Author: Admin

Essay on the Additive Manufacturing (AM)
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a general word for all technologies that have a parts-by-layer accumulation of material at the micron level, to perform the needed shape, except for the metal removal process which is a standard subtractive process. How to define Additive Manufacturing (AM)? It is a creative process in which an object produce layer by layer in an option design. A 3D model made using a computer-aided design (CAD), i.e. 3D scanning, exists cut into individual layers that provide the tool path code for a 3D printing machine at that point. Based on the specific software, the machine performs a parallel process that replicates the model from the base to the top until the object finishes.

Here is the article to explain, What are the Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technologies?

AM technologies can exist broadly divided into three types. The first of which is sintering whereby the material heat without standing liquified to create complex high-resolution objects. Direct metal laser sintering uses metal powder whereas selective laser sintering uses a laser on thermoplastic powders so that the particles stick together.

The second AM technology fully melts the materials, this includes direct laser metal sintering which uses a laser to melt layers of metal powder, and electron beam melting, which uses electron beams to melt the powders. The third broad type of technology is stereolithography, which uses a process called photopolymerization; whereby an ultraviolet laser stands fired into a vat of photopolymer resin to create torque-resistant ceramic parts able to endure extreme temperatures.

Additive manufacturing technology, commonly referred to as 3D printing, has captured our overall creativity, producing wild visions of 3D-printed aircraft and bio-printed organs. Even though innovation guarantees the eventual destiny of assembly; it already has a great impact on our immediate environment, but these visions are still far from existing fully realized. Whether the effects will occur in the immediate future or the long term, 3D printing will change how things stand done.

Types of 3D printing;

There are seven different types of 3D printing procedures dealing with:
- Binder jetting: A procedure that occurs when a liquid bonding agent place on a powder bed.
- Direct Energy Deposition: where the metal is liquified onto a substrate layer by layer.
- Physical extrusion: content deposited from an extruder on a substratum usually liquified by a heating mechanism by a thermoplastic filament.
- Material jetting: Materials that hardened by ultraviolet light, for example, photopolymer.
- Powder bed fusion: the process whereby an energy source such as a laser or an electron beam steer to a powder bed to heat the individual particles until they melted together.
- Sheet lamination: a process where sheets of material combined, with the coveted shape carved into each shape.
- VAT photopolymerization: the resin of the photopolymer exposed to an energy source such as a laser beam that solidifies the material bit by bit.
3D Printing Innovations;

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM);

In the late 1980s and mid-1990s, a few organizations introduced new non-SL technologies the develop 3D commercial center. FDM is an extrusion-based process in which thermoplastic heat to its melting point as filament spools and deposits in a substratum. Thermoplastics are different from thermosets and may exist melted and cooled several times.

FDM requires a thermal extrusion process which is why the process is notable for producing strong parts which serve a more functional purpose of the processes made with a printing technology called stereolithography (SL) which is a form of VAT photopolymerization. These FDM parts formed in industries with performance-critical applications such as in Spacecraft Industries.

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS);

A powder bed modified software that selectively combines plastic powder with a laser into complete 3D objects. The process is exceptional in that the printing framework acts as integrated support for unlike FDM sintered parts that require 3D printing of support structures. This allows the printing of very complex geometries, including interlocking and moving parts.

Binder Jetting;

Although material jetting may not have existed entirely conquered by the 3D framework; it has existed dominated by another colorful 3D printing method. This process uses piezoelectric inkjet print heads: however, instead of keeping the photosensitive ink, it stores a fluid-restricting agent that results in sandstone-like prints in full color.

Metal 3D Printing;

Although 3D printing plastics can become invaluable to many industries, manufacturers of aerospace and defense exist keenly interested in development.

Direct Energy Deposition (DED);

Also known as laser cladding, which requires the addition of metal powder to a source of heat that melts particles when deposited. Due to the ability of the technology to inject metal powder directly into the heat source often attached to a 4 or 5-pivot arm, DED systems exist not limited to 3D printing with a level substratum. It can exist conceived instead on bent surfaces with existing metal structures. For this reason, laser cladding in the aerospace industry exists often used to repair damaged parts. Likewise, DED machines as a print volume may not exist limited

Powder Bed Fusion;

Unlike DED systems, powder bed machines stand housed in a high-powered energy source inert gas chamber, usually, a laser that melts metal particles layer by layer, similar to the plastic SLS process. Electron beam melting is a special category of SLM technology that relies on an electron beam instead of a laser which makes construction time much faster. This technology can exist better suited to the production of finely detailed parts in small lots when the machine is large enough.

Applications of Additive Manufacturing (AM);

Although many of the newest technologies are now on the market, many of the processes mentioned stand widely used for rapid prototyping, auxiliary production, and the manufacture of finished parts.

Visual and Functional Prototypes;

Manifesting physical 3D printing pre-production plans was a quick prototyping technique. 3D printing can be a quicker and more precise technique than craftsmanship as a design.

The different designs mentioned above are suitable for different prototyping applications such as SL and DLP for fine features; although they may be fragile, they reflect the details that stand included in the end product and FDM for mechanical testing. PolyJet can reflect the real properties of the material, including rubber flexibility of glass transparency.

Tooling;

These technologies can exist used to produce secondary products. For example, many processes exist used to print 3D objects that help to create metal parts such as tooling and investment casting models.

Tooling defines as any type of part that stands specialized in the production of a particular component. Examples of tooling include a shape that can exist used to frame the end part from the raw material; a hop designed to hold a part while other processes, such as assembly drilling; cutting tools.

Pros or Benefits of additive manufacturing:

Similar to standard 3D printing, AM allows for the creation of bespoke parts with complex geometries and little wastage. Ideal for rapid prototyping, the digital process means that design alterations can exist done quickly and efficiently during the manufacturing process. Unlike with more traditional subtractive manufacturing techniques, the lack of material wastage provides cost reduction for high-value parts; while AM has also existed shown to reduce lead times.

In addition, parts that previously required assembly from multiple pieces can stand fabricated as a single object; which can provide improved strength and durability. AM can also exist used to fabricate unique objects or replacement pieces where the original parts exist no longer produced. The following advantages below are;

Material waste reduction;

In conventional manufacturing processes, the material exists typically removed from a larger piece of work; think timber milling or cutting shapes from sheets of steel. In contrast, AM starts from scratch, adding material to create a component or part. By using only the substance necessary to create that part, AM ensures minimal waste. AM also reduces the need for tooling, therefore limiting the amount of material needed to produce components.

Manufacturing and assembly;

A significant benefit of additive manufacturing is the ability to combine existing multi-part assemblies into a single part. Instead of creating individual parts and assembling them at a later point, additive manufacturing can combine manufacturing and assembly into a single process. Effectively consolidating manufacture and assembly into one.

Part flexibility;

Additive manufacturing is appealing to companies that need to create unusual or complex components that are difficult to manufacture using traditional processes. AM enables the design and creation of nearly any geometric form, ones that reduce the weight of an object while still maintaining stability. Part flexibility is another major waste reduction aspect of AM. The ability to develop products on-demand inherently reduces inventory and other waste.

Legacy parts;

AM has gifted companies the ability to recreate impossible-to-find, no longer manufactured, legacy parts. For example, the restoration of classic cars has greatly benefited from additive manufacturing technology. Where legacy parts were once difficult and expensive to find; they can now exist produced through the scanning and X-ray analysis of original material and parts. In combination with the use of CAD software, this process facilitates fast and easy reverse engineering to create legacy parts.

Inventory stock reduction;

AM can reduce inventory, eliminating the need to hold surplus inventory stock and associated carrying costs. With additive manufacturing, components exist printed on-demand, meaning there is no over-production, no unsold finished goods, and a reduction in inventory stock.

Energy savings;

In conventional manufacturing, machinery and equipment often require auxiliary tools that have greater energy needs. AM uses fewer resources, has less need for ancillary equipment, and thereby reduces manufacturing waste material. AM reduces the number of raw materials needed to manufacture a product. As such, there is lower energy consumption associated with raw material extraction, and AM has fewer energy needs overall.

Customization;

AM manufacturing offers design innovation and creative freedom without the cost and time constraints of traditional manufacturing. The ability to easily alter original specifications means that AM offers greater opportunities for businesses to provide customized designs to their clients. With the ease of digitally adjusting the design, product customization becomes a simple proposition. Short production runs exist then easily tailored to specific needs.

Cons or Drawbacks of additive manufacturing:

The following disadvantages below are;

Production costs;

Production costs are high. Materials for AM exist frequently required in the form of exceptionally fine or small particles; that can considerably increase the raw material cost of a project. Additionally, the inferior surface quality often associated with AM means there is an added cost to undertake any surface finishes and the post-processing required to meet quality specifications and standards.

Cost of entry;

With additive manufacturing, the cost of entry is still prohibitive to many organizations and, in particular, smaller businesses. The capital costs to purchase necessary equipment can be substantial and many manufacturers have already invested significant capital into the plant and equipment for their traditional operations. Making the switch is not necessarily an easy proposition and certainly not an inexpensive one.

Additional materials;

Currently, there is a limit to the types of materials that can stand processed within AM specifications and these are typically pre-alloy materials in a base powder. The mechanical properties of a finished product exist entirely dependent upon the characteristics of the powder used in the process. All the materials and traits required in an AM component have to exist included early in the mix. It is, therefore, impossible to successfully introduce additional materials and properties later in the process.

Post-processing;

A certain level of post-processing exists required in additive manufacturing; because surface finishes and dimensional accuracy can be of a lower quality compared to other manufacturing methods. The layering and multiple interfaces of additive manufacturing can cause defects in the product; whereby post-processing exists needed to rectify any quality issues.

