporations and governments needing secure, long-term funds and are sold through a geographically diverse group of banks to investors around the world. Eurobonds are similar to domestic bonds in that they may issue with fixed or floating interest rates.

    An Issue of Eurobonds:

    The issue of Eurobonds is normally undertaken by a consortium of international banks. A record of the transaction called a “Tombstone” is subsequently published in the financial press. Those banks whose names appear at the top of the tombstone have agreed to subscribe to the issue. At a second level, a much larger underwriting syndicate mentioned.

    The banks in the managing syndicate will have made arrangements with a worldwide group of underwriters, mainly banks and security dealers. After arranging the participation of several underwriters, the managing syndicate will have made a firm offer to the borrower, which obtains the funds from the loan immediately. At a third level, the underwriting group usually arranges for the sale of the issue through an even larger selling group of banks, brokers, and dealers.

    Types of Eurobonds:

    There are three types of Eurobonds, of which two are international bonds. A domestic bond is a bond issue in a country by a resident of that country.

    There are several different types of Eurobonds.

    • Straight Bond: Bond is one having a specified interest coupon and a specified maturity date. Straight bonds may issue with a floating rate of interest. Such bonds may have their interest rate fixed at six-month intervals of a stated margin over the LIBOR for deposits in the currency of the bond. So, in the case of a Eurodollar bond, the interest rate may base upon LIBOR for Eurodollar deposits.
    • Convertible Eurobond: The Eurobond is a bond having a specified interest coupon and maturity date. But, it includes an option for the hold to convert its bonds into an equity share of the company at a conversion price set at the time of issue.
    • Medium-term Eurobond: Medium-term Euro notes are shorter-term Eurobonds with maturities ranging from three to eight years. Their issuing procedure is less formal than for large bonds. Interest rates on Euro notes can fix or variable. Medium-term Euro-notes are similar to medium-term roll-over Eurodollar credits. The difference is that in the Eurodollar market lenders hold a claim on a bank and not directly on the borrower.

    Characteristics of Euro bonds or Features of Eurobonds:

    The following characteristics of euro bonds below are;

    • Straight bonds: the fixed interest rate at periodic intervals, usually annually.
    • Floating-rate notes (FRNs): rollover pricing payment usually six months interest stated in terms of a spread over some reference rate.
    • Zero-coupon bonds: discount securities, sold either at a fraction of face value and redeemed at face value, or sold at face value and redeemed at a premium.
    • Convertible bonds: can exchange for some other type of asset: stock, gold, oil, other bonds.
    • Mortgage-backed Eurobonds: backed by a pool of mortgages, or other bonds Institutions which would otherwise exclude from Eurobond market can get access.
    • Dual-currency bonds: purchased in one currency, coupon or principal paid in a second currency.

    The following Eurobonds features are:

    • The issuing technique takes the form of a placing rather than formal issuing, this avoids national regulations on new issues.
    • Eurobonds place simultaneously in many countries through syndicates of underwriting banks. Which sells them to their investment clientele throughout the world.
    • Unlike foreign bonds, Eurobonds sale in countries other than that of the currency of denomination; thus dollar-denominated Eurobonds sale outside the U.S.A.
    • The interest on Eurobonds is not subject to withholding tax.

    Advantages of Eurobonds:

    The Eurobonds market possesses several advantages for borrowers and investors.

    The advantages of Eurobonds to borrowers are:

    • The size and depth of the market are such that it can absorb large and frequent issues.
    • The Eurobond market has freedom and flexibility not found in domestic markets.
    • The cost of the issue of Eurobonds, around 2.5 percent of the face value of the issue.
    • Maturities in the Eurobond market are suited to long-term funding requirements.
    • A key feature of the Eurobond market is the development of a sound institutional framework for underwriting, distribution, and the placing of securities.

    The advantages of Eurobonds to investors are:

    • Euro bonds are issued in such a form that interest can pay free of income or withholding taxes of the borrowing countries. Also, the bonds issued in bearer form and are held outside the country of the investor, enabling the investor to evade domestic income tax.
    • Issuers of Eurobonds have a good reputation for creditworthiness.
    • A special advantage to borrowers as well as lenders provides by convertible Eurobonds. Holders of convertible debentures give an option to exchange their bonds at a fixed price.
    • The Eurobond market is active both as a primary and as a secondary market.

    Bonds denominated in a particular currency that usually issues simultaneously in the capital markets of several nations. They differ from foreign bonds in that most nations do not have pre-offering registration or disclosure requirements for Eurobond issues. An Example of a Eurobond a bond issue by a Russian corporation in the European market that pays interest and principal in U.S. dollars.

    Meaning Definition Types and Advantages of Eurobonds
    Meaning, Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Advantages of Eurobonds. Image Credit from Online.

