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  • Definition Purpose Strategies of Management Control Essay

    Definition Purpose Strategies of Management Control Essay

    What is the Management Control? Meaning, Definition, Purpose, and Strategies Essay; Controlling is one of the four main functions of management. Managers need to ensure all planning, organizing, and leading run as smoothly as desired. If managers can ensure that each plan made and every task given to the employees are carried out perfectly, and the results expected are what had existed planned, control stands not required.

    Here is the article to explain, Management Control Meaning, Definition, Purpose, and Strategies Essay!

    Unfortunately, managers are not able to ensure these conditions will run smoothly without the occurrence of any problems since most planning exists done by humans, and humans know to be diverse in terms of abilities, motivation, and others. In a rapidly changing business environment, not only the expected results must exist controlled; but planning must also exist monitored and controlled.

    Definition of Control;

    Management control is a systematic effort to fix or establish the standard of performance; through planning objectives, designing information feedback systems, comparing true performance with the fixed standard, determining whether; there are any disadvantages or weaknesses, and taking suitable actions to ensure all resources; within the organization can exist used most effectively and efficiently the objective of the organization.

    Control is the process of ensuring that organizational activities are running according to plan. This process can exist carried out by comparing the true performance with the standard; that has stood established and taking corrective actions to rectify any distortion that does not comply with the standard.

    The main purpose of control in management is to prepare managers to face future or existing problems before they turn critical. In general, an organization with a good control mechanism will have the advantage of competing strength compared to organizations without a good control system. The following are several examples of the importance of control for organizations:

    Quality Assurance;

    The smooth running of a particular process can monitor and problems can avoid by having control. Control can stimulate the organization to monitor and increase the quality of products and services offered. Through the activities related to the control process, members of the organization will always exist driven to act according to the plans that have stood established.

    Preparation to Face Changes;

    Change cannot exist avoided. Change in environmental factors such as markets, competitors, technology, and legislation makes the control process important for managers in responding to opportunities and threats. Control helps the organization to suit its products to the needs and wants of consumers in the market.

    Steps in the Control Process;

    A control process has three basic needs: fixing of standards to exist used in measuring the level of growth; monitoring decisions and comparing it to the standards, that is, the comparison of the organisation’s true performance with the planned performance; and finally, taking corrective actions in rectifying any disadvantages and weaknesses that occurred in achieving the performance that has already existed set.

    Establishing Standards;

    Standard is the base for comparison to measure the level of performance of a company to find out whether the company is compliant. Also, Standard is the point of reference in making comparisons to another value. Standard can exist defined as what requires out of a particular job or an individual. In management control, standards exist usually derived from the objectives. Standards should be easy to exist measured and interpreted. A specific objective that can exist measured makes it more suitable to exist used as a standard. If this standard is not clearly and specifically stated; it may exist interpreted differently and will then raise various difficulties that can affect the goals of the organization.

    In general, there are three types of standards: physical standard such as the number of products and services, number of customers and quality of products and services; a financial standard which exists stated in the form of money; and this includes labor cost, sales cost, material cost, sales revenue, profit margin, and others; and lastly, time standard which includes the performance rate of a particular task or the period required to complete a particular task.

    Measuring Performance and Making Comparisons;

    Performance measurement is a type of control. Actual results need to exist monitored to ensure that the output produced is according to the specific standard. The main purpose of performance monitoring is to gather data and detect deviation and problem areas. Measurement has no meaning if it exists not compared to the standard. The next step is performing the comparison of standards. Comparison of the standard is a process where comparison stands made between the true performances with the standard set. This step is important because it allows any deviation or distortion to exist detected and corrective actions can exist taken to achieve the goals that have existed set.

    Corrective Actions;

    It is often found that managers establish standards and monitor decisions but do not take suitable actions. The first and second steps in control will be meaningless if corrective actions are not taken. Before taking any steps in correcting, a detailed analysis must be carried out to find out the factors that caused the particular deviation.

    This corrective action may involve a change in one or more operation activities of the organization; such as modification, repairing of machines, preparation of certain courses, and others, or it might also involve a change in the fixed standard. Corrective action is a process of identifying the distorted performance, analyzing the distortion, and developing and implementing programs to rectify it.

    THE MANAGEMENT CONTROL PROCESS;

    The running of a management control process is a continuous act. This process cannot exist done only once to gain the achievement expected. This exists considered a dynamic process. This dynamic process begins with looking at the true performance and measuring the achievement level of that particular performance. Managers will then compare the performance achieved with the performance that has stood fixed. If there happens to be any difference, it must exist analyzed to identify the cause of the differences and this follows by the correcting act.

    This process must exist done repeatedly and must exist given full attention by the manager to achieve the performance goals set.

    Basic Methods of Control;

    According to Williams (2000), a control process consists of three basic methods; which exist identified as future control, concurrent control, and feedback control.

    Future Control;

    This type of control exists also known as prevention control. This involves the use of information, including information from the latest results, is to forecast; what will happen in the future so that preventive measures can exist taken. It stands implemented to prevent the occurrence of deviation between what had happened with what exists expected to happen. Prevention exists carried out through detailed analysis of the input before it exists accepted into the process of organizational transformation.

    Input stands ensured to comply with the quality standards established so that the results obtained are as expected. One example of the use of this control is when a manager ensures that the sample of raw material; that is going to exist used complies with the standard established by the organization or is based on certain specifications to avoid damage to the product in the future.

    Concurrent Control;

    Concurrent control exists carried out during the process of transformation. When this control exists carried out, restoration actions, corrective actions, or modifications exist done after distortion exists detected. For a production-oriented organization, this controlling action is taken; while input is being processed while for service-oriented organizations, it is taken while service is being provided. Through this method of control, organizations will monitor; their operations and simultaneously take the necessary corrective actions before the transformation process is completed. This will help to reduce mistakes in the outputs being produced. Examples of this method of control are mid-term examinations, control of accounts, control of inventories, and others.

    Feedback Control;

    Feedback control involves gathering information related to the weaknesses of controlling measures after an incident takes place. This type of control exists implemented after the transformation process has existed completed to find out whether the whole activity ran properly with results as expected. This control is also able to determine whether the plan that is going to exist carried out has continuity with the previous program.

    It is also able to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the involved parties in performing the activities of the organization. An example of this method of control is the use of low-quality raw materials that resulted in the production of low-quality products. The act of changing the raw materials used is one of the examples of feedback control.

    Types of Control;

    According to Williams (2000), five forms of control can exist used by managers in implementing the process of control — bureaucratic, objective, normative, conservative, and self. Illustrates these five forms of control.

    Bureaucratic Control;

    This method uses hierarchy authority to influence employees. Rewards exist given to employees who obey and punishment exists meted out to employees; who do not obey the policies, regulations, and procedures of the organization.

    Objective Control;

    This method uses the measurement of observation towards the behavior of employees or output produced to evaluate work performance. Managers are more focused on the observation or measurement of the behavior of employees or outputs rather than the policies or rules. Objective control consists of two forms of control, behavior control, and output control.

    Behavior control;

    Behavior control is the rule of behavior and actions that controls the behavior of employees in their tasks.

    Output control;

    Output control in the form of control that controls the output of employees by granting rewards and incentives. Important features in the implementation of output control are reliability, fairness, and accuracy, convincing employees and managers to achieve the expected results; while rewards and incentives depend on the performance standard that has stood established.

    Normative Control;

    Normative control is a method that arranges the behavior of employees and results through norms and beliefs shared among all the members of the organization. There are two main substances in this type of control; which are, sensitivity towards the selection of employees based on their attitude and norms, and obtaining inspiration based on experience and observation of employees.

    Conservative Control;

    This is a method that uses the norms and behavior discussed, formed, and agreed upon by the workgroup. This form of control plays a role in an autonomous workgroup. An autonomous workgroup is a workgroup that operates without the presence of a manager and is fully responsible for the control of the process, task group, output, and behavior. Autonomous work groups gradually grow through two stages of conservative control. First, members work and learn from each other, supervising the work of each member and developing norms and beliefs that guide and control them. Secondly, the appearance and acceptance of objectives as a guide and control of behavior.

    Self Control;

    It is a system where managers and employees control their behavior by establishing their own goals; monitoring their progress and their achievements of goals, and rewarding themselves when goals have stood achieved.

    FACTORS THAT NEED TO BE CONTROLLED;

    Determining the matters to exist controlled is as important as making decisions on whether to control or in what method should control exist done. Several perspectives need to exist controlled by a manager for the organization to be able to achieve the goals expected.

    Financial Perspective;

    One of the important areas that need to exist controlled is finance. There are times when the financial performance does not reach the expected standard. If this condition remains undetected and relevant actions exist not taken, the existence of the company might be in jeopardy. The financial perspective is generally related to activities such as sales, purchases, and others. Financial statements are important sources of financial information for an organization. A balance sheet shows how strong the financial position, assets, liabilities, and the position of the equity holder for a certain financial period is.

    A profit-loss statement or income statement shows the summary of the operational activities; and the relationship between expenditure and revenue for a particular financial year. There is a new approach in the financial perspective known as economic value added. Economic value added is the total profit of a company that exceeds the capital cost in a particular year. In this perspective, a manager must impose control so that the total profit of a company always exceeds the capital cost for the company to continuously gain economic value added.

    Human Resource Perspective;

    The control of human resources is vital for organizations. If an organization is unable to control its human resources properly such as losing an expert workforce; hence, it will jeopardize the performance and achievement of the company.

    Organizations need to have planning that can motivate the employees. For example, organizations need to be concerned regarding the problems faced by the employees by creating harmonious discussions between the management and the employees union.

    Quality Perspective;

    Internal operations of organizations exist usually measured through quality. Operations control is very important for every organization, especially for manufacturing firms. This is because the efficiency and effectiveness of operations control will determine the level of production and organizational performance as fixed by the standard.

    The quality value of products and services produced based on the standard will be able to strengthen the perception of the customers towards the quality of goods that they had purchased. For example, the control of product quality can reduce waste and product defects and this will further save cost. Inventory control is also effective in reducing the costs of investments related to inventory

    Consumer Perspective;

    To measure the performance of customers, an organization needs to impose control on customers; who leave the organization and not based on the survey of customer satisfaction. In this perspective, the manager will evaluate by measuring the percentage rate of customers who left the organization. By controlling customers from leaving the organization, a company will be able to increase profits. For example, the cost of obtaining a new customer is five times more compared to the cost of retaining an existing customer.

    Overview;

    The main purpose of management control is to prepare managers to face existing or future problems before it becomes critical. Management control has three basic needs: establishing standards; monitoring decision and comparing it to the standard, and making corrections on any distortion that occurred between the true decision and the standard.

    Control is a dynamic process because it is a continuous process. The control process consists of three basic methods; future control which stands also known as prevention control; concurrent or present control; and feedback control.

    Five forms of control can exist used by managers in implementing the control process: bureaucratic, objective, normative, conservative, and self. To ensure that the organization can achieve its goals, several important perspectives must exist controlled — finance, human resource, quality, and customers.

    Definition Purpose Strategies of Management Control Essay Image
    Definition Purpose Strategies of Management Control Essay
  • Augmented Reality (AR) Definition Characteristics Essay

    Augmented Reality (AR) Definition Characteristics Essay

    Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that connects the digital and material planets to make a virtual experience. Operating an instrument camera, digital content such as graphics, sound, and video, stands displayed on-screen to deliver augmented experiences. Unlike virtual reality, augmented reality isn’t a fully immersive, synthetic experience. Instead, it’s comprised of virtual elements placed in your direct surroundings. Apps for mobile or desktop that use augmented reality technology to mix digital features into the real environment.