It’s slow;

As mentioned, additive manufacturing technology has been around since the eighties, yet even in 2021; AM stands still considered a niche process. That is large because AM still has slow build rates and doesn’t provide an efficient way to scale operations to produce a high volume of parts. Depending on the final product sought, additive manufacturing may take up to 3 hours to produce a shape that a traditional process could create in seconds. It is virtually impossible to realize economies of scale.

Principles of Additive Manufacturing;

AM technologies fabricate models by fusing, sintering, or polymerization of materials in predetermined layers with no need for tools. AM makes possible the manufacture of complex geometries including internal part detail that is approximately not possible to manufacture using machining and molding processes, because the process does not require predetermined tool paths, draft angles, and undercuts.

In there, the layers of a model are formed by slicing CAD data with professional software. All AM system work on the same principle; however, layer thickness depend upon parameters and machine being used, and the thickness of the layer range from 10µm up to 200µm. Layers are visible on the part surface in AM operation, which controls the quality of the final product. The relation between the thickness of the layer and surface orientation is known as the staircase effect. However, the thinner the layer is the longer the processing time and the higher the part resolution.

Creative;

Layers in AM are built up at the top of the previous one in the z-axis. After the layer gets processed the work platform is dropped down by the single-layer thickness on the z-axis and the fresh material layer is recoated differently for several other methods. In a resin-based system traversing edge flatten the resin, in a powder-based system deposited powder is spread using a roller or wiper, in some systems the material is deposited through a nozzle that deposits the required material. Because recoating time is even longer than the layer processing time. For that sake, multiple parts are built together in the time of single material recoating build. Different software is available to position and orient parts so that a maximum number of parts can be built together. Available software is VISCOM RP and Smart Space used in MAGICS.

Some delicate parts produced through AM technologies need a support structure to hold the part in the work platform during the build process. All AM machine uses different support structure that is designed from specific material for effective use of build parts. Commonly used support structures are thin small pointed teeth to minimize the part contact so that they can be removed easily with the hand tools.

Essay on the Additive Manufacturing (AM)
March 18, 2022
Essay on the Global Positioning System (GPS)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based positioning technique that owns by the United States administration and by the Air Force of the United States. The fundamental technique of GPS is to amount the ranges between the receiver and at the same time ascertain observed satellites. The positions of the satellites exist forecasted and broadcasted alongside the GPS signal to the user. Through the many identified positions (of the satellites) and the measured distances between the receiver and the satellites, the position of the receiver can determine. The difference in position, which can exist also determined concerning time, is then the velocity of the receiver.

Here is the article to explain, How to define the Global Positioning System (GPS)?

The first global positioning system receivers were very simple and basic. They used monochrome screens and only relayed basic information like latitude and longitude. Over the years, the next generation brought more user-friendly map-based location devices with color screens. Furthermore, the receiver and other component prices also decreased over time, making the use of GPS more mainstream in devices such as smartphones. GPS also operates independently which made it accessible by anyone and gave it the ability to work freely with other GPS receivers.

Today, it provides civil, military, and commercial users around the world with crucial information like speed, elevation, and geolocation. The system has revolutionized today’s technology by becoming more interactive, effective, and useful in multiple industries. Our project on this system will explore the basic principles of the GPS, the various hardware that makes it work, and explore, in-depth, the operation of the system. Including theoretical calculations for positioning, speed, bearing, and distance to destination.

Meaning of global positioning system (GPS);

They may exist a satellite-based positioning system that owns by our government and by the Air Force people; the basic technique of GPS is to quantity ranges between the receiver and at identical time ascertain determined satellites. Positions of the satellites area unit forecasted and broadcasted aboard GPS signals to the user. Through numerous known positions (of the satellites) and thus before measured distances between receiver and satellites, the position of the receiver area unit exists usually determined. The distinction in position, which can stand additionally determined by time, is then the speed of the receiver.

10 Pros or Benefits or Advantages of Global Positioning System (GPS);

The following are the advantages of GPS:
1. The GPS signal is available worldwide. Therefore, users will not deprived of it anywhere. This is the only navigating system in water as in larger water bodies we tend to area unit usually misled due to lack of correct directions.
2. GPS can used anywhere in the world, it power by world satellites; so it can accessed anywhere, a solid tracking system and a GPS receiver are all you need.
3. It is extraordinarily straightforward to navigate as a result it tells you the direction for everyone’s turns you’re taking otherwise you would like to fancy reach your destination.
4. They works altogether weather thus you’d prefer to not worry concerning climate as in alternative navigating devices.
5. The GPS gets calibrated on its own and hence it is easy to used by anyone. They usually used anyplace around the globe, it’s high-powered by world satellites; thus it’s usually accessed anyplace, with a solid following system and a GPS receiver area unit all you’d like.
6. GPS prices you low as compared to alternative navigation systems. The most attraction of this system is its100% coverage on earth.
7. It additionally helps you to see close restaurants, hotels, and gas stations and is extraordinarily helpful for a replacement place.
8. Due to its low price, it’s straightforward to integrate into alternative technologies just like the phone.
9. The system update frequently by our government and therefore is extraordinarily advanced.
10. It provides users with information based on location in real-time. This is helpful in different applications such as mapping (used in cars), location (geocaching), analysis of performance (used in sports), etc. Example: Application for Google Earth.
10 Cons or Drawbacks or Disadvantages of Global Positioning System (GPS);

The Following are the disadvantages of GPS:
1. The GPS chip is hungry for power and drains the battery in 8 to 12 hours. This requires replacement or recharge of the battery quite frequently.
2. GPS does not penetrate solid walls or structures. It also affected by large constructions or structures. This means that users can not use GPS indoors or underwater or in dense tree regions or underground stores or places, etc.
3. Sometimes GPS could fail due to sure reasons and in that case; you’d prefer to hold a backup map and directions.
4. If you’re victimization GPS on A battery-operated device, there may even be A battery failure Associate in Nursingd you’ll like an external power offer that isn’t invariably doable.
5. Sometimes GPS signals aren’t correct due to some obstacles to signals like buildings, trees, and typically by extreme atmospherical conditions like geomagnetic storms.
6. The accuracy of GPS depends on sufficient signal quality received. The GPS signal affected by the atmosphere (i.e. multipath) Electromagnetic interference, ionosphere, etc. This results in an error in the GPS signal of about 5 to 10 meters. However, different receivers have different levels of accuracy.
7. It relies entirely on receiving radio satellite signals, enabling EMP, nuclear weapons, radio interference, and failed satellites to affect its operation.
8. GPS chip is hungry for power that drains the battery in eight to twelve hours; this wants replacement or recharge of battery quite oftentimes.
9. GPS doesn’t penetrate solid walls or structures. it’s additionally full of massive constructions or structures.
10. Another problem is that the position can occasionally be significantly in error, especially when the number of satellites is limited. Satellites use atomic clocks and are very precise, but sometimes there are discrepancies and therefore time measurement errors.
Applications of Global Positioning System (GPS);

As mentioned before, over the years, GPS technology has become more user-friendly, intuitive, and cheaper to operate. The receiver and other component prices have decreased over time, making the use of GPS more mainstream in devices such as smartphones. Furthermore, the independent operation of GPS accessible by anyone gave it the ability to work freely with other GPS receivers. Today, it provides civil, military, and commercial users around the world with crucial information like speed, elevation, and geolocation.

The accuracy for GPS receivers used in civilian handheld receivers is usually around ± 5 meters. However, more highly advanced GPS receivers that are also costlier provide positions accurate to ±1cm; These receivers have revolutionized lots of industries, where highly accurate positioning stands used for so many different tasks

Aviation;

The role of GPS in aviation is one of the most important ones. It not only helps with real-time navigation but also provides the aircraft with a host of other information including speed and elevation. Furthermore, GPS enables the airline operations center to select the safest, fastest, and most fuel-efficient routes to the destination and also enables them to track if the flight is on course to the pre-determined route.

Marine;

Captains use high-accuracy GPS to navigate their vessels through the vast oceans, unfamiliar harbors, and canals. This also prevents them from running aground or hitting obstacles. Similarly, like in all the other industries, GPS also assists in the planning of the route helping captains and navigation controllers to map the safest, fastest, and most cost-efficient route.

Farming;

GPS receivers in farming help the farmers to map their fields and plantations. It ensures that the seeds aren’t replanted in the same areas and helps them return to the same position on the field to plant in the future. It also helps farmers keep farming under conditions of low visibility such as fog and darkness; as each piece of machinery stands guided by its GPS position rather than visual references. Additionally, mapping soil sample locations which allows farmers to keep track of the most fertile areas exists done by using high accuracy GPS.

Science;

Scientists use GPS technology to conduct a large variety of experiments and analyses, ranging from biology to physics to earth sciences. GPS collars or “tags” can now exist fitted on animals that repeatedly record the animal’s whereabouts and communicates the data via the satellite system back to the researchers. This provides them with additional elaborated data concerning the animal’s movements while not having to relocate specific animals.

GPS technology exists also used by earth scientists to conduct a wide range of research on physical land features such as mountainy areas and along fault lines. GPS allows them to study not only the speed and direction of movement; but also help them to understand how landscapes change over time.

Military;

The GPS existed originally developed by the United States Department of Defense for use by the US military but existed later made available for public use. GPS in the military is now very essential. Many countries around the world like India and China are launching their GPS satellites to gain combat advantage. The systems allow the militaries to track their personnel, vehicles, and assets.

Moreover, GPS is also crucial in missile technology to provide the warheads with tracking and guidance to various targets always of the day and in all weather conditions. Countries like the USA also use sophisticated high accuracy GPS to map out and plan; their asset layout across their field in a strategic way which is of huge strategic advantage.

Market Share;

The global GPS market exists expected to increase by 10.0% year–on–year during the forecast period. Global positioning system (GPS) technology has advanced its applications in many industries; and, new applications are existing developed due to its significant advantages.