  • What is the Euro Notes? Meaning and Definition

    What is the Euro Notes? Meaning and Definition

    Euro Notes or Euronotes are like promissory notes issued by companies for obtaining short-term funds. They emerged in the early 1980s with growing securitization in the international financial market. As they are denominated in any currency other than the currency of the country where they are issued. Also, they represent a low-cost funding route. Documentation facilities are the minimum. They can easily tailor to suit the requirements of different kinds of borrowers. Investors too prefer them because of short maturity. They are legal tender in the form of a banknote that can use in exchange for goods and services in the eurozone. The market of Euro notes comes in seven denominations: 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 euro.

    The Content of Euro Notes or Euronotes is understood by their Meaning and Definition.

    On the advice of the lead arranger, it issues the notes, gets them underwritten, and sells them through the placement agents. After the selling period is over the underwriter buys the unsold issues. They carry three main cost components: Underwriting fee; One-time management fee for structuring, pricing, and documentation; and Margin on the notes themselves. The margin is either in the form of spread above/below LIBOR or built into the note price itself. When the issuer plans to issue Euronotes, it hires the services of facility agents or the lead arranger. 

    Meaning and Definition:

    The documentation is standardized. The documents accompanying notes are usually underwriting agreement, paying agency agreement, and information memorandum showing, among other things, the financial position of the issuer. The notes are settled either through physical delivery or through clearing.

    In the course of time, a few variants of Euronotes issue system have evolved. The first is the revolving underwriting facility in which there is a sole placement agent who allocates the notes among investors at a uniform preset yield. The second is the tender panel system in which the placement agent forms a panel of banks for placing Euronotes on behalf of the issuer. Also, The tender panel members submit tenders to the placement agent indicating the amount and price of notes they would like to acquire.

    In this case, the price is set by open competition and so it goes in favor of the issuer. However, the placement agent may not have the same level of commitment as it is found in the case of the sole placement agent. The third variant is the continuous tender panel in which the underwriters constitute a tender panel for each drawdown of notes. They buy them if left unsold, during the offer period. This system brings in competition among the underwriters.

    Euro notes or Euronotes are also enabled for medium-term.

    Euro Notes is also available for Medium-term. Medium-term Euronotes are just an extension of short-term Euronotes as they fill the gap existing in the maturity structure of international financial market instruments. They are a compromise between short-term Euronotes and long-term. Euro bonds as their maturity ranges between one year and five to seven years. The short-term Euronotes are allowed to roll over repeatedly over five to seven years.

    Every three or six months, the short-term Euronotes are redeemed and a fresh issue is made. Alternatively, a medium-term Euronote is issued to get medium-term Euronote is issued to get medium-term funds in foreign currency without any need for redemption and fresh issues. Medium-term Euronotes are not underwritten, yet there is a provision for underwriting.

    This is to ensure the borrowers that they get the funds even if they lack sufficient creditworthiness. They are issued broadly on the pattern of US medium-term notes that have been found there since the early 1970s. Medium-term Euronotes carry a fixed rate of interest, although floating rates are also there. In recent years, the multi-currency structure has come up. The issuers are mainly banks, sovereigns, and international agencies.

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. What are Euro Notes?

    Euro Notes, also known as Euronotes, are short-term promissory notes issued by companies to raise funds. They emerged in the early 1980s and are denominated in currencies other than the currency of the country where they are issued.

    2. How do Euro Notes work?

    They are issued based on the advice of a lead arranger who underwrites and sells the notes through placement agents. After the selling period, the underwriter buys any unsold issues.

    3. What are the main costs associated with Euro Notes?

    The costs typically include:

    • Underwriting fee
    • One-time management fee for structuring, pricing, and documentation
    • Margin on the notes, which can be based on LIBOR or included in the note price.

    4. What documentation is required for Euro Notes?

    The documentation is standardized and typically includes:

    • Underwriting agreement
    • Paying agency agreement
    • Information memorandum detailing the issuer’s financial position.

    Yes, Euro Notes are legal tender in the form of banknotes and can be used for transactions within the eurozone.

    6. What variants of Euro Notes exist?

    There are a few variants including:

    • Revolving underwriting facility: A sole placement agent allocates notes at a preset yield.
    • Tender panel system: A panel of banks submits tenders to acquire notes.
    • Continuous tender panel: Underwriters constitute a tender panel for each drawdown and buy unsold notes during the offer period.

    7. Can Euro Notes be issued for medium-term?

    Yes, medium-term Euro Notes serve as a bridge between short-term Euro Notes and long-term Euro Bonds, with maturities ranging from one to seven years.

    8. Who typically issues Euro Notes?

    Issuers are mainly banks, sovereign entities, and international agencies.

    9. What types of interest rates do Euro Notes carry?

    Euro Notes can carry fixed or floating rates of interest, and multi-currency options are also available.

    10. How frequently are short-term Euro Notes redeemed?

    Short-term Euro Notes are typically redeemed every three to six months, with fresh issues being made thereafter.