    Here is the article to explain, Augmented Reality (AR) Meaning Definition Characteristics Types Essay!

    Augment Reality is the full name of the technology. For instance, AR technology can use to overlay score overlays on televised sports plays and to pop out 3D pictures, texts, and emails.

    What do you understand about Augmented Reality? Meaning and Definition;

    Augmented reality is a computer system that can combine the real world and computer-generated data. With this system, virtual objects stand blended into real footage in real-time. Thus, we can imagine the high potential that this technology might have if applied in the field of education. In augmented reality, the computer works as a mirror. With a camera and a black and white printed marker, we transmit to the computer the angle and coordinates about an object.

    Thus real elements stand mixed with virtual elements in real-time, and in the same way, as in a mirror, the image appears inverted on the screen; which makes orientation a very complicated task. Virtual models can exist animated and multiplied. With this technology, we can create and combine animated sequences to control a virtual object and share the interaction with others.

    In the field of education, we can use this technology to create interactive 3-D books that respond to changes in the angle of observation. From the beginning, the advertising companies were the first to use this system using interactive web-based augmented reality applications. Because of its potential, augmented reality will exist widely applied in fields; such as architecture, surgery, simulations, geology, and ecology among others.

    How does Augmented Reality (AR) work?

    The basic process of creation in augmented reality is to create virtual models that will exist stored in a database. After this, the model will stand retrieved from the mentioned database, rendered, and registered into the scene. Sometimes, this process implies serious difficulties in many area applications. The virtual content must exist stored on the database and also published as printed material, containing an index to our database. This communication to the database increases the complexity of the virtual model as final work.

    To avoid these difficulties is necessary to fully encode our virtual content in a bar code; which is not understandable to a human without using a specific augmented reality system. When captured by an AR system, the virtual models exist then extracted from the incoming image.

    Embedding —> Acquisition —> Extraction —> Registration —> Rendering

    The virtual model stands created and printed. This printed representation exists then acquired by the augmented reality device. After, the virtual models exist extracted from the acquired image. Finally, the virtual models stand registered onto the scene and rendered.

    Besides adding virtual objects into the real world, AR must be able to remove them. Desirable systems would be those that incorporate sound to broaden the augmented experience. These systems should integrate headsets equipped with microphones to capture incoming sound from the environment; thus having the ability to hide real environmental sounds by generating a masking signal.

    Features or Characteristics of Augmented Reality (AR);

    The following Augmented Reality Features or Characteristics below are;

    Haptic Technology;

    The main goal of AR is the interactivity between the user and virtual objects. HT is the system that allows the user to have tactile experiences within immersive environments. With this system, the user interacts with the virtual environment through an augmented system. To bring realism to these interactions, the system must allow the user to feel the touch of surfaces, textures, and the weight and size of virtual objects.

    With haptic devices, mass can exist assigned to virtual elements so that the weight and other qualities of the object can exist felt in the fingers. This system requires complex computing devices endowed with great power. Furthermore, the system must recognize the three-dimensional location of fiducial points in the real scene.

    Position-Based Augmented Reality;

    For correct compensation between the virtual and real image, the system must represent both images in the same frame of reference by using sensitive calibration and measurement systems to determine the different coordinate frames in the AR system. This system measures the position and orientation of the camera concerning the coordinate system of the real world. These two parameters determine the world-to-camera transform, C. We can quantify the parameters of camera-to-image, P, by calibrating the video camera. Finally, the third parameter, O, stands computed by measuring the position and orientation of the virtual object in the real world, existing rendered and combined with the live video.

    Computer Vision for Augmented Reality;

    Augmented Reality uses computer vision methods to improve performance. Thus, the system eliminates calibration errors by processing the live video data. Other systems invert the camera projection to obtain an approximation of the viewer pose. Recently, a mixed-method uses fiducial tracking; which stands combined with a magnetic position tracking system that determines the parameters of the cameras in the scene. Currently, the problems of camera calibration exist solved by registering the virtual objects over the live video.

    Animation;

    If we want an AR system to be credible, it must have the ability to animate the virtual elements within the scene. Thus, we can distinguish between objects moving by themselves and those whose movements exist produced by the user. These interactions exist represented in the object-to-world transform by multiplication with a translation matrix.

    Portability;

    Since the user can walk through large spaces, Augmented Reality should pay special attention to the portability of its systems, far from controlled environments, allowing users to walk outdoor with comfort. This stands accomplished by making the scene generator, the head-mounted display, and the tracking system capable of being autonomous.

    Types and Categories of Augmented Reality;

    There are several types of augmented reality in use today. From marketing to gaming, there are a lot of businesses in the exploration phase of utilizing this emerging technology. The question is… how? Easier asked than answered. To get a better understanding of how you can use AR, let’s walk through the different types and see examples of each.

    Marker-based;

    Marker-based AR uses markers to trigger an augmented experience. The markers, often made with distinct patterns like QR codes or other unique designs, act as anchors for the technology. When a marker in the physical world exists recognized by an augmented reality application, the digital content stands placed on top of it. Marker-based augmented reality stands commonly used for marketing and retail purposes. Think business cards that speak and brochures that move.

    In this example, marker-based AR is existing used for retail purposes in someone’s home. Imagine if you could see what your new bathroom vanity would look like before you buy it. Plus, with this application, you can swipe through the various sink options to see what looks best in the space.

    Markerless;

    Marker-less AR is more versatile than marker-based AR as it allows the user to decide where to put the virtual object. You can try different styles and locations completely digitally, without having to move anything in your surroundings. Markerless augmented reality relies on the device’s hardware, including the camera, GPS, digital compass, and accelerometer, to gather the information necessary for the AR software to do its job.

    In this example, the virtual car can stand positioned anywhere, regardless of the surrounding area. You can customize the Mustang itself, adjust and rotate the view, and learn additional product information. The following types of augmented reality technically fall under the umbrella of markerless AR in that they don’t need a physical marker to trigger the digital content.

    Location-based;

    Location-based AR ties digital content and the experience it creates to a specific place. The objects exist mapped out so that when a user’s location matches the predetermined spot it exists displayed on the screen. The game that brought augmented reality to the masses, Pokemon Go, is an example of location-based AR. The experience brings virtual Pokemon to our world through your smartphone and users exist encouraged to find as many of the characters as possible.

    Superimposition;

    Superimposition AR recognizes an object in the physical world and enhances it in some way to provide an alternate view. This can include recreating a portion of the object or the whole thing in its entirety. In this example, the chair stands copied, rotated, and placed in another location around the table. The user can do so many things with this technology, like decide if they want to have four chairs and a little elbow room or if they can comfortably seat six at the same table.

    Projection-based;

    Projection-based AR is a little different than the other types of markerless augmented reality. Namely, you don’t need a mobile device to display the content. Instead, light projects the digital graphics onto an object or surface to create an interactive experience for the user. Yes, that’s right, holograms! Projection-based AR stands used to create 3D objects that can interact with the user. It can exist used to show a prototype or mockup of a new product, even disassembling each part to better show its inner workings.

    Outlining;

    Outlining AR recognizes boundaries and lines to help in situations when the human eye can’t. Also, Outlining augmented reality uses object recognition to understand a user’s immediate surroundings. Think about driving in low light conditions or seeing the structure of a building from the outside. This example of outlining AR tells the driver exactly where the middle of the lane is to keep them out of harm’s way. Similar applications include parking your car and having the boundaries outlined so that you can see exactly where the parking space is.

    What does Augmented Reality for Education?

    The use of Augmented Reality in school promotes teamwork and allows viewing of three-dimensional models to students; which facilitates the task of learning through a fun and interactive process. Likewise, this system can exist applied to a wide variety of learning areas outside the educational field. Among the reasons that make AR attractive to exist applied in educational centers, we find, among others, the interaction between virtual and real environments; the easy manipulation of objects within the virtual environment, and the ease of movement from one space to another in real-time.

    Through the use of HMDs, AR promotes team communication, showing the possible gestures and other communication signals from the students of the group. All this information view by students on their screens, which facilitates interpersonal communication. This allows this form of collaboration to exist seen more like face-to-face communication than isolated communication through displays on the HMD screen.

    In these collaborative environments, the information taken from the real world is socially shared in the virtual space. The advantage of using AR systems instead of other technologies is that results are highly intuitive for people; who have no experience with other computer systems. Thus, even the youngest students can enjoy a fun interactive experience.

    Fantasy Interfaces;

    Little children often fantasize about being actors in a fairy tale. With AR, we can make this fantasy a reality, by using a book with markers that acts as the primary interface. Thus, we can turn the pages, read the text, and we can see also three-dimensional animations that tell us the story better. These 3D models are embedded in the page of the book so the child can see the animations from any point of view, moving them from different angles. These animations can be adapted to any size of the book so that reading becomes a very fun and immersive experience.

    These systems can be used at any educational level, making the learning process a very engaging task. To apply this system successfully, educators should collaborate with the developers of these applications to find the best way to apply it in school environments.

    Future directions;

    Future monitoring systems will be more robust and will incorporate mixed media to remedy the mistakes of registration. These systems will fully reproduce the scenes in real-time within the HMD. Moreover, future AR systems will offer users the ability to walk in great outdoor spaces.

    To achieve this, these systems will have to evolve towards better portability. To a greater sense of immersion, these systems should also incorporate 3D sound systems. As for the political and social dimensions, through the gradual introduction of Augmented Reality in the daily tasks of our lives, it will be more accepted by people. Gradually, we will see that this system allows the users to make; their work easier and faster instead of being seen as a system that replaces human workers.

    Conclusion;

    Augmented Reality is less technologically-advanced than Virtual Reality Systems, but by contrast, AR is much more commercial. Nowadays, AR can exist found in research laboratories and academic centers. The next development of AR will be initially on aircraft manufacturing. On the other hand; its introduction to the medical field will take longer than in other areas. AR will probably be used in medical training before surgery.

    Another area where AR will develop strongly in the coming years will be in tours through outdoor environments by wearing a Head-mounted display, facilitating the development of advanced navigation systems and visualizations of past and future environments. These systems will make the orientation a much easier task. AR systems will also include 3D maps displaying information about the elements we´re looking at; and, their dimensions and will show the easiest way to reach that destination.

    Regarding the application of AR in education, the lesson will be better understood by visualizations of history, geography, anatomy, and sciences in general that will make the learning process much easier. After solving the basic problems of Augmented Reality, advanced virtual elements will be developed that will be perceived as realistic as the real world. To achieve this purpose, the conditions of lighting, texturing, shading, and registration will be almost perfect; so we will wear a pair of glasses outdoors that will show us realistic virtual elements with which we will interact normally.

    Augmented Reality (AR) Meaning Definition Characteristics Types Essay Image
    Augmented Reality (AR) Meaning Definition Characteristics Types Essay!
  • Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Jobs and Roles Essay

    Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Jobs and Roles Essay

    Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Definition with their Jobs and Roles Essay; A Chief Learning Officer’s main job is to grow an organization by developing a process of learning. This role continues to change, morph, and evolve as things change; such as the overall economy, increase in globalization, and growth of technology.

    Here is the article to explain, Definition of the Chief Learning Officer (CLO), with their Jobs and Roles Essay!

    This evolution requires organizations to learn faster or face the reality of not being able to survive. Companies that implement ongoing learning objectives can reinvent themselves and adapt to change proactively; while stagnant organizations are often reactive in strategy and are unable to catch up or adjust to the changing environment. Learning needs to happen quickly, affordable, and clearly for a company to get a competitive advantage over others. Companies need to be able to learn from success and failures to manage change and turn these opportunities into improvement. Some common themes of learning companies include knowledge or data existing continuously transferred, stored, and collected throughout the organization.