Explain;

Few such applications such as determining location are relatively simple; whereas some exist complicated blends of GPS with communications and different technologies. In recent years, companies building GPS satellites and instrumentation have seen rapid growth in industrial and commercial GPS applications. It stands expected that technological advances in this sector will have a positive impact on the market in the following years.

One of the main factors contributing to growth is the hyperbolic use of the technology among smartphone users. The market has jointly observed the progress of multifunctional GPS over the last few years. However, the lack of precision in GPS data presents a major challenge for the industry during the forecast period. The benefits of GPS coupled with its ability for wireless connectivity; and low power consumption stand also anticipated to drive market demand over the forecast period. However, factors like its high price of operation might hamper its market progress.

Summary;

The global positioning system is a satellite navigation system consisting of a minimum of 24 satellites. GPS operates 24 hours a day in any weather, anywhere in the world, without subscription fees or setup fees. The United States Defense Department initially placed the satellites in orbit for military use; but, in the 1980s they existed made available for civilian use. Over the past two decades, global positioning system (GPS) technology has existed rapidly developed and used for various applications in different industries.

At present, the GPS still has limits to accurate measurement and the signal does not penetrate solid walls or structures. The application of GPS is however promising as navigation, survey, and information tool; because it can measure dynamic and static displacements in real-time; whereas the conventional monitoring system using other sensors such as accelerometers cannot measure static and quasi-static displacements. In addition, rapid advances in GPS devices and algorithms can mitigate erroneous GPS data sources; and integrated systems using GPS receivers with additional sensors can provide accurate measurements.

How to define the Global Positioning System (GPS)?
March 17, 2022
Sociological Imagination Essay and Examples

What does mean Sociological Imagination? To put it simply essay, sociological imagination is the capability to connect personal challenges to bigger social issues. However, an easy definition is not enough to explain a modestly complicated idea like a sociological imagination essay. What kind of individual challenges or social problems? How do they relate? Researching an overview of sociological imagination can help introduce the concept in a more significant way; it can also be an essential step towards understanding how sociological imagination is helpful to the personal and professional lives of those who invent this special skill.

Here is the article to explain, Sociological Imagination Essay and Examples!

What C. Wright Mills called the ‘sociological imagination’ is the recognition that; what happens in an individual’s life and may appear purely personal has social consequences that reflect much wider public issues. Human behavior and biography shapes society, and vise-versa and one cannot exist properly understood without the other. If a sociologist was trying to understand two friends having coffee for example; then they would examine it as social interaction, as acceptable drug-taking, and as part of a complex mix of social and economic processes. They might also assess the fact that coffee stands produced by the poor but drunk mainly by the better off; they would examine the history of coffee drinking.

Essay;

The sociological imagination essay gives a reflective view, of what is happening in society and also explains the relationship of an individual in a society. It adds value to the study of social life by being able to critique taken-for-granted assumptions and asking questions to view these assumptions in a new way. The use of applying sociological imagination can exist seen in the study of everyday life and increases the understanding of an individual’s placement in society.

A reflexive process between personal troubles and also public issues is the main defining feature of the sociological imagination. Showing how individuals exist placed in society and how that society simultaneously affects the individual, helps in the understanding of the formation of social structure. Mills stated that personal troubles become public issues, needing attention from political and economic organizations, not just personal judgments but the individual. He saw this as the main characteristic of sociological imagination. Personal trouble, such as divorce, affects the individual on a personal level causing grief and stress. Divorce rates become an issue when increased, affecting political and economic aspects of society and directly affecting individuals through policies and laws, which they must obey.

Essay part 01;

This idea is a reflexive process, meaning that one cannot occur without the other. Willis illustrates that acting reflexively is important in the search for a sociological imagination, adding value to the study of social life by giving a broader view of how the individual relates to society. This relationship can exist observed by examining the reflexive connections of biography, history, and society in more depth. Using the sociological imagination is an important tool when studying social life.

It enables the sociologist to view the world from outside subjective ideas Giddens described this as to “think ourselves” away from the familiar routines of daily life to look at them anew”. This is useful as it helps give an objective view into personal troubles, public issues, and the reflexivity of biography, history, and society and it forms a new consciousness to understand social processes. This also helps expand the areas studied, by looking at aspects of these issues which may normally exist overlooked.

Here new conclusions and ideas may exist found about that certain issue, revealed by taking an objective standpoint. Bias exists therefore reduced, by giving equal importance to the examination of every aspect; thereby increasing the development of knowledge about society. This critical analysis breaks down the taken-for-granted assumptions and adds to the rebuilding of new ideas from a fresh viewpoint and can exist demonstrated by looking at divorce in more detail.

Essay part 02;

Marital divorce demonstrates how using a sociological imagination can expand the picture of the individual in society; which adds value to the study of social life. Divorce is a personal problem affecting the individual on many levels. It evokes emotions of sadness, distress, hurt, and anger, which can have huge short-term effects on the individual. Financial and asset divisions affect the individual by reducing the gross income and wealth of each divorcee. The division of loyalties between friends, families, and children adds another dimension to the distress felt by the individual. When divorce rates increase these individual problems affect social structure by becoming public issues.

Affecting the government, as new policies and laws must exist made to accommodate for a fair division of assets and property. Custody laws also need to exist developed. The economics of society exist affected by new requirements placed on the welfare system. Single parents often need monetary support for their dependent children relating to society as this comes out of taxpayers’ money. Job opportunities exist created by the increase in demand for skilled workers to direct and mediate these changes.

Essay part 03;

The sociological imagination essay integrates the idea of personal trouble becoming a public issue; and, how the connections between biography and history become a public issue; and how the connections between biography and history play a major part in social structure. These interconnections exist used to critique taken-for-granted assumptions, to develop a broader view of how social life and society work. The value that this has on studying social life has existed demonstrated by investigating the issue of divorce.

Critically analyzing issues is important in ensuring that all areas of society exist seen and given equal attention; thereby influencing the development of our communities. Without being able to see outside the parameters of an individual’s life; it is difficult for society to recognize other reasons for social change and therefore move into the future. Thus, demonstrating the significance and value of using a sociological imagination in the investigation of everyday life.

Examples of Sociological Imagination;

When purchasing a new gym shirt, sociological imagination requests you to look past simple questions, like your needs for new garments, or your aesthetic fancies. For example, why are you purchasing a gym shirt in special? Why go to the gym as opposed to some different type of training? Why exercise? What looks for new outcomes instead of used ones? Responding to these queries involves raising a variety of different elements, like your economic circumstances, the stores available in your residents, and the styles that are famous in your area. Maybe you saw a fitness analysis that scared you into desiring to improve your fitness or recently found motivation by observing someone else on social media.

Provided a distinct context and possibilities, you would make additional choices. Perhaps you would have thought of alternatives to the gym if you had the help or space to buy training equipment. The societal importance and norms which exist near us can even have a subconscious impact on our decisions. Interestingly, the causes that people get married have changed throughout the past, and continue to vary across civilizations. Wedding “for love” is a relatively new societal example, one which didn’t start evolving famous until the 17th century. Viewing this type of difference can help us better understand our conclusions about marriage; and how they exist made within our current social frameworks.

Sociological Imagination Essay and Examples

March 16, 2022
How to define the Consideration in Contract Law?

Essay on the Consideration in Contract Law; What does mean consideration? They have many different meanings; some will tell you it means calculations while some say it signifies affability. But in the law of contract, there will be only one definition that exists. What do the Means of Racial Profiling? Somewhat of worthy changes hands between the parties at the time of the contractual undertake is what ‘consideration’ only means in the law of contract.

Here is the article to explain, It is define the Consideration in Contract Law!

Consideration plays an essential role to create a contract binding. It is also a part of a must element to a successful contract formation, followed by the offer and the acceptance. For example, it could be the payment of cash when there is an exchange for goods or services, or else the goods or services themselves in the case of a trade deal. The main point is consideration is it ought to be related to something valuable, something one party would not normally have but merely for the agreement.

‘Although consideration has withstood direct assault from both the bench and from law reformers over the years; its Holdworthian image as an anachronistic doctrine tried to the law of actions long since dispensed with, has proved impossible to entirely shake off. However, the function of consideration as an arbiter of agreements to vary long-standing arrangements has also existed challenged by the development of alternative doctrines such as duress and promissory estoppels. In overturning almost two hundred years of legal history, the Court of Appeal held that an agreement to vary a contract is enforceable without consideration.

What are the types of consideration approaches?

The following consideration approach is two types Traditional and Modern below are;

Traditional approach;

Two rules existed under the word ‘consideration’ in the law. There are the traditional approach and the modern approach. The traditional approach is an ‘existing duty’ which is a very direct rule; as it stands concerned merely with the completion of a duty that exists stated on a contract. Dealing with the “existing duty” rule, if a party is already under a duty to perform an act, according to an existing contract, to promise to perform this act on behalf of the same person will not support a new contract between them. The above rule existed found in the case of Stilk v Myrick. The mentioned case is about a seaman named Stilk who wanted to sue his ship’s captain for not recovering his additional wages which existed promised at an earlier stage.

The promises stood taken when two sailors had deserted in a foreign port and the captain wanted his remaining crew to work the ship back to London. Unfortunately, Stilk’s claim stood unsuccessful under the ‘existing duty’ rule; as it existed argued that Stilk had not done anything further according to his original stated contract. While in the case of Hartley v Ponsonby which is related to the ‘existing duty rule; it stood about a seaman named Hartley who sued his master for reneging his promise of paying him 40 pounds added to his wages. The promise stood made to induce those remaining crews to sail when seventeen out of thirty-six workers refused to work and ended up in prison. Hartley’s claim was successful as he did do things extra beyond his original contract which didn’t mention.

Modern approach;

For the modern approach as a ‘commercial realistic’ rule; it existed known as a duty which consider logically; concerned about the additional risk, beyond what exists already stated in the original contract. In the case of William v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, the facts stood the carpenter worked on a series of flat renovations; which stood subcontracted by the plaintiff and existed agreed to exist paid 20000 pounds for the workmanship. And, with an additional of 575 pounds for completion of each unit of the flat; when the carpenter got into financial difficulty then intended to stop the renovations.