  • What is the Euro Commercial Papers? Meaning and Definition

    What is the Euro Commercial Papers? Meaning and Definition

    Euro Commercial Paper (ECP) is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument that is denominated in a currency differing from the domestic currency of the market where it is issued. The ECP works to be an attractive short-term financing tool for firms that wish to reduce forex market risk. ECP came upon the pattern of domestic market commercial papers that had a beginning in the USA and then in Canada as back as in the 1950s. So, the question is: What is the Euro Commercial Papers? Meaning and Definition.

    Euro Commercial Paper is explains point of Meaning and Definition.

    Another attractive form of short-term debt instrument that emerged during mid – 1980s came to be known as Euro commercial paper (ECP). It is a promissory note like the short term Euro notes although it is different from Euro notes in some ways. It is not underwritten, while the Euro notes are underwritten. The reason is that ECP is issued only by those companies that possess a high degree of rating. Again, the ECP route for raising funds is normally investor driven, while the Euro notes are said to be borrower driven.

    Meaning:

    The prefix “Euro” means that the ECP is issued outside the country in the currency in which it is denominated. Most of the ECPs are denominated in US dollars, but they are different from the US commercial papers on the sense that the ECPs have longer maturity going up to one year. Moreover, ECPs are structured on the basis of all in costs, whereas in US commercial papers, various charges, such as front-end fee and commission are collected separately.

    The detailed features of ECPs vary from one country to another. They involve the market-based interest rate, LIBOR. The issue is normally arranged through placement agents as in the case of Euro notes. The amount varies from the US $ 10 million to the US $ 1 billion or above. The ECPs are issued either in interest-bearing form or in a discounted form with interest built in the issue price itself.

    On completion of the maturity, they are settled generally at the clearinghouses, such as Cedel (Luxembourg), Euroclear (Brussels), First Chicago (London) or Chases Manhattan (London) so that the physical delivery is avoided. The settlement is complete normally within two days. ECPs face minimal documentation. Over and above, they are not underwritten. This is why their use has been large since their very inception.

    Definition:

    It differs from a commercial paper in the sense that an ECP is denominated in a foreign currency and is dealt in international markets, whereas a commercial paper is dealt with in the home boundaries in the domestic currency. Euro Commercial Paper is generally in the form of a promissory note and is issued on a discount or on an interest-bearing basis. The time period of maturity of the Euro Commercial paper ranges from a few days to one year, the most common maturity time period being 182 days.

    What is the Euro Commercial Papers Meaning and Definition
    What is the Euro Commercial Papers? Meaning and Definition, Image credit from #Pixabay.

  • What is the Euro Market? Meaning and Definition

    What is the Euro Market? Meaning and Definition

    What is Euromarket? The euro market acts as a major source of international trade. Euro the currency uses by the European Union (EU) countries, so, the market the Euro uses for can name Euromarket. This article explains the Euro Market or Euromarket with their topics Meaning and Definition. It has in view all the transactions done by The banks in Euro currencies, Euro notes, Euro commercial papers, Euro bonds. It is a market that develops in Europe. Also, the market deals with US dollars as well and it can name the Eurodollar market. Also, the question may you are like to learn; What is Credit Card Services?

    The interpretation of the Euromarket or Euro Market meaning and definition.

    The Euro market is a large market comprising many member nations of the EU and facilitates. The free movement of goods and services, in other words, efficient trade mechanisms such as low tariffs, quotas, etc. are put in place and have a centralizing monetary policy with most of them using a common currency – Euro.

    The Euro currency market or eurodollar consists of Euro Banks that accept deposits and offers credit in foreign currencies. Also, Euro currency refers to a currency that is freely convertible and is deposited in a bank present in a country where the currency is non-domestic. The bank can be either a foreign bank or a foreign branch of a US domestic bank.

    Meaning and Definition of Euro Market or Euromarket:

    Currency is borrowing and lending by institutions locating in different countries, there is a capital flow that seems to uncontrol. Theoretically, it cannot be a national control over this market. From the practical point of view, the market forces dictate the lending rates; the rates do not diverge from the domestic lending ones, it happens only for a short interval of time.

    The international banks are the main operators; financial institutions are also allowing to enter the market. Also, the Eurodollar market is complement by Euro bonds and makes longer-term funds available. The bonds are payable to bearer without deduction of tax. They are issuing by bank consortia and are placing with investors.

    London and Luxemburg have developed a secondary market in bonds which has become a supranational market; it is not subject to normal domestic regulations but it is affecting by international events. Important sums of dollars have deposits in banks which are outside the USA and many USA banks have branches overseas. Euro-notes are notes issuing in bearer form and negotiable.

    A note issuance facility is a credit facility, the company obtains a loan underwritten by banks which issue a series of short-term Euro currency notes used for replacing the already expired ones. Euro notes are short-term notes issuing in US dollars. Commercial papers relate to short-term promissory notes issued by companies; they are purchasing by investors.