    Employees must also have access to the information and data that are important to the company’s success. A corporate climate exists that encourages, rewards, and accelerates individual and group learning. It expects and embraces change and uses adversity; such as a downturn in the economy as an opportunity to learn from it and come out of the adversity stronger and smarter than its business counterparts.

    Definition of the Chief Learning Officer (CLO);

    A Chief Learning Officer is a senior executive who has existed appointed the task of directing and managing learning, performance improvement, career development, talent management, and organizational knowledge functions at the highest level. They are in charge of moving their company into the future by constantly managing a changing environment; staying in tune with the latest technology, acquiring information through learning programs; as well as maintaining communication with other corporate leaders; such as the Chief Executive Officer to remain an important part of the company’s success.

    Companies have continued to experiment with new ways to improve the training and retention of their employees to stay competitive in a changing market. Over the past twenty years, organizational learning has become very important to companies in their effort to adapt to change and remain competitive. With the emergence of the “C-level” title for various leaders of organization functions; the Human Resource Development field has created a new title, Chief Learning Officer, or CLO.

    Who they are? Jobs and Roles;

    Steve Kerr, CLO of Goldman Sachs and former CLO of General Electric, stated that when he joined Goldman Sachs; he had to spend his first few months on the job convincing division heads that; he was not there to teach classes or implement typical training programs; rather he was there to talk about business challenges that faced managers so that he could better understand where learning was necessary. Communicating and speaking to managers and employees in their easy-to-understand language is crucial to gaining credibility. Kerr went on to say that CLOs cannot talk in terms of learning models and different academic theories because clients; who are buying your product don’t talk that way.

    Instead, CLOs should talk about business and relate the process of learning solutions to the way managers think out in the business world. Kerr uses a car manual metaphor when discussing how to learn to communicate with internal clients. The front of the manual usually discusses technical terminology such as drive trains, manifolds, ABS systems that many people do not understand. He goes on to state that what people do understand is the troubleshooting guide at the back of the manual that describes what might be wrong when the car won’t start. He says that CLOs are the troubleshooters of an organization. Like the auto manual, CLOs have to troubleshoot in terms that people understand.

    Skills and Quality;

    Leadership is a paramount quality for any executive; but a CLO is hired to lead the organization down a new and rugged path of learning that includes changing technology, global workforces, and lower budgets. One of a CLOs main responsibilities for the company is to show the way for the company’s learning strategy thereby improving the bottom line. The Chief Learning Officer stands expected to make the right decisions when it comes to learning strategy and direction; as well as lead the company to reach its overall goals by committing to a plan. Just as important as being a leader in the need for the CLO to develop other leaders within the organization. Passing leadership skills onto management through development programs is a way for an organization to become more efficient and aligned.

    Bill Kline, CLO of Delta Air Lines says; “Number 1: If you want to be strategic, you know the details of your business”. Thinking globally across the enterprise is the responsibility of the CLO; while thinking tactically exists left to the other different business units. A CLO’s job can be difficult due to only having so much input into the overall performance of a company. For example, a CLO existed hired by a retail giant and stood asked to raise store sales from year to year as well as increase staff retention. This particular CLO had influence over the organization and a seat at the board room table; but, stood still let go due to the fact the economy had dropped and the product lines were not up to par.

    Influence;

    This is an example of a CLO only having influence over the inside of a company and cannot control what happens externally. CLOs can also prove their importance by focusing time on processes that will help the company meet quantifiable objectives. A CLO could areas of focus on leadership development; for example, or a focus on multiple aspects of organizational learning; such as human resource development and management themes such as training and development.

    It is not only important to have a CLO who can have the vision and develop strategic plans; but, it is also sometimes required that they can generate revenue for the company through learning initiatives. The ability to generate income or save the company money is one of the main ways a CLO can add value to an organization. An easy trap that a CLO should be aware of is buying into so-called “flavor of the month” programs. Just because one program works for a certain company doesn’t mean it’s a fit for your company. Learning platforms need to be based on the needs of the company, the capabilities of the workforce; the available budget, the company strategy and focus on the area; where the company can get the best return on their investment.

    Trainings;

    Just having training programs won’t cut it in today’s business environment, companies are realizing the need to be a continuous learning company. This is why CLOs are becoming critical to the success of companies. There is no business-wide norm as to who a CLO reports to. Instead, it depends on the size of the company, the level at which senior executives place learning; and the CLO’s ability to relay the need to involve in setting goals and objectives for the company. The CLO title does not automatically imply involvement in strategic decision-making; however, CLOs typically work with senior executives and in most cases have direct contact with the CEO.

    The contact may be a formal reporting relationship or else an informal communication based upon a particular learning initiative. The closer the alignment with the CEO, the more flexibility a CLO typically has with potential resources. If there is a perceived link between the CEO and the CLO; then the CLO has much more organizational freedom to experiment; because the more visible the reporting relationship is with senior management; the more space and opportunity there is for the CLO to try new approaches and initiatives. Resources may be more easily secured and funding may not be a question as the request is being originated from the boardroom. However, not all CLOs allow reporting directly to the CEO.

    Reports;

    Chief Learning Officers may report to a human resources executive which may not necessarily limit their influence or capabilities; but, it does place the CLO at least one rung down on the organization chart from other C-level roles. That one rung may mean that the CLO does not have direct access to information, goals, and strategies regarding the organization. Resources may not be as readily available and the CLO may spend more time trying to acquire support for initiatives and learning objectives. The alignment of learning initiatives and corporate strategy may not be at the forefront of the company’s goals. Although the title of CLO implies strategic influence, it is not always the case.

    The impact a Chief Learning Officer can have on an organization is tremendous; as long as they can overcome the many challenges CLOs face due to the fact; they are a relatively new part of the executive management team. A successful CLO can link learning functions to the strategic objectives of the company; which in turn moves the company closer to achieving overall success in terms of profitability, growth, retention, and adaptability. Financial success for shareholders, executives, and employees is often the goal and mission of a company. However, the added value that a Chief Learning Officer can bring to a company includes improved employee satisfaction, commitment, knowledge, responsiveness, innovation, and quality.

    Target and Goals;

    By focusing on becoming a learning organization the company can often become more efficient regarding talent management and knowledge management via increased employee retention and recruiting. Experienced employees and talented new hires are better equipped to perform their jobs successfully; because, they have the opportunity to develop knowledge, skills, and abilities through various programs and initiatives that a CLO may put into place. This results in a more efficient, streamlined, focused, and driven organization that stands better equipped to meet its current and future goals and is, therefore, more effective. Another way to show how a Chief Learning Officer creates increased organizational effectiveness is to look at the situation from another perspective.

    Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Jobs and Roles Essay Image
    Chief Learning Officer (CLO) Jobs and Roles Essay
  • Database Management System (DBMS) History

    Database Management System (DBMS) History

    What is the History of Database Management System (DBMS)? It is a computer software program that stands designed as the means of managing all databases that exist currently installed on a system hard drive or network. Different types of database management systems exist, with some of them designed for the oversight and proper control of databases that exist configured for specific purposes. Here are some examples of the various incarnations of DBMS technology that are currently in use, and some of the basic elements that are part of DBMS software applications. Data is a collection of facts and figures. The data collection was increasing day today and also they needed to store it in a device or software which is safer.

    Here is the article to explain, Database Management System (DBMS) Introduction and their History!

    What is DBMS? Database Management System (DBMS) is software for storing and retrieving users’ data while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs that manipulate the database. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and instructs the operating system to provide the specific data. In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store and retrieve data. Also, DBMS allows users to create their databases as per their requirements. The term “DBMS” includes the use of the database and other application programs. It provides an interface between the data and the software application.

    Introduction to Database Management System (DBMS);

    A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. Also, DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of the integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way.

    Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, users can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency, and restoring the database from backups. A DBMS also provides the ability to logically present database information to users.

    History of Database Management System (DBMS);

    Here, are the important landmarks from history:

    • 1960 – Charles Bachman designed the first DBMS system
    • 1970 – Codd introduced IBM’S Information Management System (IMS)
    • 1976 – Peter Chen coined and defined the Entity-relationship model also known as the ER model
    • 1980 – Relational Model becomes a widely accepted database component
    • 1985 – Object-oriented DBMS develops.
    • 1990 – Incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMS.
    • 1991 – Microsoft ships MS access, a personal DBMS and that displaces all other personal DBMS products.
    • 1995 – First Internet database applications
    • 1997 – XML applied to database processing. Many vendors begin to integrate XML into DBMS products.
    Charles Bachman;

    Charles Bachman was the first person to develop the Integrated Data Store (IDS); which existed based on a network data model for which he existed inaugurated with the Turing Award (The most prestigious award; which is equivalent to the Nobel prize in the field of Computer Science.). It existed developed in the early 1960s. In the late 1960s, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) developed the Integrated Management Systems; which is the standard database system used to date in many places. Also, It stood developed based on the hierarchical database model.

    It was during the year 1970 that the relational database model existed developed by Edgar Codd. Also, Many of the database models we use today are relationally based. It stood considered the standardized database model from then. The relational model was still in use by many people in the market. Later during the same decade (1980’s), IBM developed the Structured Query Language (SQL) as a part of the R project. It stood declared as a standard language for the queries by ISO and ANSI.

    The Transaction Management Systems for processing transactions stood also developed by James Gray for which he has felicitated the Turing Award. Further, there were many other models with rich features like complex queries, datatypes to insert images, and many others. The Internet Age has perhaps influenced the data models much more. Data models stood developed using object-oriented programming features, embedding with scripting languages like HyperText Markup Language (HTML) for queries. With humongous data being available online, DBMS is gaining more significance day by day.

    More History of DBMS;

    Databases have been in use since the earliest days of electronic computing. Unlike modern systems which can be applied to widely different databases and needs, the vast majority of older systems were tightly linked to the custom; databases to gain speed at the expense of flexibility. Originally DBMSs were found only in large organizations with the computer hardware needed to support large data sets. Some types of DBMS are:

    1960s Navigational DBMS;

    As computers grew in speed and capability, several general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s there were several such systems in commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, the author of one such product, Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the “Database Task Group” within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 they delivered their standard, which generally became known as the “Codasyl approach”, and soon there were several commercial products based on it available.

    1970s Relational DBMS;

    Edgar Codd worked at IBM in San Jose, California, in one of their offshoot offices that were primarily involved in the development of hard disk systems. He was unhappy with the navigational model of the Codasyl approach, notably the lack of a “search” facility. In 1970, he wrote several papers that outlined a new approach to database construction that eventually culminated in the groundbreaking A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.

    In this paper, he described a new system for storing and also working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in Codasyl, Codd’s idea was to use a “table” of fixed-length records. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing “sparse” databases where some of the data for anyone’s record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables, with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed.

    Some differences between DBMSs;

    SQL (Structured query language) is a database computer language designed for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS) and originally based upon relational algebra. Its scope includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. SQL was one of the first languages for Edgar F. Codd’s relational model in his influential 1970 paper, “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks” and became the most widely used language for relational databases.

    PHP (hypertext Preprocessor) provides a range of facilities to allow web database developers to retrieve data from a database and merge this dynamic content with static content on a web page. It includes the actual database(where the data are stored)and the DBMS, which manages all the access to the database, the application server manages communication with the database server with the DBMS API.

    Oracle DBMS;

    Oracle DBMS Oracle database system†”identified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID †”comprises at least one instance of the application, along with data storage. An instance†”identified persistently by an instantiation number comprises a set of operating-system processes and memory structures that interact with the storage. In addition to storage, the database consists of online redo logs (or logs), which hold transactional history. Processes can in turn archive the online redo logs into archive logs (offline redo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) for data recovery and some forms of data replication.