It stood held that the plaintiff has the right to own the additional wages due to the ‘commercial realistic’ rule. ‘Practical benefit’ became a good role on consideration as the defendant had avoided both obstacles; which were the penalty of late completion and troublesome in engaging another carpenter to continue the renovations.

Other things;

Thus, it can seem that both parties did contribute and received practical benefits. Next, comes the case of Musumeci v Wendell, in this case, a landlord named Winadell who operates a shopping center leased a fruit shop to Musumeci, on the other hand, leased another part of the shopping center to a large fruit retailer.

This had caused Musumeci to face a strong competence hence Winadell agreed as a ‘concession’ to reduce their rent by a third. But at a later stage, Wendell intended to evict the Musumeci. Hence, turn up to bring up the case to the court to determine if the reduction rent was contractually binding. After the dispute, it stood judged that the promise was binding by applying the ‘practical benefit’ test from the case of Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls. This can see as Winadell received ‘practical benefit’ by having a maintained fully let shopping center in exchange for reducing Musumeci’s rental fees. In a nutshell, the main component of this rule is when there are practical benefits and contribution exists between parties, a contract follows to exist.

History of modern approach;

In the case of William v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, ‘commercial realistic’ existed involved. The decision made in this case existed driven by a pragmatic approach to consider but universal approval has not existed greeted. It was first designed to gain what the court regarded as the commercially acceptable solution. The fact, in this case, was Glidewell LJ was the knowledge that in return for the additional payment the main contractors intended to avoid those obstacles. Therefore, ‘practical benefit’ did exist criticized for hopelessly compromising the doctrine of consideration’. Nevertheless, this rule was more to the public’s support; as it concerns more on an individual’s benefits logically compare to the ‘existing duty rule.

To have a better description of the above rule, I would take an example of the case mentioned in the ‘existing duty rule in addition to the promoters working overtime to reach the target of selling off at least 50 stocks without being entitled to paid extra wages during their extra working period.

More to know;

Due to the ‘commercial realistic’ rule, the promoters have the right to sue the dealer as it stood précised that both parties did contribute and gain benefits. On the promisor side, the dealer could avoid remaining an enormous amount of old stock; which may be an obstacle from ordering new stocks and earning more profit in the way of selling off large amounts of old stocks.

While the promoter did give up their precious time spent on selling off the stocks; which they can choose to use the period doing other things. Hence, they won in the above case in getting the extra benefit of having a trip to Europe due to the word of ‘practical benefit’. Followed by the development of the world, the rule changed over time from ‘existing duty to ‘commercial realistic’; when limitations existed found in the rule through the days. The decision made in the case which mainly influenced the development of the rule was Musumeci v Wendell. In conclusion, the ‘existing duty rule existed created to please where the promise confers a benefit on the promisor without suffering any loss just like the case of Stilk v Myrick.

History and Criticism of traditional approach;

According to the researches, the ‘existing duty rule existed trenchantly criticized, avoided during its two hundred years history. It was noted that the court wasn’t focused on the presence of the consideration; but, on the need on public policy grounds to prevent extortive and fraud agreements existing between parties. This issue existed focused to solve especially in the nonexistence of an expanded concept of the duress. Besides, this rule leads to a few effects which include when a new promise exists; the court cannot use the existing duty of contract as a consideration while judging those cases.

Next, the rule affected a promisor facing a not legally bound to a new promise. In addition, whenever the promisor was not able to fulfill the new promise; a promisee would not have the right to sue a promisor. The above rule has strongly supported the side of a promisor and may lead a promise to a loss.

Different History and Criticism;

Hence, this rule wasn’t fully supported by an amount of public led to the development of several avoidances of techniques. To provide a better explanation, an example of mine in the ‘existing duty’ rule is when a dealer intends to sell off all the remaining old stocks, the dealer orally provided a promise of a trip to Europe for promoters who successfully sold above 50 stocks.

The above oral promise existed not written in black and white beyond the original contract. The dealer reneged his promise by refusing to commit the expenses for the trip to Europe. Hence, those promoters who reached the target sued the dealer for not admitting the promise. By using the ‘existing duty rule, the promoter’s claim will be unsuccessful; as it stood not written as a statement in the original contract. It stood also to argue that selling off the number of goods is not an additional act being a promoter. This is because the responsibility of a promoter is to promote a product, convincing customers to purchase it. Hence this is the responsibility but not an additional act of being a promoter.

Strength and Weakness of the rules;

Referring to the new ’commercial realistic’ rule from William v Roffey Bros & Nicholls and Musumeci v Wendell; its puzzle is that one party can threaten another party in extracting more payment or benefit additional provided under the original terms in the contract. While the ‘existing duty rule existed used in Stilk v Myrick, had overlooked; the additional risk in the terms of the original contract. Within these two rules, pros and cons existed found in them.

The ‘existing duty’ rule has protection against threat which requires something exceeds; unformulated can easily fulfill practical benefit as it’s a good motivation for a requirement of consideration. But, it does not protect when a new agreement stands substituted while the parties terminate an existing one. A situation where additional payment promises compromise if a bona fide dispute does not exclude too.

Additional rules;

‘Bona file is a Latin word which means ‘good faith’, it indicates sincerity; the fact in the case of a party claiming the title as ‘bona file buyer or possessor, innocence or lack of understanding of any fact that would occur doubt on the right to hold title is also what it signifies. Even a promise which undertakes additional risk, act, and forbearance wasn’t protected by the ‘existing duty’ rule too.

The “Commercial realistic” rule views its strength in the way of benefiting parties; that facing additional risk, act, or forbearance under the original terms in the contract as these will undertook. It merely had difficulty in defining the word ‘practical benefit’ as it has many different meanings. For example, ‘practical benefit’ can act as an effective doctrine of consideration that protects parties against casual promises; it could also be the advantage of obtaining the actual contract performance that is already due. Last but not least, it fails in meeting the expectation of parties to a renegotiated contract; and, ignores any actual benefits received by the promisor as a result of the contractual variation.

Summary;

In conclusion, the development of the rule existed influenced by the changing of ‘existing duty to ‘commercial realistic’; and eventually lack of precision in the traditional definition in Stilk v Myrick. The rule and its development have existed perceived through the situation of ‘commercial realistic’ in Musumeci v Winadell; and the modern law of ‘economic duress’ by legal experts. It should focus on the good faith of the contracting parties to decide the existence; and relevance of any supposed practical benefit in the development of contract law. Both doctrines of consideration and the more basic underlying basis of the law; themselves stood harmed by the introduction of practical benefit in the consideration.

How to define the Consideration in Contract Law?

March 14, 2022
Racial Profiling Means Criminology Canadian Law Essay

What the Means of Racial Profiling? The Essay of Canadian Law in Criminology; The concern about RP is erupting throughout the country. Many provinces, cities, and social activist groups have decided to study racial profiling, or how race and ethnicity may play a part in police investigations. Toronto is no different. Allegations of racial profiling (RP) have been around for years and still are a subject that creates a lot of media hype and controversy surrounding police.

Here is the article to explain, What does Means of Racial Profiling? The Essay of Canadian Law in Criminology!

They should not mix in with criminal profiling, because they are two different things. It is not specific to one race or one country. Being racially profiled can happen to anyone no matter what race or gender or what country they live in. In Toronto, there have been numerous newspaper and television articles accusing the Toronto Police Service of systemic racism and racial profiling. Along with the media articles, there have existed complaints filed to the Ontario Human Rights Commission accusing the Toronto Police Service and its’ members of racial profiling.

Essay;

Naturally, the race is what makes allegations of RP by the Toronto Police Service; so controversial and, at least at the level of public rhetoric, so condemned. But it is important to rethink RP through the lens of criminal profiling and to reduce race to the role; that it is purportedly playing in racial profiling, namely a predictive factor; to treat race no differently than we would gender, class, age, or any other profile that works; to take the focus away from race and place it on criminal profiling more generally. Rethinking RP through the lens of criminal profiling sheds light on police practices. This paper will examine the allegations of racial profiling against the Toronto Police Service to prove; that the Service does not systematically racially profile instead they systematically criminally profile.

To examine RP and criminally profiling one must understand the differences between the two. Although there is no clear definition of RP, there is a common component in all of the definitions. This paper will define them as the practice of targeting racial minorities for criminal investigation solely or, in part, based on their skin color. For example, a male black is driving down the expressway in a brand new red Ferrari obeying all laws. Police observed the male and stop him just because of the color of his skin.

Harvard Latino Law Review;

According to the Harvard Latino Law Review, criminal profiling involves; “the use of racial or ethnic characteristics by police departments in stopping an individual; because his or her description matches that of an actual suspect. In this sense, race functions as the equivalent of hair color or height; which can then exist used in combination with other factors to paint a more accurate portrait of a suspected criminal. As a result, generalized notions of criminal propensity exist not projected onto an individual; because of that person’s membership in a particular racial or ethnic group”. For example, using the previous example of the male black driving the red Ferrari, police stop the male; because he is driving in the general area of the incident. His vehicle matches the description given by the witness, along with his gender and skin color.

This paper concedes that RP does exist on an individual basis within the Toronto Police Service. This stood confirmed by Chief Blair of the Toronto Police Service; who was speaking at a diversity conference “Racism is a human failing. They can occur. We’ve acknowledged that right up front…”. Social activist groups along with minorities groups’ claims of systemic RP by the Toronto Police Service do exist; and, refer to publish articles to support their claims; such as the 2002 series of articles written by the Toronto Star newspaper.