    They are issuing at a discount to the face value they have. The corporations can borrow more cheaply than via bank loans; the investors may earn a higher return on their funds than it is available on bank deposits. A bank usually undertakes the issuing of these papers either directly or through dealers.

    What is the Euro Market Meaning and Definition
    What is the Euro Market? Meaning and Definition, Image credit from #Pixabay.

  • What is a Dollar?

    What is a Dollar?

    What is a Dollar? Meaning, Definition!

    Dollar (often represented by the dollar sign $) is the name of more than twenty currencies, including (ordered by population) those of the United States, Canada, Australia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, New Zealand, Liberia, Jamaica, and Namibia. The U.S. dollar is the official currency of East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, the Caribbean Netherlands, and for banknotes, Panama. Generally, one dollar is divided into one hundred cents. The Currency, a system of money in general use in a particular country. What is a Rupee? Now, you learn What is a Dollar?

    “The history of the dollar. For symbol “$”, see Dollar sign. The Slovenian philosopher, see Mladen Dolar. The municipality in Spain, see Dólar.”

    Exchange Currency in US Dollar 

    One US Dollar ($1) Rated to Others Country:

    1. 1.38 Australian Dollar
    2. 1.00 Bahamian Dollar
    3. 2.00 Barbadian Dollar
    4. 2.01 Belize Dollar
    5. 1.00 Bermudan Dollar
    6. 1.44 Brunei Dollar
    7. 1.34 Canadian Dollar
    8. 0.82 Cayman Islands Dollar
    9. 2.70 East Caribbean Dollar
    10. 2.13 Fijian Dollar
    11. 207.21 Guyanaese Dollar
    12. 7.76 Hong Kong Dollar
    13. 128.80 Jamaican Dollar
    14. 91.00 Liberian Dollar
    15. 13.96 Namibian Dollar
    16. 32.01 New Taiwan Dollar
    17. 1.44 New Zealand Dollar
    18. 1.44 Singapore Dollar
    19. 7.39 Surinamese Dollar
    20. 6.75 Trinidad & Tobago Dollar

    History of Dollar

    On 15 January 1520, the Czech Kingdom of Bohemia began minting coins from silver mined locally in Joachimsthal (Czech Jáchymov) and marked on the reverse with the Czech lion. The coins were called Joachim’s thaler, which became shortened in common usage to thaler or taler. The German name “Joachimsthal” literally means “Joachim’s valley” or “Joachim’s dale”. This name found its way into other languages: Czech tolar, Hungarian tallér, Danish and Norwegian (rigs) daler, Swedish (riks)daler, Icelandic dalur, Dutch (rijks)daalder or daler, Ethiopian ታላሪ (“talari”), Italian tallero, Polish talar, Persian dare, as well as – via Dutch – into English as dollar.

    A later Dutch coin depicting also a lion was called the leeuwen daler or leeuwen daalder, literally ‘lion daler’. The Dutch Republic produced these coins to accommodate its booming international trade. The leeuwen daler circulated throughout the Middle East and was imitated in several German and Italian cities. This coin was also popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York). It was in circulation throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries and was popularly known as “lion (or lyon) dollar”. The currencies of Romania and Bulgaria are, to this day, ‘lion’ (leu/leva). The modern American-English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th-century Dutch pronunciation of daler. Some well-worn examples circulating in the Colonies were known as “dog dollars”.

    Spanish pesos – having the same weight and shape – came to be known as Spanish dollars. By the mid-18th century, the lion dollar had been replaced by Spanish dollar, the famous “pieces of eight”, which were distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines.