    The Oracle DBMS can store and execute stored procedures and functions within itself. PL/SQL (Oracle Corporation’s proprietary procedural extension to SQL), or the object-oriented language Java can invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them. Also, DBMS stands for Database Management System which is a general term for a set of software dedicated to controlling the storage of data.

    RDMBS stands for Relational Database Management System. This is the most common form of DBMS. Invented by E.F. Codd, the only way to view the data is as a set of tables. Because there can be relationships between the tables, people often assume that is what the word “relational” means. Not so. Codd was a mathematician and the word “relational” is a mathematical term from the science of set theory. It means, roughly, “based on tables.

    Database Management System (DBMS) History Image
    Database Management System (DBMS) History
  • 4 Main Business Structure Attorney in Business Law

    4 Main Business Structure Attorney in Business Law

    What is the 4 main Attorney of Business Structure in Business Law? Under the Law Society Act and its by-laws; you’re allowable to line up your observation as a sole proprietorship, general partnership, limited liability partnership, or an expert corporation. The Law Society conjointly acknowledges 2 observed arrangements that involve non-licensees: multi-discipline practices and affiliations. The four main types of business structures within the U.S. embody Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Limited Liability Company, and Corporation.

    Here is the article to explain, the 4 majors Attorney of Business Structure in Business Law!

    You’ve leaped to start your business firm. you have considered prices, observe areas, and tried and true all the things on your startup list; currently, you would like to work out a way to come upon your business. And not within the sense of “Where will the piece of furniture go?” No, currently you’ve got to create the massive call on the legal structure of your firm; this can be no tiny matter either. the selection you create can affect several aspects of your business operations; therefore it’s necessary to analyze your choices and build the correct selection for your desires and circumstances. therefore what are your options?

    Sole Proprietorship;

    Sole ownership is the simplest business structure and involves one individual WHO is answerable for the everyday operations of the business, an attorney lists. Also, from a tax perspective, the incomes and expenses of the business exist enclosed within the instrument of the owner.

    The business doesn’t need to file separate tax forms from the owner since the business doesn’t exist as a separate legal entity from its owner. The owner needs to file kind 1040, and also the kind should embody Schedule C and Schedule SE for self-employment tax.

    Some aspects of a sole proprietorship include:

    • You don’t need to file any forms with the state; although you continue to have to compelled to get any needed licenses and permits.
    • Owners are in person answerable for any debts incurred by the business.
    • Income from the business is according to your tax come back.

    According to the Small Business Administration (SBA), a number of the benefits of employing a sole ownership structure are that its low price, house owners have management, and taxes are simplified, whereas the disadvantages embody unlimited liability which you’ve got to pay self-employment taxes.

    Best Opinions;

    There are many benefits to choosing a sole ownership business structure. First, it’s cheap to start, and there exist the lowest fees incurred once registering sole ownership. In most states, the sole prices related to running sole ownership are business taxes and operational license fees.

    Business house owners may be eligible for tax deductions, like insurance; not like an indebtedness company, sole ownership doesn’t need to satisfy in progress necessities like stockholder conferences and vote or election of administrators. On the drawback, since it’s not a separate legal entity from its house owners; the house owners are in person answerable for the debts, liabilities, and obligations of the business.

    Partnership;

    A partnership may be a sort of business structure that contains 2 or additional house owners; it’s the only sort of business structure attorney for a business with 2 or additional house owners. A partnership shares loads of similarities with sole ownership; for instance, the business doesn’t exist as a separate legal entity from its house owners; and so, the house owners and also the entity exists treated in concert person.

    When filing taxes, the profits and losses of the business pass on to the partners, and every partner needs to report the data in kind 1065 with their tax returns. Also, partners need to pay self-employment tax, reckoning on their share of the enterprise’s profits. Schedule K-1, which records the profits or losses, ought to accompany kind 1065. LLPs could also restrict to bound professions, and supply some protection to the partner from personal liability for sure acts of the opposite partners.

    In a partnership:

    • Partners are in person answerable for the partnership’s obligations (in a general partnership);
    • Partners owe fiduciary duties to every other; and
    • Taxes paid through the partner’s tax returns.
    Best Opinions;

    The benefits of a partnership, says the Small Business Administration, embody low formation prices, profits that flow through to the partners, and incentives for workers to become partners; whereas the drawback includes joint and several other liabilities, shares, and disputes between partners over business selections.

    A partnership business structure offers many benefits. once registering a partnership, there’s very little work concerned; and also the partners aren’t needed to satisfy the constant level of necessities that indebtedness corporations are subjected to. Also, partnerships get pleasure from a special taxation arrangement; wherever partners needed to report their share of profit or loss of the business on their tax come back.

    On the drawback, the partners are in person answerable for the debts and obligations of the business; and their assets stand sold off to pay the business debts. Also, disagreements might occur between the partners and this might bog down the operations of the business.

    Corporation;

    A corporation may be a kind of business structure attorney that offers the entity a separate legal entity from its house owners; it’s advanced and pricy to line up, and it needs the house owners to accommodate additional tax necessities and rules. Most firms rent attorneys to manage the registration method and to make sure that the entity complies with the state laws wherever it’s registered.

    When a corporation intends to travel public through the difficulty of common shares to the general public; it should 1st exist incorporated as a company; firms stand needed to pay each federal and state taxes; whereas the shareholders need to disclose their dividend payments once filing their financial gain taxes; a company exists treated as a novel entity with indebtedness and perpetual existence that’s owned by shareholders.

    Of note regarding corporations:

    • You must file work with the state.
    • You must prepare bylaws that govern the function of the corporation.
    • The corporation should observe bound company formalities.

    A corporation exists taxed once the corporation earns profits, and also the dividends distributed to shareholders exist taxed. If the corporation meets bound necessities, it will elect to live treated as associate “S Corporation” such financial gain and losses labor under to the shareholders.

    Best Opinions;

    The main varieties of firms are C-corporation and S-corporation. A C-corporation exists as a separate legal entity from its house owners; whereas an associate S-corporation might incorporate up to a hundred shareholders and functions within the same manner as a partnership.

    One of the benefits of a company structure is the ability to boost capital. The entity will raise massive amounts of capital by mercantilism shares of stock to the general public. Also, the business structure comes with restricted personal liability, providing the house owners protection against debts, liabilities, and obligations of the business. On the drawback, a company is subject to additional necessities, like meeting, voting, and also the election of administrators, and it’s dearer to create compared to sole ownership or partnership.

    Limited Liability Company (LLC);

    A Limited Liability Company (LLC) may be a hybrid business structure that mixes the simplest of each world, i.e., it possesses the characteristics of each partnership and firm. It provides personal liability protection to business house owners while reducing tax and business necessities. The profits and losses of the business are skillful to the house owners, and every business owner needed to incorporate a share of the profits/losses in their tax returns.

    Also, not like associate S-corporation, which is subject to a limit of a hundred shareholders, there’s no limit to the number of shareholders in an exceedingly indebted company. once registering a Limited Liability Company, the entity should file its articles of association with the Secretary of State wherever it intends to try to do business. In some states, the entity could also need to file an associate operational agreement.

    A limited Liability Company (LLC) may be a business whose members exist protected against personal liability for the acts and debts of the corporate within the same manner as a company however will value more highly to exist taxed as a partnership.

    For indebtedness companies:

    • Members should file organization papers with the state.
    • An operational agreement governs the rights and responsibilities of the members and the way the business is run.
    • The LLC will prefer to taxed as either a partnership or a company.

    The Small Business Administration notes that LLCs offer the advantages of indebtedness and less record-keeping than firms; however, members might need to influence dissolution if a member leaves or dies, though the operating agreement exists written to handle this example.

    Best Opinions;

    One of the benefits of fitting an indebtedness company is that it comes with fewer necessities compared to a company. Less work is concerned, and also the house owners get pleasure from indebtedness; which protects their assets from existing sold to pay liabilities of the entity. An indebtedness company isn’t subject to any limitation on the number of shareholders it will appoint.

    On the drawback, a Limited Liability Company is pricey to line up since it should register with the state wherever it intends to conduct operations. Also, the entity might have to rent an associate businessperson associated with a professional to make sure that it complies with tax and restrictive necessities.

    4 Main Business Structure Attorney in Business Law Image
    4 Main Business Structure Attorney in Business Law
  • Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay

    Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay

    Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory, Meaning, Essay; It is an essential tool that makes an improvement reaction to firms and companies. It is a technique of managing future outcomes, and it does consist of more features than just ensuring product and service quality; as it is a technique of running people and business processes to guarantee customer satisfaction in every phase. TQM, helps organizations to do the right thing at the right time from its first attempt. Therefore, we will be introducing the principle of TQM and how it reacts with organizations along with different pros and cons that could affect using of this vital technique.

    Here is the article to explain, Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay!

    Many authors have discussed TQM Standards. Samuel K. M. Ho in the article ‘Is the ISO 9000 Series for Total Quality Management?’ wrote that the philosophy of Total Quality Management is that of promoting continuous improvement in an organization and focuses primarily on total satisfaction for both the internal and external customers, within a management environment that seeks continuous improvement of all systems and processes. He added that the philosophy is based on an intense desire to achieve victory.

    Achieving victory is a challenge for today’s companies. Competition is intense and senior managers and CEOs thrive to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage over their competitors. “Though some people see TQM as something necessary to reach competitiveness and emphasize the relation between TQM and success (eg U/s GAO, 1991; Becker, 1993; Ghobadian and Gallear, 1996), others claim TQM to be merely a management fad and point out that many companies have failed to implement TQM (eg Binney, 1992; Harari, 1993; Hachman and Wageman, 1995)” (Ulrika Hellsten and Bengt Klefsjo) As Hellsten and Klefsjo mentioned in their article there are different opinions of TQM.

    TQM standards;

    The goal of this assignment is to analyze the different views of TQM and identify whether TQM standards do help companies promote quality. It also analyzes whether TQM standards vote for the satisfaction of both the internal and external customers as said by Samuel K. M. Ho, or else they are diminishing the real scope of quality by constraining innovation and creativity in today’s businesses. Studies by different authors both for and against TQM will analyze to understand whether TQM standards improve or lessen the quality of products and services.

    It is important to add that various authors discussing TQM mentioned that there exist different descriptions of TQM and also (Boon O K, Atumugam V, Hwa T S (2005) said that surprisingly, a limited amount of rigorous research has existed done towards identifying the effects of soft TQM practices on employees’ work-related attitudes”. To start with it is vital to understand what exists meant by TQM and its purpose.

    What is Total Quality Management (TQM)?

    TQM is a customer-focused approach program that focuses on customer satisfaction by delivering the best quality product at the lowest possible price. It is an organizational strategy that involves everybody for contribution. The main aspect is the prevention of defects, by working on a target of zero defects. Moreover, TQM is methodical as it depends on the information gained and it is a continuous improvement process. Throughout the years before, TQM has reached to be an important and outstanding for firm’s process capabilities improvement to lead to a fit and maintain competitive advantages.

    Definition of Total Quality Management;

    “To define quality one has to first consider who the customer is, and subsequently consider what the requirements of each different customer group are at any one time.”

    The Total Quality Management book of Leicester says that it is important to remember that when the level of quality the customer expects to perceive by him as existing exceeded by the level of quality he has received, then an opinion of “good quality” formed. Vice versa the level of quality is said to be poor when the customer’s expectations of the level of quality he should receive exceed the level of quality the customer perceives he has received. Therefore for companies to succeed it is important to understand the level of quality that the customer is expecting.