Toronto Police database;

The Toronto Star newspaper articles used empirical data collected from the Toronto Police Service’s CIPS database. According to the newspaper articles it examined 480,000 files contained within the database, relating to arrest and traffic stops; and concluded that “Blacks arrested by Toronto Police stand treated more harshly than white…”, and “a disproportionate number of black motorists exist ticketed for violations that only surface following a traffic stop. This difference, says civil libertarians, community leaders, and criminologists, suggest police use racial profiling in deciding whom to pull over”.

The Star supported their claims of RP by the Toronto Police Service by providing statistical analysis of the database; which compared the number of arrests and tickets issued to blacks and showed; how disproportionate they were to the number of whites living in Toronto. Social groups and minorities further their claims of being systematically racially profiled by the Toronto Police Service by using recent rulings by The Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario; and the fact that the exists no statistical data collected by race by the Toronto Police Service.

Case;

On June 18th, 2009 The Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario handed down a decision on a case involving members of the Toronto Police Service and a black Canada Post letter carrier. In the tribunals’ decision, they concluded that Ron Phipps existed racially profiled by white police. The adjudicator wrote in her submission“I find that Michael Shaw did discriminate against the applicant on March 9, 2005, in the provision of police services based on color, contrary to section 1 and 9 of the Code”.

The non-uses of race-based statistics by the Toronto Police Service exist also another argument used by groups to support their claims. They argue that the ” One fears that the only reason the Police Board refuses to release this data is to ensure that the public does not get updated information on racial profiling”.

Examining the Toronto Star article as a police officer;

There are errors in their conclusions. The Toronto Star compiled its’ data using the files contained in the CIPS database. This database ONLY contained files relating to arrests and tickets issued to persons. The problem using only this database is that it does not take into account the number of persons; the police had investigated where there was no arrest or ticket issued. This would distort the true number of persons stopped by police, which would affect Toronto Star’s conclusions; either enforcing their claims of systemic racial profiling by the Toronto Police Service or disproving it.

The data collected by the Toronto Star existed also disputed by Allan Gold based on the distinction between reactive and proactive policing. Gold argues reactive policing could attribute to claims of RP while proactive policing will not. When it comes to the collection of data, the Toronto Start uses both styles of policing which flawed their conclusion.

Gold also disagreed with the Toronto Star’s use of the general census numbers in its data comparison; and, its claims that it claimed a recognized baseline standard. Gold argues that no reputable researcher would use the figures from the general census and in fact; the American literature on racial profiling makes it clear; that the uses of the general census as a baseline are worthless. He further claims that the construction of the baseline is crucial and because of that fact; the Toronto Star article should stand dismissed.

Ontario Human Rights Commission;

The Ontario Human Rights Commission uses the following definition of RP; “any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a combination of these, rather than on a reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment”. The Ontario Human Rights Commission’s definition exists broader compared to the definition used in the courts; “the practice of targeting racial minorities for criminal investigation solely or, in part, based on their skin color”.

This Ontario Human Rights Commission broad definition of RP does not allow the factor of race to play any part in a police officer’s decision. This means that no matter what if police use race as a factor; then he is racially profiling according to the Commission’s definition. In the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal decision where Ron Phipps filed a complaint of RP against members of the Toronto Police Service, the adjudicator said; “In this case, as in many cases alleging racial discrimination; there is no direct evidence that race was a factor in the officer’s decision to take the actions that he did”.

Even with this statement, the adjudicator found the member of the Toronto Police Service guilty saying; “I find that Michael Shaw did discriminate against the applicant on March 9, 2005”. The adjudicator used circumstantial evidence in her decision of quilt but should have used clear defined evidence. According to Chief Blair of the Toronto Police Service, the ruling created “an impossibly high standard”; and, “you can have the best of intentions and be total without bias; but, none of that matters if someone wants to believe you exist biased”.

Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership campaign;

In the recent Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership campaign; Tim Hudak and Randy Hillier both members of the Ontario Parliament called for the overhaul of the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal. They claimed the current system is dysfunctional and called for an evidence-based system one similar to the family court system instead of a system that is based on “hurt feelings”.

In response to the allegations of RP based on the non-publications of race-based statistics, They do not refer to the act of a law enforcement agent pursuing a suspect in which the specific description of the suspect includes race or ethnicity in combination with other identifying factors The term “racial profiling” has existed used loosely and lacks a universally accepted definition Wortley argues for more research and more data collection by police forces, saying the refusal to deal with it will “ensure that the issue of racial discrimination continues to haunt law enforcement agencies for decades to come.”

Historically, it has stood accepted and appreciated that law enforcement officers exist authorized to legally and effectively take actions to prevent crime, maintain order, and enforce the law. In this regard, law enforcement has always possessed the granted authority to exercise discretion in crime interdiction of which criminal profiling contributes to such decisions. Over time, however, some proactive police practices that included certain types of profiling have existed viewed more critically than others.

The concept of criminal profiling;

The concept of criminal profiling was first introduced into traditional law enforcement to assist in criminal investigations during the latter part of the 20th century. Criminologists and psychologists provided the methods of profiling to law enforcement to help connect victims, witnesses, and especially perpetrators to the criminal activity. The criminal profiles contributed to solving crimes and preventing the occurrence of future criminal offenses.

In general terms, criminal profiling existed defined as the practice of describing an individual; who had committed a particular criminal act; thereby equipping law enforcement officers with investigative mechanisms and information leading to the apprehension of the offender. The criminal analysis often consisted of physical characteristics, behavioral perspective, behavioral classifications, and social or criminal associations. It was and continues to be an acceptable law enforcement practice although scholars caution; that general criminal profiling is not suitable for all crimes; and, must not exist used as a substitute for better investigation strategies.

Racial Profiling Means Criminology Canadian Law Essay

March 14, 2022
What is Behavioral Perspective in Psychology Essay?

Behavioral Perspective in Psychology Essay; Behavioral psychology exists thought to be a perspective that mainly focuses on behaviors that have stood learned. While psychology existed mainly dominated by behaviorism in the early 20th century; it quickly started to diminish in the 1950s. Nowadays, the behavioral perspective still deals with how behaviors have existed learned, and reinforced. Behavioral principles have many times existed applied in settings of mental health; where some therapists/ counselors have used these certain techniques to try to explain and treat a lot of illnesses.

Here is the article to explain, Behavioral Perspective Psychology Types and Essay!

Since Behavioral Perspective is the way people view the psychological aspect of behavior; then it is obvious that this perspective indicates the study of observable and measurable behavior. It does this in a way only in which the environment is the only this that determines this behavior. Also included in this perspective is the natural way of man, the belief that everything stands caused by something; and the fact that change is capable of happening.

Behaviorists tend to think that the nature of man is not good or evil. They also believe in the theory of “Tabula Rasa,” also known as the blank slate theory. This theory explains that when a baby is born with no reason or knowledge; then obviously their knowledge has to be drawn from their environment and experiences.

Behaviorist B.F. Skinner goes over the fact that he believes in this concept by always stating that as far as he knows, at any point in time; his behavior has not been anything more than the product of his personal history; his genetic endowment, and the current setting he is in then.

Ideas;

The Behavioral Perspective takes some ideas from the Tabula Rasa such as conditioning; and behavior modification to merge or combine the other valuable ideas inside of the Behavioral Perspective; such as the perspective which includes the natural way of man; the belief that everything exists caused by something, and the fact that change is capable of happening. The concept that we as humans have no free will call Determinism. Also with the Tabula Rasa theory, there has been one more aspect of determinism which call conditioning.

Conditioning considers being one of the simplest forms one can do to learn. In conditioning, a certain type of behavior exists learned by a person and or animal. This type of learning exists often considered to be a direct result of the reinforcement or the connection of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus.

An interesting concept some behaviorists believe is that certain behaviors can counter or unlearn; through either positive or negative change in the actual reinforcement. The change in the reinforcement call behavior modification; and, the person can give an object or something that they can use to trade-in for something better every time they do the right thing.

Behavioral Approach;

The behavioral approach to understanding motivation deals with drives, both learned and unlearned, and with incentives. Drive theory involves the concepts of unlearned (or primary) drives, drive reduction, and learned (secondary) drives. It is based on the fact that all living organisms have physiological needs that must exist satisfied for survival (for example, the need for food, water, sleep, and so forth) to maintain a state of homeostasis, that is, a steady internal state.

Disruption of an organism’s homeostatic state causes a state of tension (arousal) called an unlearned, or primary, drive. If the aroused state has existed created by hunger; it calls a hunger drive, and the drive can reduce by food. Drive reduction moves toward the re-establishment of homeostasis. Drives, then, may exist thought of as the consequence of a physiological need; which an organism stands impelled to reduce or eliminate. Clark Hull, a learning theorist, developed an equation to show how learning and drive are related. Drives may also learn, or secondary. Fear (or anxiety), for example, exists often considered a secondary drive that can learn through either classical or operant conditioning.

Neal Miller’s Thories;

In Neal Miller’s well-known operant conditioning experiment, a rat existed placed in a black box and then given a mild electrical shock. Eventually, the rat learned to react to the experience of being put in a black box (with no shock given) with the response of turning a wheel to escape. In this case, the black box exists said to have elicited the learned drive of fear. Among other drives considered by some theorists to learn are the need for affiliation (that is, to belong, to have companionship), the need for security (money), and the need for achievement.

Theories of incentive motivation contend that external stimuli can motivate behavior. Humans and other animals can learn to value external stimuli (for example, the first prize in a track meet for a human and a pat on the head for a dog) and will work to get them. Incentive motivation stands sometimes called pull motivation because incentives exist said to pull in contrast with the push associated with drives. Kenneth Spence, well known for his work in incentive motivation, suggested that the incentive value of the reward strengthens the response”. The following two types of behavior from the behavioral perspective of psychology below are;

What is the Normal Behavior?