    Types of Dollar with Countries Bases

      Antigua and Barbuda East Caribbean dollar XCD    
     Australia and its territories Australian dollar AUD 1966-02-14 Australian pound 1910-1966
    Pound sterling 1825-1910
     Bahamas Bahamian dollar BSD   Bahamian pound
     Barbados Barbadian dollar BBD    
     Belize Belize dollar BZD/USD 1973 British Honduran Dollar
     Bermuda Bermuda dollar BMD    
     Brunei Brunei dollar
    (Alongside the Singapore dollar)    		 BND
    (SGD)    		    
     Canada Canadian dollar CAD 1858 Canadian pound 1841-1858
    Spanish dollar pre-1841
    Newfoundland dollar, pre-1949 in the Dominion of Newfoundland
     Cayman Islands Cayman Islands dollar KYD    
     Dominica East Caribbean dollar XCD    
     East Timor United States dollar USD    
     Ecuador United States dollar USD 2001 Ecuadorian sucre
     El Salvador United States dollar USD 2001-01-01 Salvadoran colón
     Fiji Fijian dollar FJD    
     Grenada East Caribbean dollar XCD    
     Guyana Guyanese dollar GYD    
     Hong Kong Hong Kong dollar HKD 1863 Rupee, Real (Spanish/Colonial Spain: Mexican), Chinese cash
     Jamaica Jamaican dollar JMD 1969 Jamaican pound
     Kiribati Kiribati dollar along with the Australian dollar N/A / AUD    
     Liberia Liberian dollar LRD    
     Marshall Islands United States dollar USD    
     Federated States of Micronesia United States dollar USD    
     Namibia Namibian dollar along with the South African rand NAD 1993 South African rand
     Nauru Australian dollar AUD    
     New Zealand and its territories New Zealand dollar NZD 1967 New Zealand pound
     Palau United States dollar USD    
     Saint Kitts and Nevis East Caribbean dollar XCD    
     Saint Lucia East Caribbean dollar XCD    
     Saint Vincent and the Grenadines East Caribbean dollar XCD    
     Singapore Singapore dollar SGD    
     Solomon Islands Solomon Islands dollar SBD    
     Suriname Surinamese dollar SRD 2004 Surinamese guilder
     Taiwan New Taiwan dollar TWD 1949  
     Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago dollar TTD    
     Tuvalu Tuvaluan dollar along with the Australian dollar TVD / AUD    
     United States and its territories United States dollar USD 1792 Spanish dollar
    colonial script
     Zimbabwe United States dollar USD   Zimbabwean dollar

    Note: All Countries Dollar exchange rate, 21 December 2016.

    What is a Dollar Meaning Definition - ilearnlot

  • What is a Rupee?

    What is a Rupee?

    What is a Rupee? Meaning, Definition!

    The rupee is the common name for the currencies of India, Indonesia, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and formerly those of Afghanistan, Burma and British East Africa, German East Africa and the Trucial States. Basically, the rupee is monetary unit of India, equal to 100 paise in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. As Wall as equal to 100 cents in Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Seychelles. What is a Rupee? a system of money in general use in a particular country.

    In the Maldives, the unit of currency is known as the rufiyah, which is a cognate of the Sanskrit rupya. The Indian rupees (₹) and Pakistani rupees (₨) are subdivided into one hundred paise (singular paisa) or pice. The Mauritian and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents. The Nepalese rupee subdivides into one hundred paisas (both singular and plural) or four sukas or two mohors. Definition of Organization, What is Glocalization? Meaning, Definition!

    Rupee Exchange Currency to per US dollar

    1. 67.84 Indian Rupee
    2. 35.95 Mauritian Rupee
    3. 108.52 Nepalese Rupee
    4. 104.85 Pakistani Rupee
    5. 13.27 Seychellois Rupee
    6. 149.76 Sri Lankan Rupee
    7. 13440.00 Indonesian Rupiah
    8. 15.36 Maldivian Rufiyaa

    “All currency Exchanging to per US dollar on a date of 24 December 2016, rupee use in the country of India, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia use to Rupiah, the Maldives using Rufiyaa.”

    History of Rupee

    The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages, and the Chinese wen. The term is from rūpya, a Sanskrit term for the silver coin, from Sanskrit rūpá, beautiful form.

    The Indian rupee was come first introduce issued and termed as rupiya, the silver coin, by Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), continued by the Mughal rulers. The Kabuli rupee and the Kandahari rupee were using as currency in Afghanistan prior to 1891 when they were standardized as the Afghan rupee. The Afghan rupee, which was subdivided into 60 paisas, was replaced by the Afghan afghani in 1925. After the middle of the 20th century, Tibet’s official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee.

    The Indian rupee was the official currency of Dubai and Qatar until 1959 when India created a new Gulf rupee (also known as the “external rupee”) to hinder the smuggling of gold. The Gulf rupee was legal tender until 1966 when India significantly devalued the Indian rupee and a new Qatar-Dubai riyal was established to provide economic stability.

    Types of Rupee used by Countries

     

     India Indian rupee INR ₹ 67.73
     Indonesia Indonesian rupiah     IDR Rp 13,024
     Maldives Maldivian rufiyaa MVR Rf 12.80
     Mauritius Mauritian rupee MUR Rs 35.65
       Nepal Nepalese rupee NPR रू 106.76
     Pakistan Pakistani rupee PKR Rs 104.67
     Seychelles    Seychellois rupee SCR SR 13.20
     Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee LKR රු 147.04

    What is a Rupee Meaning Definition - ilearnlot

  • Indian Rupee

    Indian Rupee

    The Indian rupee (sign: ₹; code: INR), is the official currency of the Republic of India. The Indian one rupee is equal to 100 paise (like singular paisa). In India, only the 50 paisa remains legal in 2016. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Indian Rupee is named after the silver coin, Rupiya, first rupee issued by Sultan Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century & later continued by the Mughal Empire.