    Various definitions have stood identified by different authors such as;

    • “Fitness for purpose”
    • “Conformance to requirements”
    • “Zero Defects”

    Though the above phrases of quality all have different meanings, in general, they all have common characteristics such as; the aim of satisfying the customer, providing the best quality at the lowest possible price, and also should be a companywide strategy. A definition that gathers the meaning of TQM has existed defined in a website of Lean Manufacturing Concepts.

    “TQM is a process and philosophy of achieving best possible outcomes from the inputs, by using them effectively and efficiently to deliver the best value for the customer, while achieving long term objectives of the organization”.

    This sounds like an appropriate definition of TQM since it emphasizes the value received by the customer and in return, the organization attains its objectives.

    Definition of Quality;

    Quality in manufacturing defines as a measure of excellence or defects free that exists taken by the adherence to measurable and provable standards to reach the consistency of a specific output that will satisfy a certain customer. Also, Total Quality Management is one of the techniques used to achieve a specific standard to serve customer requirements. A frequent quality description is delighting the customer by fully achieving their desire and expectations; this could include performance, delivery of item, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and appearance.

    Therefore, the company needs to know what are these desires and expectations, as well as identify them, understand, and measure their ability to meet them. Quality commences with a detailed market investigation to determine the actual requirements of a certain product and the customer’s need. The main role of quality in organizations is the cooperation of everyone, as it is compulsory to achieve a total quality organization.

    History of TQM;

    In the present world, we hear a lot about quality control and management, which even did not exist in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, there were some quality control actions taken by individuals at a small level. Quality control and management developed and evolved during the entire twentieth century. In the early 1900s Fredrick W. Taylor presented the quality concepts, he exists known as the “father of scientific management”. In 1913, JC Penney became one of the first people to introduce the fundamentals of total quality management by bringing up ideas like “customer satisfaction”, “quality”, “value”, “training” and “rewards for performance” to the managerial bases for the business.

    The history of TQM starts through Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne experiments from 1927 to 1932. The Hawthorne experiments showed that the worker’s involvement in the decision-making process enhanced the production. In the 1930s the Western Electric Company considered lighting levels, workday lengths, and rest period length in the Hawthorne plant to maximize productivity. And the researchers found that as the lights were brighter, workers’ productivity increased and vice versa. This change of the behavior of the employees exists called the Hawthorne effect.

    More to know;

    In the 1940s US was in World War II. World War II pushed standardization, quality control, and manufacturing practices to a higher level. The idea of TQM grew very slowly in the USA even though many TQM aspects existed developed in the USA in the 1950s. Quality stood implemented in the American and European industries only in the 1980s because there was no preparedness of the business and governmental organizations to take adequate steps concerning the findings of technical and statistical work. The decision-making structures at that period were not ideal to solve the quality control problems. In the 1960s, the idea of “Zero-defects” gained favor. Philip Crosby, who was the founder of the “Zero defects” idea concentrated on employee motivation and awareness.

    In Japan, the quality before the 1940s existed limited to inspection quality. The post-war era saw dramatic progress in the Japanese quality and that happened over a small period. Quality control existed introduced to Japan by a few American experts. In the 1950s Edward Deming imparted statistical methods and Dr. Juran imparted quality management methods to the Japanese. Edward Deming knows as the “father of modern quality”. It was in the 1950s when Armand Feigenbaum wrote Total Quality Control.

    This was the first work that initiated Total Quality Management theories. The Japanese realized the need and benefits of quality management. A proper effort stood initiated in 1956. In 1962 the Japanese had innovated the concept of quality control. In 1968 they had developed their version of TQM and presented it as Company-Wide Quality Control (CWQC) and the most key features of TQM in Japan stood achieved between 1950-1965. After reading the history of TQM, also you’ll know the total quality management theory below are;

    Theory of Total Quality Management (TQM);

    Total Quality Management (TQM) is a quality improvement body of methodologies that exist customer-based and service-oriented. TQM was first developed in Japan and then spread in popularity. However, while TQM may refer to a set of customer-based practices that intend to improve quality and promote process improvement, there are several different theories of total quality management at work guiding TQM practices.

    Deming’s Theory;

    Deming’s theory of Total Quality Management rests upon fourteen points of management he identified, the system of profound knowledge, and the Stewart Cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act). He knows for his ratio – Quality is equal to the result of work efforts over the total costs. If a company is to focus on costs, the problem is that costs rise while quality deteriorates. Deming’s system of profound knowledge consists of the following four points:

    • System Appreciation – an understanding of the way that the company’s processes and systems work
    • Variation Knowledge – an understanding of the variation occurring and the causes of the variation
    • Knowledge Theory – the understanding of what can know
    • Psychology Knowledge – the understanding of human nature

    By being aware of the different types of knowledge associated with an organization, then quality can broach as a topic. Quality involves tweaking processes using knowledge.

    Crosby’s Theory;

    Philip Crosby is another person credited with starting the TQM movement. He made the point, much like Deming; that if you spend money on quality, also it is money that exists well spent. Crosby based on four absolutes of quality management and his list of fourteen steps to quality improvement.

    Joseph Juran’s Theory;

    Joseph Juran is responsible for what has become known as the “Quality Trilogy”. The quality trilogy is made up of quality planning, quality improvement, and quality control. If a quality improvement project is to be successful; then all quality improvement actions must be carefully planned out and controlled. Juran believed there were ten steps to quality improvement.

    The EFQM Framework;

    The European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Model is based upon nine criteria for quality management. There are five enablers (criteria covering the basics of what a company does) and four results (criteria covering what a company achieves). The result is a model that refrains from prescribing any one methodology, but rather recognizes the diversity in quality management methodologies.

    Ishikawa’s Theory;

    Creator of the last theory, Dr. Kaoru Isikawa is often known for his namesake diagram, but he also developed a theory of how companies should handle their quality improvement projects. Ishikawa takes a look at quality from a human standpoint. Also, He points out that there are seven basic tools for quality improvement.

    What Should I do About the Competing Theories?

    These are a few of the many different TQM theories, and we haven’t even covered Six Sigma here. When learning about total quality methods, it is important to remember that these are guidelines. What is important is that you and your company practice consistent steps towards improving quality in your organization and processes. Use the tools that have been shown to work and make a commitment. Committed leadership means committed employees.

    Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay Image
    Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory Essay; Image by knowledgetrain from Pixabay.
  • Facilities Manager Meaning Role Responsibilities Essay

    Facilities Manager Meaning Role Responsibilities Essay

    Facilities Manager Meaning, Definition, Role, and Responsibilities with their Essay; Facility management includes all complex operating activities such as grocery stores, auto shops, sports complexes, jails, office buildings, hospitals, hotels, and all other revenue-generating. The facility manager’s job purpose is to create an environment that encourages output, is pleasing to clients and consumers, and is efficient.

    Here is the article to explain, What is the Meaning and Definition of Facilities Manager? Role and Responsibilities with their Essay!

    The meaning and definition of facilities manager includes a wide range of functions and also support services. All staff, students, and volunteers are responsible for ensuring that they work in a manner that is safe for themselves; and others and to comply with relevant requirements of guidance to the national standees and the University of health and safety department. All staff parents or cares volunteers and students exist urged to read the nursery health and safety policy and relevant parts in the university health and safety policy.

    Meaning and Definition of Facility management;

    Facility management is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure the functionality of the built environment by integrating people, place, process, and technology; The integration of processes within an organization to maintain and also develop the agreed services; which support and improve the effectiveness of its primary activities.

    According to Alan M.Levitt,

    “a facility may be a space or an office or suite of offices; a floor or group of floors within a building; a single building or a group of buildings or structures. These structures may be in an urban setting or freestanding in a suburban or rural setting. The structures or buildings may be a part of a complex or office park or campus”.

    Facility management is hard to define because of its broad scope. Also, It involves the coordination of everything that keeps a company’s buildings, assets, and systems running. On top of managing day-to-day operations, above the facilities manager meaning and definition must also execute the long-term strategic facility management plan of their company.

    Total facilities management;

    Total facilities management includes those things which everything needed; such as services for a living, working, healthcare, education, commercial development, retailing, transportation, and communication undertakings.

    According to steven M.Price;

    “facilities, professionals are being asked to contain costs while achieving maximum beneficial use- that is, to achieve more with less.”

    Some other people describe the facility as a physical place where done business activities. Also, Facility management is a duty to make plans according to business activity needs and demands; as good facility management deals with those needs in the best and most effective ways possible. Which responsibility played by facility managers explain below:

    • Observe the efficiency of the organization.
    • Make sure that the divergent processes, procedures, and standards present in a business complement rather than interfere with one another.
    • Observe all features of facility maintenance.
    • Tracking and responding to environmental, health, safety, and security issues.
    • Ensuring facility compliance with relevant regulatory codes and regulations
    • Educating the workforce about all manner of standards and procedures, from ordering office supplies to acting in the event of a disaster.

    The role and responsibilities of facilities managers;

    A facilities manager has a range of responsibilities including overseeing the daily running of a building and reducing its operating costs. In any organization, the facility manager is responsible for services of management that support business. Also, Facilities managers manage the continual maintenance of the building, identifying health and safety issues to make sure the building is safe for use and general responsibility for utilities, services, and daily logistical management. How to define the meaning and definition of facilities manager? A facilities manager is also responsible for managing catering and cleaning services and utilizing space management throughout the building.

    • Facility managers are responsible for directing a maintenance staff.
    • Facility manager’s duties related to standard maintenance, mailroom, and security activities, he or she may also be responsible for providing engineering and architectural services, hiring subcontractors, maintaining computer and telecommunications systems, and even buying, selling, or leasing real estate or office space.
    • The managers are also responsible for considering federal, state, and local regulations.
    • Facility managers also integrate knowledge workers into a dynamic business environment of global competition, technological developments, security threats, and changing values.

    Scope of facilities management;

    Facilities management describe those core business activities where business are working and also provide a good career path with the associated motivation that it brings. Good facilities management always try to introduce new idea and knowledge to improve the standard, improve the consumer primary activities and protect the associated investments. Those by the scope of facilities management is wide and varied; such activities include security, cleaning, maintenance, catering, landscaping, hygiene, etc. Today the role and scope of facilities management have changed dramatically

    Corporate social responsibility;

    Total corporate social responsibility can subdivide into four primary criteria-economic, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities. Mark S.Schwartz and Archie B.Carroll, “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Three Domain Approach,” Business Ethics Quarterly 13, no.4 (2003), 503-530; and Archie B.Carroll, “A Three -Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance,” Academy of Management Review 4(1979), 497-505.

    These four criteria fit together to form the whole of a company’s social responsiveness. Managers and organizations involve in several issues at the same time, and a company’s ethical and discretionary responsibilities exist increasingly considered as important as an economic and legal issue.

    Business ethics are moral principles that guide the way a business behaves. Acting ethically involves distinguishing ‘right’ and wrong and then making the right choice. For example, the policy about honesty, health and safety, and corrupt practices.

    Supports;

    Facilities management also supports the board to bring aspects critical to the facility management operational activities such as premises, local community, and staff welfare. Also, Facilities managers play a vital role in the delivery of more facilities by several stages in the life cycle of a building.

    Today, facilities management challenges are integrating the resource with the user’s needs. Lavy (2008) concludes that facility management not only improves physical performance; but also increases the satisfaction that the users feel while staying/working/teaching/learning in that building. The facilities manager needs to understand the link between the institution’s aims and objectives; and the various group in the institution. The interface has to be strong and without it is easy to fail to work in the same direction. Therefore, a facility manager has to take into account the needs of the users as a basis for providing them with suitable facilities.

    Ever-growing space requirements with ever-growing unused spaces increase the gap between what is available and what exists required. Also, Facility Managers face several challenges in convincing the higher management in getting approval for an additional building or space.