The common pattern of behavior found among the general majority stands said to be the behavior of the normal. Normal people exhibit satisfactory work capacity and earn an adequate income. They conform and adjust to their social surrounding. They are capable of establishing, satisfying, and acceptable relationships with other people; and their emotional reactions are appropriate to different situations.

Such people manage to control their emotions. Their emotional experiences do not affect their personality adjustment though they experience occasional frustrations and conflict. These people who adjust well with themselves, their surroundings, and their associates constitute the normal group. The normal group covers the great majority of people.

According to Coleman (1981), normal behavior will represent the optimal development and functioning of the individual consistent with the long-term well-being and progress of the group. Thus, people having an average amount of intelligence, personality stability, social adaptability consider normal.

What is the Abnormal Behavior?

The concept of abnormality stands defined as the simple exaggeration or perverted development of normal psychological behavior. In other words, it deals with the usual behavior of man. The unusual or maladapted behavior of many persons; which do not fit into our common forms of behavior stands known as abnormal behavior. Abnormality refers to maladjustment to one’s society and culture which surrounds him. It is the deviation from the normal unfavorably and pathologically.

According to Brown (1940), abnormal psychological phenomena are simple exaggerations (overdevelopment or under development) or disguised (i.e., perverted, developments) of the normal psychological phenomena.

It expects, for instance, that a normal human being would react to a snake by immediately withdrawing from it. But if the person, on the contrary, plays with the snake very happily, it is a sign of uncommon behavior; which may consider abnormal provided that experience or training does not play a part here.

Training;

A person who has been by profession trained from the very childhood to deal with snakes will not afraid of a snake and if he does not withdraw from a snake, will not consider abnormal. Coleman (1981) holds that deviant behaviors consider maladaptive because they are not only harmful to society but the individual. Maladaptive behavior impairs individual and group well being and it brings distress to the individual. It also leads to individual and group conflicts.

Page (1976) views that the abnormal group consists of individuals marked by limited intelligence, emotional instability, personality disorganization, and character defects who in most part led wretched personal lives and were social misfits and liabilities. Thus, abnormality and normality can only define in terms of conformity to the will and welfare of the group and the capacity for self-management.

A close analysis of various types of abnormal behavior indicates that abnormal behavior circumscribes a wide range of maladaptive reactions like psychoneuroses, psychoses, delinquents, sexual deviants, drug addicts, etc.

Thus, some kind of biological, social, and psychological maladjustment affects the functioning of the individual in a society. The abnormal deviants who constitute about 10 percent of the general population are classified into four main categories; such as psychoneurotic, psychotic, menially defective, and antisocial.

Focused;

The behavioral perspective stands mainly focused on the idea that psychology should only exist concerned with the measurable physical responses one has to certain environmental stimuli. This certain perspective was first introduced to the world by John Broadus Watson who lived from 1878 to 1958. He was a great student at the University of Chicago and worked to get his doctorate at the same time.

He strongly believed that the science of psychology existed meant to be a hard science as the rest of the sciences were therefore psychology should seek out observable behavior. Watson thought that psychology existed not meant to deal with mental events because to him they are un-measurable in every way except to the actual organism experiencing them.

What is Behavioral Perspective in Psychology Essay?

March 12, 2022
What is Perception in Psychology Essay?

Perception in Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay; Perception is the sensory expertise of the globe. It involves each recognizing environmental stimuli and actions in response to those stimuli. Through the sensory activity method, we tend to gain data concerning the properties; and components of the surroundings that are unit vital to our survival. What is Structuralism in a Psychology Essay? It does not solely create our expertise of the globe around America; it permits us to act among the environment.

Here is the article to explain, What is essay of Perception in Psychology with their Meaning and Definition!

Perception, according to Yolanda Williams, a psychology professor; can be defined as our way to recognize and interpret the information we’ve gathered through our senses. This also includes how we respond to a certain situation with the given information. Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes. They relate to psychology because as discussed in the notes, psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes; while perception is how we react to situations. In other words, our behavior towards that situation.

What does means Perception? Meaning and Definition;

It includes the 5 senses touch, sight, sound, smell, and taste. It additionally includes what is referred to as interception; a group of senses involving the flexibility to observe changes in body positions and movements. It additionally involves the psychological feature methods needed to process data; like recognizing the face of a lover or police investigation a well-known scent.

Another word often associated with perception is sensation. They are often used interchangeably, however; sensation is the process of reevaluating information from the world into the brain. We use our senses to detect and recognize something; which then allows us to process the information and discover the emotions and react to the situation we see, which is perception.

Types of the Perception;

Some of the main types of perception include: Vision, Touch, Sound, Taste, and Smell; other senses allow us to perceive things such as balance, time, body position, acceleration, and the perception of internal states. Many of these are multimodal and involve more than one sensory modality. Social perception, or the ability to identify and use social cues about people and relationships, is another important type of perception.

There are two types of theories to perception, there is the self-perception theory and the cognitive dissonance theory. There are many theories about different subjects in perception. Some disorders relate to perception even though you may think perception is just a person’s viewpoint.

First, the self-perception theory, inspired by B. F. Skinner’s analyses, is when individuals come to “know” or better understand their attitudes, emotions, and other personal states mostly by concluding them from observing their behavior and/or the situations in which this behavior occurs. One example would be an individual who describes “butterflies in the stomach”. We have all identified this feeling for ourselves, on our own (Bem).

The cognitive dissonance theory is a person having two thoughts that contradict each other. For example, a person that thinks eating sugar is bad for you, but then continues to eat sugar; because they believe that not eating sugar, wouldn’t change anything, so nothing will change the current health the individual is in. These thoughts are contradicting, almost hypocritical. According to Leon Festinger, the existence of dissonance causes the individual to be psychologically uncomfortable; which then allows the individual to try to remain constant in his/her thoughts. Also, while the individual wants to become consistent, the individual will try to avoid situations that include that subject that causes dissonance (Festinger).

Other things in psychology;

Like other things in psychology, there is a lot of science behind the perception. One thing has to do with light and our eyes. When looking in a mirror, light bounces off your face, and then off the mirror, and then into your eyes. Your eyes then take in all that energy and transform it into neural messages that your brain processes and organizes into what you see. As humans, we only see a small fraction of the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that ranges from gamma to radio waves.

Our eyes percept what we see based on wavelengths and amplitudes. Wavelengths and frequency determine their hue; for example, short wavelengths and high frequencies omit blueish colors, whereas long wavelengths and low frequencies omit reddish colors. The amplitude determines the intensity or brightness. Large amplitudes are bright colors, and small amplitudes are dull colors.

After taking in light through the pupil and the cornea, it hits the transparent disc behind the pupil called the lens. This focuses the light rays into specific images, which projects these images onto the retina. The retina is the inner surface of the eyeball that contains all of the receptor cells that begin sensing that visual information. Once reached the ganglion cells, the axon tails form the ropy optic nerve through the thalamus, to the brain’s visual cortex, which is located in the occipital lobe. This allows us to view things in the world.

Example;

An example of our perception of the things we look at and how they can differ depending upon the person would be The Dress. The Dress became an internet phenomenon overnight because people couldn’t agree on what color it was. Some people swore that they saw a white dress with gold lace, while others saw a blue dress with black lace. Scientists studied the dress and concluded that the different perception of color is due to the expectation that the dress will appear the same under different lighting, explaining color constancy. People who saw the dress as white and gold, probably saw that the dress was lit by sunshine, causing their brains to ignore the shorter, bluer wavelengths. The people that saw the dress as blue and black, saw it lit by false lighting; causing their brains to ignore longer, redder wavelengths (Lewis).

Oliver Sacks, a famous physician, professor, and author of unusual case studies, is viewed as a brilliant individual for his work; however, cannot do a simple task such as recognizing himself in a mirror. He has a form of Prosopagnosia, which is a neurological disorder that impairs an individual’s ability to perceive or recognize faces. This is also known as face blindness. He can perceive other information, such as his handwriting, or book on a shelf, but is not able to recognize a close friend in a crowd. His Fusiform Gyrus, thought to be crucially involved in face perception, is malfunctioning. Many studies show that other parts of the brain; such as the occipital lobe, and amygdala also play a key role in this disorder.

Disorder;

Another disorder having to do with perception is the Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder. According to DSM 5, it is a psychiatric disorder that is very different from Palinopsia, which is a medical disorder. Palinopsia causes people to see reoccurring images even after the stimulus has left. With Hallucinogen Persisting Perception, the individual sees higher intensities of distractions or interferences than an individual with normal vision does. It is normal to stare at something bright and see light particles called floaters. A person with Hallucinogen experiences higher frequencies and this interferes with their everyday life. An example of an individual with this disorder would be that the person may have difficulty naming colors or telling the difference between them. Another issue they may have is while reading, the words and letters may seem to move all over the page.

The perception exists often influenced or even biased by our expectations, experiences, moods, and sometimes cultural norms. This is where the mind comes in, not just the brain. We are even able to fool ourselves due to our expectations. Our eyes play a role in perceiving information to our brain, but really, our mind has the most power. Our perceptual set is the psychological factors that determine how we perceive the environment. For example, our perception can exist influenced by our mood. People often say a hill is steeper when listening to depressing music and walking alone; however, it would feel less steep if you were listening to pop, or a cheery tune and walking with a friend.

Objects;

The figure-ground relationship is the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. For example, the very common black and white picture of either a vase or two faces. It could be a white vase on a black background or two faces on a white background. If you look long enough, your perception will flip between the two, causing the figure and ground to flip also. Sometimes the vase is the figure and the black is the background, whereas the faces are the figure and the white is the background.

Another example is if you are in a crowd of people and trying to listen to a certain person from across the room. You only hear what that person is saying, which makes the individual the figure. Whereas everyone else around you that is speaking is the ground. Another part of perception is proximity. This is an example that we like to group nearby things. Instead of seeing a ton of random people at a party; we tend to mentally connect people standing next to each other. For example, athletes in one spot, the government team in another spot, etcetera.