    Indian rupees symbol was officially Changed In 2010, a new symbol ‘₹‘. It was derived from the combination of the Devanagari consonant “र” (RA) and the Latin capital letter “R” without its vertical bar (similar to the R rotunda). The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the tricolor Indian flag. An equality sign that symbolizes the nation’s desire to reduce economic disparity. The first series of coins with the new rupee symbol started in circulation on 8 July 2011.

    Indian Rupee Exchange to other Country Currency

    1 Indian Rupee equals
    1. 0.015 US Dollar
    2. 0.020 Australian Dollar
    3. 0.012 British Pound
    4. 0.014 Euro

    Indian Rupee Exchange to other Country Rupee

    1 Indian Rupee equals
    1. 1. 0.53 Mauritian Rupee
    2. 1.60 Nepalese Rupee
    3. 1.54 Pakistani Rupee
    4. 0.20 Seychellois Rupee

    History of Indian Rupee

    The history of the Indian rupee traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BCE, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters.

    During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, Sultan Sher Shah Suri issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains (or 11.53 grams), which was termed the Rupiya. The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period & Maratha era as well as in British India. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include; the Bank of Hindustan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784–91).

    Indian Rupees Per Currency unit averaged over the Year

    Currency ISO code 1947 1966 1995 1996 2000 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016
    Australian dollar AUD 27.69 26.07 33.28 34.02 34.60 36.81 38.22 42.00 56.36 54.91 48.21 49.96
    Bahraini Dinar BHD – 164.55 170.6 178.3
    Bangladeshi taka BDT – – 0.84 0.84 0.77 0.66 0.63 0.57 0.71 0.66 0.68 0.80 0.88 0.84 0.85
    Canadian dollar CAD 26.00 30.28 34.91 41.09 42.92 44.59 52.17 49.53 47.94 52.32
    Chinese Yuan CNY – 5.80 9.93 10.19 10.15
    Emirate dirham AED – – 17.47 18.26
    Euro EUR – – 44.40 41.52 56.38 64.12 68.03 60.59 65.69 70.21 72.60 75.84
    Israeli shekel ILS 13.33 21.97 11.45 10.76 10.83 17.08 16.57 17.47
    Japanese Yen JPY 1015.5 1.76 32.66 32.96 41.79 41.87 38.93 35.00 42.27 51.73 52.23 60.07 57.79 53.01 62.36
    Kuwaiti Dinar KWD – 17.80 115.5 114.5 144.9 153.3 155.5 144.6 161.7 167.7 159.2 206.5 214.3 213.1 222.4
    Malaysian Ringgit MYR – 18.59 18.65 16.47 16.37
    Maldivian rufiyaa MVR 1.00 1.33 2.93 2.91 4.58 4.76 5.01 5.23
    Pakistani rupee PKR 1.00 1.33 1.08 0.95 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.67 0.61 0.59 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.64
    Pound sterling GBP 13.33 17.76 51.14 55.38 68.11 83.06 80.63 76.38 71.33 83.63 70.63 91.08 100.51 98.11 92.00
    Russian rubled RUB 6.60 15.00 7.56 6.69 1.57 1.05 0.99
    Saudi riyal SAR 1.41 17.11 17.88
    Singapore dollar SGD – – 23.13 25.16 26.07 26.83 30.93 33.60 34.51 41.27 33.58 46.84 45.86 46.67 48.86
    Sri Lankan rupee LKR 1.33 0.63 0.64 0.58 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.46
    Swiss franc CHF 1.46 27.48 43.95 66.95 66.71 66.70 68.40
    U.S. dollar USD 3.30 7.50 32.45 35.44 44.20 45.34 43.95 39.50 48.76 45.33 45.00 68.80 66.07 66.73 67.19

    Note: All Countries Currency exchange rate into Indian rupees, 28 December 2016.

  • The Australian Dollar sign, Introduction, History

    The Australian Dollar sign, Introduction, History

    The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders, the rate on the high street, with their sign, because of the comparatively high-interest rates in Australia. Also, The currency commonly refers to by foreign-exchange traders as the “Aussie”. It (sign: $; code: AUD) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island; as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It subdivides into 100 cents.

    Best Australian Dollar rate on the high street, with their sign, Introduction, Define, and History.

    As of 2011, the Australian dollar is the fifth most traded currency in the world, sign, accounting for 7.6% of the world’s daily share. Also, It trades in the world foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar, the euro, the yen, and the pound sterling. The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders, because of the comparatively high interest rates in Australia, the relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention, the general stability of Australia’s economy and political system, and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies; especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle. Also, The currency commonly refers to by foreign-exchange traders as the “Aussie dollar”.

    The relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention, the general stability of Australia’s economy and political system, and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies, especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle.