    Health and safety;

    Bio-energy company management system always keeps in mind the development of positive health, safety, and environment culture through the development of policies and procedures and promotion. They also provide training and monitoring services to the employees and employers; which exist intended to encourage employees as an integral part of daily operations. All staff, students, visitors, parents/carers would report any health and safety issues promptly to Melissa Leach or Susan Rogers or a senior member of staff in their absence.

    Health and Safety issues would discuss and record and the relevant agencies would inform of the concern that has occurred. The Nursery Manager and Deputy Manager also attend the Level 2 Award in Health and Safety in the workplace, Risk Assessment Training, and Manual Handling Risk Assessment. Records of training undertaken by staff stand kept by the Nursery Manager along with planned dates for future course attendance and also refresher courses as needed.

    Safety and Security Policy;

    At Phoenix, we aim to make the nursery a safe and secure place for the children, Parents/Carers, Staff, and any Visitors who may enter the setting. We aim to make all the children, parents/carers, and staff aware of health and safety issues to minimize the hazards and risks to enable them to thrive in a safe and healthy environment.

    Melissa and Sue are the members of staff who have undertaken the appropriate training and are responsible for recording risk assessments, updating policies, and ensuring others are aware of safety and security issues.

    Health and safety policies;
    • As a management priority health and safety as an integral part of business
    • Carried out all activities safe manner.
    • Find hazards and mitigated through formal assessment.
    • Organizations fulfill with current health and safety legislation and apply best practices to all their activities.
    • Also, Employees encourage to be proactive on health and safety issues.
    • All employees require to co-operate with the organization; and their workers in implementing the policy and make sure that their work is without risk to themselves.
    Environment policy;
    • Improvement in the environmental management system by worker training, consultation, involvement in identifying environmental impacts, etc is the objective of the organization.
    • The environmental impact also analyzed in under organization which involves potential risk of pollution,
    • Organizations always try to cooperate with the applicable local authority and landlords site on a relevant issue.
    • Also, The Company gives due consideration to environmental issues raised by customers and seeks to respond positively to customer-led environmental initiatives.
    • The Company works closely with those involved in the manufacturing supply chain; to achieve best practices in the environmental aspects of material sourcing, product manufacture, disposal, and recycling.

    All staff, students, visitors, volunteers, Parents/Carers are aware of the location of fire doors and fire exits, and means of escape from the nursery. Also to know the location of the nearest fire extinguisher and fire alarm call points and instructions for their use. All staff has attended the University in house Fire Warden Training. Emergency exit routes are always tidy and free from obstacles. Also, The Fire Siren tested weekly. The Nursery Manager or Deputy Manager to collect the register from the Kitchen. Staff to take responsibility for the children, and to assist them to immediately vacate the nursery, through the safest exit; if possible through the garden and car park.

    Risk Assessment;

    The majority of the activities that exist carried out in the Nursery are generally of low risk in nature and do not require standing formally assessed. However, if we are planning a trip outside the nursery or are carrying out an activity; when the child could be at risk, we would carry out a written risk assessment. Risk assessments exist carried out by Sue Rogers and Melissa Leach and all staff will contribute to these documents.

    The risk assessments would exist carried out on activities, the nursery environment, outside environment, manual handling, and outings. They exist regularly reviewed, working documents stand displayed in each area of the nursery. Should you have any queries or concerns of your own please feel free to talk to Sue or Melissa. Risk assessments exist brought to the attention of all relevant staff and students parents/carers and anyone who involve in the activity. Risk assessments exist reviewed annually. They exist periodically passed to the Health and Safety Department for checking to ensure that they are suitable and sufficient.

    Importance of quality to facilities management;

    As professional facility management used to strategically provide a quality working environment. But it required top-level management support and accurate requirements defined by consumers. In today’s current environment of innovation and increasing completion among suppliers, facilities management service providers must implement quality management.

    The organization gets success through introducing quality management techniques. That’s by productivity can improve and absenteeism reduced by improving the internal environment. According to Alexander, “it is a total quality approach to sustaining an operational environment and providing support services to meet the strategic needs of an organization”.

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  • Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF Case Study Essay

    Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF Case Study Essay

    Case Study of Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF, Logistics, and Operations Management Essay; This essay aims to analyze several issues regarding the operations management, logistics, and supply chain of the Toyota Company. The origin of the company comes from the Japanese textile industry. Sakichi Toyoda invented the world’s first automatic loom in 1918. When a problem arose, the machine automatically stopped to prevent damage to the entire facility.

    Here is the article to explain, the Toyota Operations Management PDF, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Case Study with Essay!

    This principle of automatic shutdown of the system and to draw attention to the imminent problems suggestively called the Jidoka; they have remained one of the main factors of Toyota Production system to this day. Operations management deals with managing resources like people, information, materials, and technology. In addition, it is important to specify that Operations Management transforms inputs into outputs by creating value of goods and services.

    Sakichi’s son – Kiichiro has developed the AA model in 1936 and one year later the Toyota Motor Company was born. In the ’90s, the process that includes not only the internal; but, also the external functions that contribute to the supply of a product to the final customer existed known as Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF download. “Toyota aims to connect cars, people, and communities and thereby create a smart mobility society that offers freedom of movement, safety, and excitement for all”.

    Managing Quality;

    Quality has many meanings for everyone. When a certain product/service meets a customer’s needs it can consider that it was a quality product or service. Organizations that use TQM have several advantages. For example, the customers are more satisfied, the products have higher net quality, the costs are lower, the financial performance is improved, and the quality and innovation are improved. Although Toyota was four consecutive years number one in the world carmaker as stated on bbc.co.uk; “from 2009 has millions of recalled cars due to accelerator pedal, brake, seatbelt and exhaust problems”.

    According to express.co.uk, over 2.4 million hybrid cars were recalled by Toyota all over the world of which nearly 55,000 were in the UK. Therefore, the cars are recalled because of the software; because it is possible, for the vehicles to enter a driving mode; that would affect the safety conditions, and the power of the engine will be lost, and it will stop. The recalls are from May 2010 to May 2014, Toyota Auris, from October 2008 to February 2014 was Toyota Prius and from October 2011 until November 2014 was recalled Toyota Prius Plus. Toyota UK told BBC that Brexit without an agreement could temporarily stop its production at the Burnaston plant in Derby.

    Examples;

    The Japanese producer is one of the largest car manufacturers in the UK. About 150,000 cars existed produced last year only in Burnaston, and 90% of them were for export to the European Union as stated on bbc.co.uk; The Founder of Toyota, Sakichi Toyoda established five main principles: to always be faithful to the duties in the workplace; thus contributing to the good of the company but also to the general good. Be always creative, striving to face the challenges that appear with the times. always be practical and avoid being superficial. Try as much as possible to build a pleasant workplace atmosphere and be friendly with everyone around you.

    You must always respect people with different spiritual beliefs and not forget to show gratitude At Toyota; the infrastructure is fast becoming a key instrument in developing; their future with a big step by developing the Toyota Mirai. More than twenty years ago, Toyota introduced hybrid technology with the first such car- Prius. With the hybrid technology, another innovation came up called Toyota Mirai. Toyota’s fuel cell electric car works on hydrogen gas made from renewable sources and emits only water, having a smaller impact on our planet; but at the same time, it stands made to leave a special impression for every trip. In the UK there are now just eleven gas stations with many more in perspective.

    To reduce the impact on the environment, Toyota uses the 4 R’s: Reduce – by using fewer resources will result in less pollution, Reuse – any surplus of materials including parts of an old vehicle, Recycle – materials for helping to make new cars and Recover – minimize the amount of waste. Toyota is a good example of global operations management.

    Operations Management;

    Toyota Motor Corporation’s operations management (OM) has implemented ten factors for the operations to be more effective. These ten decisions involve different fields of activity and require certain strategic approaches. Design of Goods and Services. Toyota takes into consideration these operations of management with advanced technology and high quality. Some of the company’s investments go to research and development. Because quality is a key factor in the company, Toyota developed a program called Toyota Production System (TPS). This exists used now by many other companies who want to apply Quality Management in their system. The Design of Process and Capacity is the next factor developed by Toyota. In this decision area,

    Toyota uses lean production, which exists also incorporated into TPS. The company focuses on both waste minimization and efficiency of capacity utilization. The Location Strategy. The company has extended not just in the United Kingdom but also in China, the United States, Thailand including some countries from Africa and the Middle East. Design and strategy of the model. The design of the model in Toyota’s production plants emphasizes the maximum efficiency of the workflow including the principles of lean manufacturing.

    Supply Chain Management;

    The company has created its own rules regarding operations management that focus on people respecting others. This call The Toyota Way which exists also integrated into the HR system. Apart from that, Toyota offers different pieces of training based on their Toyota Production System. Supply Chain Management, “Toyota uses lean manufacturing for supply chain management”. Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF Essay, In this strategic decision area of operations management, the company uses automation systems for real-time adjustments in supply chain activity. In this way, Toyota minimizes the bullwhip effect in its supply chain. Inventory Management.

    In addressing this strategic decision area of operations management, Toyota minimizes inventory levels through just-in-time inventory management. The aim is to minimize inventory size and its corresponding cost. This inventory management approach stands covered in the Toyota Production System. Scheduling. Toyota follows lean manufacturing principles in its scheduling. The company’s goal for this strategic decision area of operations management is to minimize operating costs. Maintenance. For decades, Toyota developed a network of strategically located facilities to support its global business.

    Measures;

    The company also has a global HR network that supports flexibility and business resilience. Thus, in this strategic decision area of operations management; Toyota uses its global business reach to ensure optimal and stable productivity. Toyota’s operations management uses productivity measures or criteria based on the area of business considered. For instance, some of these productivity measures are as follows:

    • Number of product units per time (manufacturing plant productivity)
    • Revenues per dealership (Toyota dealership productivity)
    • Number of batch cycles per time (supply chain productivity)

    Supply-chain management at Toyota is an element of the company’s operations strategy; which is thoroughly based on the Toyota Production System (TPS) Toyota Production System Toyota’s production system has existed designed to meet the following criteria; Quality – to ensure high quality of the finished product, it must be present at every stage of the process; Cost – costs and wastes must exist kept to a minimum level in every aspect of the business; Delivery – the TPS process is based on the timely delivery of both products and processes TPS is a method that reduces the time between customer orders and vehicles delivery. To achieve this, the entire operation until delivery is done in a single continuous flow. The result is a much higher level of productivity, less time, money, and effort, and better quality.

    Just in Time;

    Although JIT existed discovered by Henry Ford, just to manage inventory in his company, in the early 20th century; the one who used JIT as a management strategy, was Taiichi Ohno in his company, Toyota Manufacturing Company. The elements of the just-in-time system are being proactive in exposing problems, pulling production based in Kanban; Total Quality Management, elimination of waste, reducing inventory; involving suppliers in the planning process, continuous improvement, improving machinery, and focusing on co-operation.

    Capacity planning in any company is part of supply-chain management for that specific company. Toyota’s way of capacity planning is that it strives to eliminate inventory. In achieving this objective Toyota relies heavily on a pull system. Generally, the main objective is continuous improvement. Just in time inventory management allows a company to gain a competitive edge by not having to have a large amount of inventory in their warehouses; but, only to order parts when they need. According to just in time philosophy new material will produce only; when the old stock of that material has finished.

    With over 10 years of development experience, General Motors, in 2017, laid the foundation for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, a program that could reach Toyota too in the coming period. The Japanese also announced that they intend to develop this V2V technology; as well as that of the vehicle for infrastructure (V2I) in the United States from 2021; with the idea of ​​implementing it to all models by 2025. V2X is another technology that Toyota wants to implement.