Important;

Something else important to perception would be depth perception. This is the ability to see objects in three dimensions, even though images that strike the retina are two-dimensional. Depth perception also helps us to perceive an object’s distance and full shape. We use binocular cues, the retinal disparity that depends on the use of two eyes. The retinal disparity exists used for perceiving depth. For example, by holding your index fingers in front of your face and proceeding to look beyond them, you now have four fingers instead of two. Monocular cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, are available to either eye alone. This helps us determine the scale and distance of an object; such as relative height and size, linear perspective, texture gradient, and interposition.

Use;

Motion perception exists used to determine the speed and direction of the moving object. Your brain perceives motion mostly based on the idea that shrinking objects are moving away, or retreating, and enlarging objects are coming fourth or approaching. However, your brain can easily stand misled when it comes to motion. For example, large objects appear to move slower than small ones that are going at the same speed. Also, organizing things by form, depth, and motion, our perception of the world requires consistency, which brings us back to the cognitive dissonance theory.

Perceptual constancy is what allows us to continuously recognize an object regardless of its distance, view angle, or motion. Even though it might change color, size, and shape based on conditions. For instance, we all know what a Chihuahua looks like, so if we see a green Chihuahua, we still know it’s a Chihuahua. A person with dissonant beliefs might try to say that it’s not a Chihuahua because it’s a different color, even though it still clearly looks like a Chihuahua.

Factors Affecting Perception;

There are individual differences in perceptual abilities. Two people may perceive the same stimulus differently. The factors affecting the perceptions of people are:

Perceptual learning:

Based on past experiences or any special training that we get, every one of us learns to emphasize some sensory inputs and to ignore others. For example, a person who has got training in some occupation like artistry or other skilled jobs can perform better than other untrained people. Experience is the best teacher for such perceptual skills. For example, blind people identify the people by their voice or by the sounds of their footsteps.

Mental set:

Set refers to preparedness or readiness to receive some sensory input. Such expectancy keeps the individual prepared with good attention and concentration. For example, when we are expecting the arrival of a train; we listen to its horn or sound even if there is a lot of noise disturbance.

Motives and needs:

Our motives and needs will influence our perception. For example, a hungry person exists motivated to recognize only the food items among other articles. His attention cannot exist directed towards other things until his motive stands satisfied.

Cognitive styles:

People stand said to differ in the ways they characteristically process the information. Every individual will have his or her way of understanding the situation. It exists said that flexible people will have good attention; and, they are less affected by interfering influences and be less dominated by internal needs and motives than people at the constricted end.

Our mind is responsible for most of the ways we perceive things. Our eyes and our brain do the science; while our mind decides how were going to take the sensations, or data collected. Our mind decides to retain information from the sensations we experience and evaluate them to different personal views.

Perception in Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay

March 12, 2022
What is the Structuralism in Psychology Essay?

Structuralism Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay; It considers as a theory of consciousness that existed suggested by Wilhelm Wundt and developed by his student Edward Titchener. The theory came to be in the 20th century: where its reliability stood debated and challenged by the growing scientific community at that time. Structuralism also considers a school of psychology that seeks to analyze the components of an adult mind. It seeks to analyze the simplest thoughts of a mind that bring about the more complex experience that we go through in our day-to-day life.

Here is the article to explain, Structuralism in Psychology also their Meaning, Definition, and Essay!

According to structuralism, meaning stands produced and reproduced through actions and practices that form a unit. Linguistics, literature, Anthropology, and mathematics are some fields of knowledge where structuralist principles existed applied.

What is the meaning of structuralism in psychology?

Structuralism was a faculty of thought that sought-after to spot the elements (structure) of the mind — the mind existed thought of as the key component to psychological science at now. Structuralists believed that the thanks to study the brain and its functions was to interrupt the mind down into its most elementary components.

Besides the higher than, what’s the most plan of structuralism? the fundamental plan behind structuralism is that individual and collective behaviors emerge from some underlying structure. With Ferdinand de Saussure and therefore the linguists, the structure is Associate in Nursing abstract system of reticulate ideas.

Definition of Structuralism;

Structuralism was a faculty of thought that sought-after to spot the parts (structure) of the mind — the mind was thought-about the key component to scientific discipline at this time. Structuralists believed that the thanks to study the brain and its functions was to interrupt the mind down into its most simple components. They believed the entire is the adequate total of the elements.

Wilhelm Wundt, a UN agency took into account the pioneer Structuralist, who found the initial psychological laboratory in 1879. Following Wundt was Titchner UN agency popularized the sphere (he was one among Wundt’s students). Titchener was curious about the acutely aware mind. He used a method referred to as self-contemplation to undertake to grasp the acutely aware mind. self-contemplation could be a method of getting someone “look inward”, focus on, and check out to grasp the feeling or thought they’re experiencing at that moment.

The Structuralism faculty of thought has influenced the scientific discipline in its pursuit of the analysis of the adult mind (the analysis of the assemblage of lifespan experiences). It seeks to gauge these experiences in terms of the only determinable parts and so makes an attempt to seek out however these parts work along to create additional advanced experiences. Another goal is to seek out however these experiences correlate to physical events; this exists often accomplished through practices like self-contemplation, self-reports (of sensations), viewpoints, feelings, and emotions.

Sources;

There are various sources such as books and articles that speak about structuralism. One such source is the article “How structuralism and functionalism influenced early psychology” written by Kendra Cherry. The article informs us that in the early 20-century Psychology existed separated from biology. At that time there was a raging debate in the scientific community on how the human mind and behavior worked. These questions led to the establishment of two major schools of Psychology. They included Structuralism and Functionalism. Structuralism was the first school of thought. Many if not all structuralism components existed idealized by who was also the founder of the first psychological lab.

Later on, one of his students went on to formally establish structuralism as a theory. However, Edward’s ideas had misrepresented the teachings of Wundt. Almost immediately after the establishment of structuralism, other ideas emerged such as functionalism from thinkers like Charles Darwin. Furthermore, we learn that structuralism was the first school of psychology and focus on breaking down the mental process into basic elements. Researchers tried to learn the basic elements of the mind through a method known as introspection.

Another sources;

A second source of the formation, background, and development of structuralism is an article “Structuralism” written by Richard Hall. Richard informs us that in the past many advances in science were occurring due to the concept of “elements”. “Elements” referred to the conception of complex phenomena in terms of underlying elements. It was at this moment that what psychologists refer to as the first school of psychology stood established. A psychologist called Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. Hall further informs us that the school of psychology that Wundt championed existed called Structuralism. It led many people to refer to Wundt as the father of Structuralism.

Structuralism stands fundamentally defined as the study of the human conscious. The rationale behind it is that the human consciousness could exist broken down into basic conscious elements. Most of the experiments conducted in Wundt’s laboratory involved cataloging primary conscious elements. To research the basic elements, structuralism relied on a method called introspection. An example is how someone can describe the basic elements of an orange (cold, juicy). Introspection involved describing each basic element separately from the complex entity. Through the use of this method, Wundt was able to catalog different human experiences in mind.

Theory;

Although structuralism stood established as a psychological theory, it faced a lot of criticism through the times. Many psychologists failed to accept the theoretical background of Structuralism. The experimental methods that existed used to study the structures of the mind were too subjective. Moreover, we also learn that using introspection, led to the unreliability of the data gotten. Others critics also argued that structuralism was concerned with internal human behaviors. Internal human behaviors exist considered non-observable and cannot exist accurately measured.

Moreover, we also learn that structuralism faced more limitations such as not having its principal theory supported by most psychologists in the scientific world. In the present times, Structuralism considers being dead in psychology. Informs us that one reason why Structuralism faced criticism was because of a methodological flaw in Wundt’s structuralism. The theory relied on introspection which lacked subject agreement and reliability. In psychology, many observers must agree independently on phenomena. When it comes to Wundt’s Structuralism experiment, his observes were students trained by him. Wundt was also the one who resolved any disagreement of concepts during the experiments. The use of trained observers as opposed to the current practice of psychology.

Criticism;

However, the existence of criticism was not enough to undermine the strength of structuralism. It was important because it was the first school of thought. Structuralism led to the development of experimental psychology. Structuralism has been dead for many years since the passing of Wundt. Other sources differ on how Structuralism developed. The last alternative narrative of how structuralism existed formed is that Structuralism was a theory that existed introduced by psychologist Wilhelm Wundt and was later on popularized by Edward Titchener.

An article written and submitted to the journal of Psychology informs us that, an example of Structuralism is a fleece blanket, it can be considered as warm, fuzzy, soft, and green. The breakdown of a complex component such as the fleece blanket to its basic elements is what’s considered structuralism. Another example is how an apple can describe as red, crisp, and sweet. Structuralism existed only interested in showing the basic elements of something and not the complex ideas. The person describing the apple or fleece blanket can only describe it to its most basic elements.

In conclusion;

Structuralism dictates that the total sum of parts that have been broken down is what makes up the whole “something.” Wundt mainly formed structuralism to focus on understanding the fundamental component of the human mind. Through the use of different processes such as introspection, he was able to conduct experiments on the conscious mind. This way Wundt subjectively identified what makes them experience those thoughts. However, the structural school lost considerable influence when Titchener died. In the end, structuralism led to the development of other theories such as behaviorism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology.

Structuralism Psychology Meaning, Definition, and Essay

March 12, 2022
Conceptual Framework and Accounting Standards Essay

What is the Importance of Conceptual Framework and Accounting Standards with Essay? An accounting framework is a coherent system of inter-related objectives and fundamentals that should lead to consistent standards that prescribe the nature, function, and limits of financial accounting and financial statements.