    It’s a combination of international investors attracted to the sector due to the falling Australian dollar; and, local investors playing catch up with the share market’s 2016 high. With the announcement from the U.S on the Chinese tariffs; Also, the reaction on the policy side from China will be the key event to watch in the coming days; if China does react with the further escalation in tariffs, the U.S. equity market; as well as the dollar-yen or Australian dollar, could face further downward pressures.

    Currency notes of the Australian dollar:

    The following Australian dollar $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100 below are;

    Australian dollar
    The Australian dollar, Image from livetradingnews.

    Australian dollars Capitation with other dollar Currencies:

    One Australian dollar ($1); All rated into $

    1. 0.73 US Dollar
    2. 0.73 Bahamian Dollar
    3. 1.45 Barbadian Dollar
    4. 1.46 Belize Dollar
    5. 0.73 Bermudan Dollar
    6. 0.97 Canadian Dollar
    7. 0.60 Cayman Islands Dollar
    8. 1.96 East Caribbean Dollar
    9. 1.55 Fijian Dollar
    10. 150.48 Guyanaese Dollar
    11. 5.64 Hong Kong Dollar
    12. 93.54 Jamaican Dollar
    13. 66.09 Liberian Dollar
    14. 10.16 Namibian Dollar
    15. 1.05 Singapore Dollar
    16. 5.37 Surinamese Dollar

    Note: All Dollar rated and converted to the Australian dollar, 20 December 2016.

    You need to do nothing to Be as You already are. What You have is Who You are. God gives Everything in Creation, and Everything is You. Nothing can add to Our Perfection in God. Follow acim to learn more. Best Australian Dollar rate on the high street; Also, Foreign exchange Trade in April 2016: Download FET file in PDF.

    Australian Dollar History:

    With pounds, shillings, and pence to replace by decimal currency on 14 February 1966, many names for the new currency were suggested. In 1963, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names included more exotic suggestions such as the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the quid, the dinkum, and the theming (Menzies’ nickname). Menzies’ influence resulted in the selection of the royal; and, Also, trial designs were preparing and printing by the Reserve Bank of Australia. Best Australian Dollar rate on the high street, with their sign. Other things below are;

    More things;

    The Treasurer, Harold Holt, announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963. The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents, but the existing names shilling, florin, and crown would retain for the 10-cent, 20-cent, and 50-cent coins respectively. Also, The name royal for the currency proved very unpopular, with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats. On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a “terrible mistake” and it would need to revisit. On 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar, of 100 cents.

    The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since a devaluation in 1931, was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966. The rate of conversion for the new decimal currency was two dollars per Australian pound or ten Australian shillings per dollar. Also, The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 = 8 shillings ($2.50 = UK £1). In 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area; when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A$1 = US$1.12.

    On 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that they had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes will incorporate several new features so that they remain secure in the future. Also, The first new banknotes (of the five-dollar denomination) were issuing from the 1st of September 2016, with the remaining denominations to issue in the coming years.

  • Most Highest Currency or Currencies Value in 2016

    Most Highest Currency or Currencies Value in 2016

    Highest currency 2016; What is Currency? A currency (from Middle English: currant, “in circulation”, from Latin: Currens, -Entis) in the most specific use of the word refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a system of money (monetary units) in common use, especially in a nation. Under this definition, US dollars, British pounds, Australian dollars, and European euros are examples of currency. These various currencies recognize stores of value and trade between nations in foreign exchange markets; which determine the relative values of the different currencies. Also, Currencies in this sense defines by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance.

    Here is the article to explain, Most Highest Currency or Currencies Value in 2016!

    Other definitions of the term “currency” discuss in their respective synonymous articles banknote, coin, and money. Also, The latter definition, about the currency systems of nations, is the topic of this article. Currencies can be classified into two monetary systems: fiat money and commodity money, depending on what guarantees the value (the economy at large vs. the government’s physical metal reserves). Some currencies are legal tender in certain political jurisdictions; which means they cannot refuse as payment for the debt. Others simply traded for their economic value. Also, Digital currency has arisen with the popularity of computers and the Internet.

    Most Highest Currencies Value in 2016:

    RankCountry NameCurrency Name
    1KuwaitKuwaiti Dinar (KWD)
    2BahrainBahraini Dinar (BHD)
    3OmanOmani Rial (OMR)
    4United KingdomBritish Pound (GBP)
    5European UnionEuro (EUR)
    6SwitzerlandSwiss Franc (CHF)
    7LibyaLibyan Dinar (LYD)
    8BruneiBruneian Dollar (BND)
    9SingaporeSingapore Dollar (SGD)
    10AustraliaAustralian Dollar (AUD)

    Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD):

    The Kuwaiti dinar (Arabic: دينار‎‎, code: KWD) is the currency of Kuwait. It sub-divides into 1,000 files. Also, The Kuwaiti dinar is the world’s highest-valued currency unit.

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One Kuwaiti dinar buys US$3.26.