    More to know;

    This is a combination of V2I and V2V based on communication with other traffic participants, like pedestrians or cyclists. Toyota intends to use as well DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communications) technology between cars and trucks with the help of wi-fi. In the U.S. the federal communications commission has set aside spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for connected transportation. Through V2V communications, vehicles can share a range of information about current conditions that can expand the situational awareness of drivers.

    For example, if the ABS or stability control of a vehicle detects slippery conditions; it can broadcast a message to alert drivers that are following on the same road so that they can slow down. A car approaching a blind intersection can broadcast its position to cars coming from other directions. As roadside equipment exists deployed, the messages can also receive by traffic management systems or those systems can provide vehicles with alerts about when signals are going to change. An area of the green tourism model that has lately advanced impressively, both in terms of take-up and knowledge of its sustainability features, is the sustainability of supply chains and procurement.

    There has been considerable science lately that has existed applied to defining the life cycles of products; to measuring the energy and resources that go into manufacturing and transporting products; as well as the carbon and other GHGs that exist emitted at all stages in the life cycle of a product. The UK government’s Office for Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV) announced the availability of £400 million in funding to assist measures designed to promote uptake of ultra-low emission vehicle technologies such as electric, plug-in hybrid, and hydrogen-fuelled vehicles.

    Case Study of Toyota Supply Chain Management PDF Logistics Operations Management Essay Image
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  • Nestle Supply Chain Management Case Study PDF Essay

    Nestle Supply Chain Management Case Study PDF Essay

    Case Study of Nestle Supply Chain Management PDF Essay with 4 Project; Supply chain management has gained its importance in serving business operations and being part of the strategic management of the business. Its role has stood shifted from being a support department to being the core department of business with strategic importance and role to play in the overall operations of the business. In a modern business world, no organization can sustain itself without having well-established, effective, and efficient nestle supply chain management. The role of vendors along with vendor management with the introduction of information technology is an important consideration for organizations.

    Here is the article to explain, the Nestle Supply Chain Management Case Study PDF Essay with 4 Projects!

    Nestle Supply Chain Management Case Study PDF download; Now with the increase of strategic importance of supply chain management the service provider is now becoming a partner to the organization, rather than being just the vendor. The factor influencing the competitive advantage of the organization is now having better vendor management and vendor relations in the list. Therefore in the coming years, the importance of supply chain management stands expected to increase with the increase in competition and globalization.

    To understand the strategic nestle supply chain management case study pdf, key concepts, and use of information technology to maintain vendor relationships; this report presents one of the leading FMCG companies Nestle. Their products range is wide and the concentration of this report is on the organization’s Pakistan operations. Since Pakistan is part of their global supply chain operations but for their milk products; they have to rely on the local milk suppliers who are not very much educated and well equipped. Therefore managing them is a challenge for the organization; and, the same challenge and its handling is under study in this report. There are some recommendations also given at the end so that improvements can exist made in the local supply chain.

    Project Part 01;

    Current Supply Chain Strategies in Nestle;

    In these lines, I shall be looking at the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistan’s operation and would not be discussing the global supply chain management of the organization. The organization has remarkable production facilities in the country; and, they have also enjoyed a healthy market share for the last few decades. One of the reasons for the success of the organization is its vendor management and intelligent distribution system.

    The market in Pakistan stands mostly dependent upon the distribution network and the same has existed managed by the organization in recent years by having excellent relationships with their channel members and logistics. Their distribution network makes sure that every product exists distributed in the required areas at the required time and the demand and supply do not have any gap. Their distribution setup exists synced with their production system therefore they do not have to manage the inventory of the product for a longer period. This strategy has saved the organization on the financial side moreover they have been able to provide the product to the market at demand.

    The second side of their nestle supply chain management is their vendor management, they have applied the just-in-time management concept in their raw material procurement and vendors are very well synced with the procurement, and procurement exists synced with the production and other support departments. This just in time management has also saved the organization the inventory management cost of the raw material and they can maintain a very low level of the inventory. Their vendor exists also required to make sure that their raw material reaches the organization on time.

    Use of IT to Maintain Vendor Relationships;

    Information technology is serving organizations to manage their business operations in different ways; the same concept can also exist applied to manage vendor relationships with Nestle Pakistan’s operations.

    The organization can design a procurement network that stands integrated with the various departments of the organization. And the procurement department can have information technology-based applications that also integrate with the systems of the vendors and exist automated. By using this system organizations have the concept of just in time management applied in full spirit and the vendors will also be aware of the production schedules of the organization and they will be able to plan their delivery and their production planning according (Hugos, 2006).

    The above-mentioned scenario will make it easy and convenient for the vendors to do business with the organization; and, they will have better relationships with the organization and will continue to do business with them. By having these relationships with the organization they will be able to be partners of the company.

    Project Part 02;

    The assistance of IT in the Supply Chain;

    The use of information technology can assist a great deal in the management of the supply chain in the case of Nestle Pakistan operations. In the global supply chain, nestle is making use of supply chain management tools that exist supported by the latest technology available. These tools can integrate different parts of the supply chain that includes the just-in-time management of raw materials, automation of order generation to vendors and the logistics of raw material from a vendor to the warehouse, and the distribution of the finished goods to the different channels.

    Previously all the above-mentioned parts of the supply chain existed disintegrated or in some organizations, these parts stood partially integrated. Now information technology has made it possible and easy to manage all these parts of the supply chain from one terminal and these parts and integrated with more automation. An example of this integration is simple, once the inventory level reaches the pre-defined minimum for the raw material at the production facility, then the order management system which stands connected to the inventory management system, automatically generated orders to the pre-defined vendors. The order receiving systems of vendors stand connected with the procurement systems of the organization.

    After the vendor stands intimated, they manage to supply the required stuff and required quantity to the organization’s warehouse; which exists already intimated for the order delivery. All this process exists done via an integrated system which calls ERP. The application of these information technology tools makes the organization able to save their time and management resources and make the vendor the partners of the organization above all this usage of IT bring automation in the processes which is the requirement of production-oriented organizations.

    Effectiveness of IT in Management of Supply Chain in Nestle;

    When we talk about effectively using the information technology in the Pakistan market with local vendors; we see that our case company has been able to improve a lot in recent years. Since the market of Pakistan is still in the developing phase and modern management; and, information technology practices are yet to exist adapted in this market. Since Nestle for their business requires a team of vendors that can provide timely supplies; therefore they had to work hard to induct the modern practices in their supply chain about the market conditions.

    Apart from the current IT tools to help the organization gain the best out of Nestle supply chain management case study pdf; there is a function in which information technology; and, its use can play an important part in the management of the business, and which is still to exist explored. This area is related to the supply chain management of their milk products. For their milk brand which exists called “MILK PAK,” they need to collect the milk from farm and village areas of the market as the milk production stands mostly done in the rural areas of Pakistan.

    Their milk collection process exists done on daily basis and it is still on a manual basis. There can be the use of information technology by using this they can maintain the database of their milk vendors which are small, geographically distributed, and dispersed in locations. Moreover, they can also use information technology to locate their collection van using global positioning systems and install trekkers in them so that they can make sure the safety of the milk and the vans.

    Project Part 03;

    Role of Logistics in Supply Chain;

    Logistics has an important role to play in the overall nestle supply chain management of any organization. Logistics are the activities that stand designed to keep the goods or services moving from one destination to the other destination. This movement of goods or services can be related to the raw material needed for a production setup, and its movement would be from vendor premises to the organizational premises this movement can also be related to the movement of the finished good from the organizational production facility to the channel member facility.

    In the overall management of the supply chain, the logistics part has its importance. Since the production-oriented business is all about timing. If the raw material is not available to the production facility then the whole production cycle will get disturbed; and, similarly if the finished good exists not reached to the channel members; then they will not be able to distribute it on time and the result will be the complete failure of the business plan.

    Consideration for any organization would be to have the logistics set up planned and implemented that is consuming less cost of operations; moreover, which stands integrated with the supply and demand channels of the organization. The ability to design such a logistics setup helps the organization to achieve its supply chain objectives by putting a minimum cost to it. The success of any supply chain management is dependent upon the design of logistics, the smarter the design; which can serve maximum in minimum cost the better the performance of supply chain roles will be. The focus of our case organization is to design a global logistics channel; that can satisfy global business needs at minimum costs. And they have been able to handle this challenge smartly.

    Evaluation of Procurement Practices in Nestle;

    Procurement practices in Nestle global, as well as Nestle Pakistan, exist streamlined and working on smarter management concepts. It would not be wrong to say that one of the success factors for their profitability in Pakistan is their vendor relations and smart procurement. Nestle Pakistan has to procure different good and services from different kinds of vendor for their operations; these good ranges from the raw material for their finished good; as well as the supplies for the support departments like marketing. The overall philosophy of Nestle Pakistan procurement is to focus on quality as well as business efficiency.

    When we talk about the milk production of the case company then we see that the procurement of the milk from different villagers that exist spread across Pakistan is a challenge and the organization has been able to cater to this challenge very well. The important factor in the procurement of raw milk is to make sure that milk is pure, hygienic, and fresh. These things stand made sure by designing a well-established vendor network that is responsible for the procurement of fresh milk upon the above-mentioned properties.

    Their procurement department has selected reliable and quality vendors that include small to medium-sized diaries that provide quality milk to the company. Also, Their procurement department makes sure that the milk is fresh, hygienic, and above the standards defined by the organization. Their logistics have made sure that the fresh milk reaches the production facility on daily basis. The same care and quality consciousness have existed practiced in other procurement tasks; and in short, we can say that procurement processes at the organization are of high standards.

    Factors for Improvement in Logistics & Procurement;

    Several factors are to exist considered when organizations go for reviewing and improving their logistics and procurement. The first factor that is to exist taken care of is the bargaining power of the suppliers. The higher the bargaining power of suppliers the higher will be the requirement for the organization to maintain; and, build good relationships with their suppliers. In industries where such power is with suppliers, organizations have to design their procurement process; which is supplier friendly and encourages the organizations to have good friendly relationships with their vendor; focusing on making them their partners in business and getting the competitive edge out of it.

    The second factor which is to exist taken into consideration is the cost factor; the procurement and logistics can be costly to the organization if not designed creatively. The logistics are costly when their inbound and outbound management exists not done in the way to maximize productivity. Therefore when organizations design the procurement and logistics process; they should keep in mind the cost of procuring the goods and services along with the distribution cost of the good should be minimum. These costs include the time and resources costs as well.

    Another important consideration is related to the integration of procurement and logistics with the rest of the business operation. Organizations when improving these processes should also make sure that the maximum integration is possible with other departments like production. They should be working on the automation of the processes that should manage by the single hub. This way the costs of operations will be minimum and automation and integration of all the operations will save time and increase efficiency in the business processes. They should also make sure that integration also includes the vendors.

    Project Part 04;

    Strategy for the Improvement of Supply Chain;

    Presented below is a brief overview of the strategy that can exist used to improve the supply chain management of the organization. The focus of the strategy is to improve the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistan’s operations. While reviewing this strategy it should exist kept in mind that Pakistan is a developing country; and, their vendor management and logistics operations are being run on old school management. The mentioned below points are focusing on vendor management and to increase the use of information technology to bring overall improvement.

    First of all the organization should work on vendor relationship management; up till now the balance of power was with the organizations in the Pakistani market; but, with the introduction of the global economy and open market more players are entering Pakistan, and now the importance of vendors is increasing. Keeping this view in mind Nestle should be working on increasing the organization and vendor integration and they should exist made business partners. This can exist done via having automation and integration with vendor systems; and simply keeping them motivated to be partners with the organization.

    The second improvement which exists required is to start the use of information technology in their supply chain management process. Up till now, the organization is using the information technology internally; but they have to move out and make their vendor also use this tool. One can argue that current vendors are not that advance in using technologies; but, I would say that organizations would have to educate; their vendors and make them part of their organizational process; this way they will be able to achieve a true partnership; with their suppliers and the operations of the supply chain will improve a great deal.

    Benefits of Improvement to Business Operations;

    The improvements suggested above have different benefits to the organizational business operations, these benefits range from operation to strategic benefits. The first benefit that organizations will have is that; they will have a strategic competitive advantage by partnering with the suppliers of the raw material of their products. The business era is changing the market and now other players are also entering into the same market; now the competitive advantage will be with the organizations; which have a strategic partnership with their suppliers as well. The increases in the competition have also made the suppliers aware of their important role; and, they are also feeling the shifting balance of power. So it will be advisable to make the partnership before others do.

    The second improvement is related to the use of information technology in supply chain management; and, it has many benefits for the organization. First of all the organization will be able to achieve the integration between different departments playing their part in the value chain. Once this exists done it will save time and financial resources to the organization; as the processes will streamline and efficiency will increase. The second benefit of the IT usage will be that vendors and suppliers can also make part of the organizational processes; and with that supply chain, overall and procurement processes in specific will improve. This will again help the organization to get business efficiency.

    The third benefit is related to the distribution part of the supply chain, organizations will; with the usage of information technology, have the most streamlined distribution network; when they have partnered with their channel members, and this will also help in the improvement of the business.

    Overcoming the Barriers to Change in Improvement Strategy;

    Whenever there is a strategic change barriers are always there. These barriers are to be removed with the creation of understanding and delegation. The first process is to make the management understand that; what are the benefits of the new strategy advised for the strategic change in supply change management. Moreover, the management will also be informed about the challenges it has to face; if they do not adopt the required changes in the market. The top management in the first phase will make part of the process; and, the strategic importance of the change will introduce to them.

    In the second phase where the top management will already convince about the required change; the middle management will take into confidence at this stage; the vendors will also exist made part of the process; so that they are aware of their role in the organization. This stage will also be comprising the rough drafts of the change. In this process, all the vendors and relevant departs will encourage to give; their feedback about the suggested changes moreover their suggestions will also note for any improvement.

    All this discussion and delegation will create a sense of ownership in management; and, their feedback will make them realize that this is something for their benefit and they will start owing it. Once the ownership is there, the barriers to change will start reducing and fear of the unknown will remove. With this process, the implementation of the strategic change will stand made successful; and finally, the concerned departments will also provide the required training.

    Conclusion;

    In this report I have discusses various kinds of supply chain strategies; and the use of information technology to improve the supply chain. The organization selected for the analysis was Nestle Pakistan, and their supply chain strategies existed discussed briefly. The organization is having an impressive nestle supply chain management case study pdf; however, they need to concentrate on two dimensions. One solution is the concentration on making the vendors partners of the organization. The second solution is increasing the use of information technology tools to manage vendor relationships.

    Case Study of Nestle Supply Chain Management PDF Essay with 4 Project Image
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  • Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay

    Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay

    Case Study of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay; In Case study 5, A male, 24 years of age presents to the STI clinic. He complains of a burning and sore sensation upon urination, along with discharge from his penis that has a mucopurulent consistency and is green-yellow. In the preceding two weeks, he has had unprotected sex with numerous partners.

    Here is the article to explain, Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts, Case Study, and Medical Essay!

    Laboratory tests; A penile/urethral swab is taken from the male and is inoculated onto NYC agar and chocolate agar. The plates are incubated at 37˚C in CO2 at the clinic and later that evening is transported to the microbiology laboratory. A Gram stain is carried out on a smear of the penile discharge. The patient is also screened for other STI’s and is interviewed about contact tracing his sexual partners.

    Results; The following are the results obtained for the organisms growing on the chocolate agar and the organism growing on the NYC agar. Both agars existed incubated in CO2 at 37˚C. Two organisms, A and B, were growing on the chocolate agar. Organism B was growing on both agars. This organism existed identified as Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The preliminary identification of organism A existed not obtained. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative pathogen of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection facts that exist characterized by a pus-filled infection of the surfaces of the mucous membranes of the throat, eye, vagina, and urethra in males and females.

    This pathogen can spread through direct sexual contact or vertical transmission from mother to baby during birth. Symptoms of this bacteria in males include painful urination and urethral discharge, while females present with increased vaginal discharge. Usually, females infected with this pathogen present as asymptomatic and are the biggest reservoir of this sexually transmitted infection facts.

    Legend:

    Catalase: + = positive for the enzyme catalase – bubbles produced.

    = negative for the enzyme catalase – no bubbles produced

    Oxidase: + = positive for the enzyme oxidase – purple color formed

    = negative for the enzyme oxidase – no color formed

    Discussion;

    From the clinical details given in Case study 5 and from the basic characterization tests; it is evident that the causative pathogen of the patient’s dysuria and penile discharge; and the organism that was growing as organism B on chocolate agar and growing on the NYC agar is Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

    Numerous further tests could carry out to confirm this causative pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae that the patient in this case study infects with. This pathogen should confirm using two different methods of detection as biochemical; such as the API NH strip for Neisseria and Haemophilus species and molecular and serological testing. Such tests include the Nucleic Acid Hybridization Test (NAAT) that utilizes a DNA probe that exists labeled with a chemiluminescent tag and exists targeted to a region of the 16s rRNA of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogen that mixed with the patient’s sample.

    This assay is based on the hybridization of nucleic acids. In the patient’s sample, if the pathogen is present, rRNA released from Neisseria gonorrhoeae will hybridize with the probe DNA. The probe that does not hybridize stands removed. The DNA: RNA hybrids luminescence intensity exists then measured. Samples used for this testing are endocervical and urethral swabs. According to the HPSC, NAAT testing is the standard test for the laboratory detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The enzyme tube test, Gonocheck II can differentiate between the various Neisseria species; such as Neisseria meningitides, Neisseria lactamica, and Neisseria gonorrhea.

    Essay Part 01;

    Specimens used for this test stand well-isolated colonies from either Modified Thayer Martin or chocolate agars. Enzymes produced by the bacteria act on colorless substrates to produce colored end products. Neisseria meningitidis produces a yellow end product. Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces three enzymes – gammaglutamylaminopeptidase, hydroxyprolyaminopeptidase, and beta-galactosidase and produce a red-pink colored end product, confirming this pathogen (CDC, 2018).

    The GeneXpert CT/NG System by Cepheid is a real-time PCR NAAT platform that allows sample preparation, amplification, and detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patient urine samples, male urethral swabs, and female vaginal and endocervical swabs in 90 minutes. The Abbott RealTime CT/NG utilizes RT-PCR and a fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotide probe that allows for the direct, real-time, fluorescent, qualitative detection of the genomic DNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and plasmid DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis from patient urine samples, male urethral swabs, and female vaginal and endocervical swabs.

    Neisseria gonorrhoeae possesses a wide abundance of virulence factors that enable it to efficiently establish infection; and adapt to its host’s environment, as it did in this patient in the case study. The entry site of this bacteria in males is the urethral cells of the penis and the vagina in females. This pathogen mainly infects the epithelia of the urogenital tract and infects areas; such as the rectal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva less commonly. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, with its repertoire of adhesion molecules, attach to the cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells present in the urethra, pharynx, endocervix, and anorectal region.

    Essay Part 02;

    Such adherence molecules include pili, porin proteins – Opa and PI, and type IV fimbriae. These adhesion molecules bind to host carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecules (CEACAM) receptors present on epithelial cells. Once attached to these receptors, the pathogen then rapidly proliferates and spreads up through the urethra in males; and the cervix to the fallopian tubes in females where the infection and healing processes cause fibrosis, blockage, and damage to the tubes. These adhesion molecules can evade existing removed by vaginal discharge or urine.

    The pili and fimbriae facilitate attachment to the mucosal epithelium and the pili protein genes possess hypervariable; and constant regions that enable the pathogen to exhibit antigenic variation by recombination of its surface antigens. This proves difficult in developing a vaccine for this bacteria and also for the production of host antibodies; that is only effective for a short duration and so, are not protective against this bacteria. Pili also enable twitching motility that allows the bacteria to ascend the mucous lined surfaces. Porin protein (PI) is responsible for forming pores in the host cell membrane and induces apoptosis in the epithelial cells causing the shed of epithelial cells and fallopian tube damage in females.

    Essay Part 03;

    However, in a study carried out by using Chang epithelial cells, an anti-apoptotic role of porin proteins existed hypothesized. It existed found that enhancing the survival of epithelial cells of the urethra could allow the bacteria to multiply within an intracellular environment that protects and thus, enhance the colonization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. PI also allows the bacteria to survive following apoptosis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae also possesses a lipo-oligosaccharide layer (LOS) that exhibits endotoxin activity by inducing inflammation. A pelvic inflammatory disease that can result in fallopian tube infection; and infertility caused by the shedding of the LOS that initiates local inflammatory injury.

    The LOS can evade the activation of the complement cascade by concealing itself with host sialic acid, rendering it unrecognizable by the host immune system. Opa proteins present on the surface of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, bind to the CEACAM family of adhesion receptors present on neutrophils, epithelial cells, and B and T lymphocytes, facilitating the activation of the adaptive and innate immune responses upon epithelial cell infection. TNF- α, a cytokine released during the host innate immune response is pro-inflammatory and has a profoundly damaging effect on the host epithelial cells such as the fallopian tubes; This cytokine prompts the production of phospholipases and proteases, inducing excess inflammation and damage.

    Essay Part 04;

    Neisseria gonorrhoeae contain the enzyme IgA protease at its core. This is responsible for breaking down the host IgA1 antibodies found in mucosal membranes that have an immune function in protecting against infections in the mucous membranes. This bacteria also possess a capsule that allows them to resist opsonization and phagocytosis; as it is similar in composition to that of the connective tissue of the host. Thus, this enables the bacteria to multiply, survive and spread within the host to carry out further infection and damage. All of these virulence factors culminated to initiate infection in the male patient in this case study to cause his burning and sore sensation while urinating and his purulent penile discharge.

    If gonorrhea does not treat, disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI) occurs. This is due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae spreading systemically to other parts of the body via the bloodstream, causing joint pain and arthritis, and lesions on the skin, and endocarditis may also result from DGI but this is rare. DGI is more common in females due to them more frequently being asymptomatic. Further investigation that could carry out for this patient includes contact tracing all of his previous sexual partners in the past two weeks and notifying them of his infection.

    Essay Part 05;

    The HPSC international guidelines for gonorrhea infections recommend that all male patients; who have a urethral infection that is symptomatic must notify all of their sexual partners of the previous two weeks or if longer; their last partner This ensures that his previous sexual partners are made aware of his infection; as they too may infect and may not be displaying symptoms (asymptomatic). His previous partners will also undergo a full STI screen to establish whether they infect with gonorrhea or other sexually transmitted infection facts.

    Contact tracing reduces transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its reinfection; while also informing and aiding individuals and healthcare workers in the understanding of the patterns of transmission within communities. In Ireland, gonorrhea is a notifiable disease under the Infectious Disease Regulations as this pathogen can have consequences later in life such as infertility.

    In 2017, there were 2249 notified cases of gonorrhea in Ireland; causing it to become the second most commonly encountered STI in Ireland. This pathogen has an incidence rate in Ireland of 47.2 per 100,000 population. However, these figures believe to underestimate as 55% of males and 86% of females suffering from gonorrhea infections are asymptomatic and so, the actual figures believe to be a lot higher.

    Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay Image
    Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Facts Medical Essay; Image by Fernando Zhiminaicela from Pixabay.