    Bahraini Dinar (BHD):

    The dinar (Arabic: دينار‎‎ Dīnār Baḥrēnī) (sign: .د.ب or BD; code: BHD) is the currency of Bahrain. It divides into 1000 fils (فلس). The name dinar derives from the Roman denarius. The dinar was introduced in 1965, replacing the Gulf rupee at a rate of 10 rupees = 1 dinar. Also, The Bahraini dinar abbreviates .د.ب (Arabic) or BD (Latin). It usually represents three decimal places denoting the files.

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One Bahraini dinar buys US$2.65.

    Omani Rial (OMR):

    The rial (Arabic: ريال‎‎, ISO 4217 code OMR) is the currency of Oman. It divided into 1000 baisa (also written baiza, بيسة).

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One Omani rial buys US$2.60.

    British Pound (GBP):

    A pound is a unit of currency in some nations. The term originated in Great Britain as the value of a pound (weight) of silver. The English word pound is cognate with, among others, German Pfund, Dutch pond, and Swedish pound. All ultimately derive from a borrowing into Proto-Germanic of the Latin expression lībra pondō (“a pound of weight”), in which the word pondō is the ablative case of the Latin noun pondus (“weight”). The English word “pound” first referred to a unit of mass or weight; the monetary pound originated as a pound (by weight) of silver.

    The currency’s symbol is £, a stylized representation of the letter L, standing for livre or lira. Historically, £1 worth of silver coins was a troy pound in weight; in August 2016 this amount of silver was worth approximately £170 sterling. Today, the term may refer to several (primarily British and related) currencies and a variety of obsolete currencies. Some of them, those officials in former Italian states and countries formerly belonging to the Ottoman Empire, called pound in English, while in the local languages their official name is lira.

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One British pound buys US$1.23.

    Euro (EUR):

    The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries; as well as unilaterally by two others and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans as of 2015. Outside of Europe, several overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One euro buys US$1.04.

    Swiss Franc (CHF):

    The franc (sign: Fr. or SFr. or FS; German: Franken, French, and Romansh: franc, Italian: franco; code: CHF) is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein; it is also legal tender in the Italian exclave Campione d’Italia. Also, The Swiss National Bank (SNB) issues banknotes, and the federal mint Swissmint issues coins.

    The smaller denomination, a hundredth of a franc, is a Rappen (Rp.) in German, centime (c.) in French, centesimo (ct.) in Italian, and rap (RP.) in Romansh. The ISO code of the currency used by banks and financial institutions is CHF, although “Fr.” uses by most businesses and advertisers; some use SFr.; the Latinate “CH” stands for Confoederatio Helvetica. Given the different languages used in Switzerland, Latin uses for language-neutral inscriptions on the coins.

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One Swiss Franc buys US$0.97.

    Australian Dollar (AUD):

    The Australian dollar (sign: $; code: AUD) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. Also, It is subdivided into 100 cents.

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One Australian Dollar buys US$0.72.

    Libyan Dinar (LYD):

    The dinar (Arabic: دينار‎‎) is the currency of Libya. Its ISO 4217 code is “LYD”. The dinar is subdivided into 1000 dirham (درهم). It was introduced in September 1971 and replaced the pound at par. It is issued by the Central Bank of Libya, which also supervises the banking system and regulates credit. In 1972, the Libyan Arab Foreign Bank was established to deal with overseas investment. Ali Mohammed Salem, deputy governor of Central Bank of Libya stated the exchange rate of Libyan dinar would be pegged to special drawing rights for one to three years, according to an interview with Reuters on 27 December 2011.

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One Libyan Dinar buys US$0.70.

    Singapore Dollar (SGD):

    The Singapore dollar (Malay: Ringgit Singapura, sign: $; code: SGD) is the official currency of Singapore. Also, It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or S$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents.

    The Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam (Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam) still maintain the historic exchangeability of their two currencies, the Singapore dollar, and the Brunei dollar, respectively. The Singapore dollar is accepted as “customary tender” in Brunei according to the Currency Interchangeability Agreement. Likewise, the Brunei dollar is customarily accepted in Singapore.

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One Singapore Dollar buys US$0.69.

    Bruneian Dollar (BND):

    The Brunei dollar (Malay: ringgit Brunei, currency code: BND), has been the currency of the Sultanate of Brunei since 1967. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-dominated currencies, It is divided into 100 sen (Malay) or cents (English).

    The Brunei dollar is managed together with the Singapore dollar at a 1:1 ratio by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). Also, Singapore is one of Brunei’s major trading partners.

    20th Dec. 2016 Value of Currency as dollar One Bruneian Dollar buys US$0.50.

    Most Highest Currency or Currencies Value in 2016 Image
    Most Highest Currency or Currencies Value in 2016; Image by Erdenebayar Bayansan from Pixabay.

    Note: All Currency is Exchanging rate valuation into US Dollar rate on 20 December 2016.