The main reason for developing a conceptual framework is that gives a framework for setting accounting standards; a basis for resolving accounting disputes, and fundamental principles; which do not have to exist repeated in accounting standards. Furthermore, a Conceptual Framework can exist categorized in terms of the distinctive; function of management accounting within the management process in organizations. Moreover, how the utility of the outcomes of the management accounting process can exist tested. Conceptual Framework is a criterion that can exist used to assess the value of the processes; and, work technologies used in management accounting and capabilities necessarily associated with the effectiveness of the management accounting function overall.

Conceptual Framework plays an important role in accounting. It is because a Conceptual Framework helps a better understanding of accounting information; for example, general-purpose financial reports and, in turn, their confidence in IFIs. Furthermore, the Conceptual Framework promotes harmonization by giving a basis for selecting; the most appropriate accounting treatment permitted by financial accounting standards. It also assists in dealing with events, transactions, conditions or circumstances does not deal with any financial accounting standard developed by AAOIFI. This framework helps users of financial reports in understanding the information enclosed in financial statements prepared in conformity with financial accounting standards.

Conceptual Framework is also direct to the development of future financial accounting standards and regulator of subjective judgment made by management; while preparing financial statements and another financial report. Moreover, it helps national standard-setting bodies in increasing national accounting standards. In addition, it gives who exists interested in the work of AAOIFI information about its approach to formulating the financial accounting standard. “In my view, the conceptual framework is absolutely an important document for the Board as well as constituents. I believe the primary use of the framework is to make sure that the FASB does not randomly issue standards. The framework provides a necessary common conceptual underpinning that helps the Board resolve issues,” by Jeannot Blanchet.

A conceptual framework is essential for investors. This is because it provides the risk capital to the investor and the adviser is concerned with the risk inherent from their investment. The information exists needed to help them to determine whether they should sell, buy or hold the shares. The information which enables assessment of the ability of the enterprise to pay dividends exists interested in the shareholders. Employees and their representative groups exist also interested in the stability and profitability of their employees; and, the information that enables them to assess the ability of the company to give retirement benefits, employment opportunities, and remuneration.

In addition, it enables lenders to make sure that their loans and interest will exist paid when due. Next, the information of the amount of money borrowed out by the suppliers and other trade creditors is important for them; because it may determine whether the money will exist paid when due. Trade creditors have an interest towards an enterprise over a short term than lenders unless; they are needy on the continuation of the enterprise as a major customer. Moreover, customers stand also interested in the information about the continuance of an enterprise, especially during the long-term involvement of the enterprise. Finally, the allocation of resources and the activities of the enterprise is important to the government and its agencies. The information enables them to determine taxation policies, as the basis for national income, determine taxation policies, and similar statistics.

Ways of modern-day bookkeeping and the double-entry system evolved and the importance of it.

The recording of financial transactions undertaken by an individual or an organization stands defined as Bookkeeping. The organization could be an enterprise, a charitable organization, or even a local sports club. The necessary support for such accounting function is provided by bookkeeping as the preparation of cost reports, financial statements, and tax returns. Making entries to specific accounts with the debit and credit system and keeping track of a business’s financial transactions exists involved.

Bookkeeping has evolved through the years from clay tablets to paper ledgers, and now computerized systems. Even, for now, bookkeeping fundamentals have not existed changed through the ages. And chances are the future societies will not be able to exist without a formal system of financial recording keeping. In short, some of the same problems that plagued ancient bookkeepers still exist even with modern advancement.

The process of bookkeeping exists always considered to be of vital importance to categorize and record financial data. Each transaction or activity must exist posted to the proper general ledger account. The general ledger exists used to prepare Profit & Loss statements; which tell you if you are making or losing money in a certain accounting period. Also, The general ledger produces the Balance Sheet which shows the company’s assets, liabilities, and equity. The general ledger also produces cash flow statements; which exist analyzed by management and used as a gauge in making important decisions.

These three financial reports exist supposed to show the true financial condition of the company. Extremely important decisions stand made by management from these financial statements and they must be accurate. The bookkeeping process allows all data to stand transferred to complicated financial statements for informational purposes. The integrity and accuracy of bookkeeping procedures affect the outcome of the financial statements. Bookkeeping is the crucial reporting that major decisions exist later made from. It must exist done correctly.

At least two changes in the balance sheet stand caused by every business transaction. Therefore, the books of account must record the two changes. Otherwise, completion of the books of accounts would not exist done and therefore the accuracy of the result will be low. For example, we buy equipment for RM 15,000. This transaction involves two changes, equipment increases by RM 15, 000 and cash reduction by an equal amount. While this transaction record is in accounting, recording both changes is a must.

“A debit change” & “a credit change” is the term of these two changes in accounting language. Consequently, we know that every transaction involves two entries, which are debit entry and credit entry. There will be a relevant credit entry of the same amount for each debit. In turn, for the credit entry, there will be a corresponding debit entry of the same amount. Thus, the double-entry system is in which both the changes which occur under a transaction record together; one change debit when another change credit with an equal amount.

A double-entry system could help an account to double-check while doing the accounting; a mistake would discover if the two totals are not equal. After that, an accountant could double-check and make corrections to the figure to balance.

A double-entry system of books would keep by an accountant for his or her accounts. The accountants have their records and the bank has its own. When the two are unable to achieve the agreement then a missing charge will happen which refers to a mistake, a service charge, a bad check, or a case of identity theft. If the accountant realizes a charge that he or she is unable to account for then he or she can easily track it down because they have to have a one-to-one correspondence between the two sets of records.

Advantages and disadvantages of regulating accounting information through accounting standards.

The advantage of regulating accounting information through accounting standards is protecting investors. Accounting standards will increase the confidence of investors to invest in the business. It is because investors exist interested to realize that their money will finally earn and go back to them. In addition, investors’ interests exist ensured as the documents they review are correct and authentic. Thus, it is very important accounting information for investors.

Next, understandability is an advantage of regulating accounting information through accounting standards. FASB published the accounting standards to represent the required processes for businesses to succeed. When creating financial statements, users expect companies to follow the published accounting standards. In addition, interpreting the results reported when these users depend on the assumptions outlined in the accounting standards. The same assumptions exist used by the users to interpret the financial statements of different companies. Once the users realize these assumptions, they use this knowledge when learning any financial statement.

Besides that, guidance is another advantage of regulating accounting information through accounting standards. Using accounting standards concerns that accountants are provided by the guidance. The accountant may refer to the published accounting standard to determine how to record the event when financial reporting issues arise. . These issues include new accounting transactions deriving from technology, such as Internet sales, or new operations incorporated by the corporation, similarly changes in pension plans. When creating accounting standards, the FASB incorporates the needs of financial statement users likewise company feedback. This process allows the accountant to believe that the guidance contributes to the accounting standard passed the rigidity process of establishing that it matches everyone’s needs.

Lastly, the advantage of regulating accounting information through accounting standards is flexible. Flexibility stands as one of the main principles-based accounting methods. As the financial world becomes more complicated, it becomes progressively problem to create standardized regulations for the whole economy. Principles-based accounting provides companies to arrange their financial statements as they see best to guard accurate disclosure of their current position. The harsh format of rules-based accounting made disclosure more work and at times less informative. For example, the company would not have the proficiency to list industry-specific data in the manner it thought best.

The disadvantage of regulating accounting information through accounting standards is the cost to comply. Using the accounting standard considers the costs for the company to comply with the standard. The company needs to change its procedures, which requires a large financial investment that includes employee labor costs, system upgrades, and employee training. For example, the company needs to have someone to monitor people are correctly applying the standards and have to train people to adopt the standard. In these circumstances, it requires time and money. Thus, the cost of the company will increase.

In addition, we can see that the accounting standards involve trial balance, income statement, and balance sheet. The accountants compel to follow each step continuously to prepare the financial statement. This will make the restriction for the accountants. The accountants cannot do financial reports in their ways.

Lastly, following the accounting standards to prepare the financial report, it requires a lot of steps to prepare. For example, record all amounts into a journal then record them to the ledger. After that, we get the balance from the ledger and record it to the trial balance. The trial balance stood prepared then we can proceed to our income statement and balance sheet. All the procedures may take a long time to prepare it. If the company has many branches, the accountants will take a few months to prepare the financial report.

The merit and shortcomings of the historical cost accounting concept.

The historical cost is the cost at the date of acquisition and when they exist incurred. The historical cost accounting concept requires the amount of all financial items recorded based upon original cost, even the items have increased in value due to inflation. It is the most common and widely used basis of financial reporting. While current value or fair value accounting concept is the concept that financial items record at the realistic value at which they could exist sold or settled as of the current date.

There are several merits or advantages of the historical cost accounting concept. Firstly, it is easy to use and simple to apply as it does not require referring to market values. Therefore, users do not need to do market research to get the current price or market value of the financial items as the historical cost does not subject to any future changes. They can just record the original cost of the financial items in financial reports. Thus, the financial reports can certainly be prepared more speedily and easily than using other bases of measurement; which are current replacement cost, current market value, and net realizable value, so it can contribute to cost savings and time savings.

Secondly, the Historical cost accounting concept is easy to understand. In consequence of the simplicity of historical cost, users can easily understand and interpret financial reports well even though they do not have any financial background. Thirdly, the Historical cost accounting concept is objective, verifiable, and reliable. Since the historical cost is recorded based upon the original amount paid, hence the original cost of the assets can be confirmed through an original invoice or receipt.

Moreover, the historical cost accounting concept also enables biz to keep track of their assets. Because the financial items are recorded in financial reporting based on the original cost of the items, therefore the users can compare the current cost and the original cost of the assets.

However, the historical cost accounting concept also has shortcomings or disadvantages. Firstly, the historical cost accounting concept is fixed, which means it is recorded based on the original cost in the invoice or receipt. Thus, it does not take inflation or changing prices into account. During the inflation period, the price of the assets is different from changing a lot, it reflects the large difference between the original price and current price, so it does not seem sensible to record the value of assets by using the historical cost accounting concept when facing changing price.

Secondly, the historical cost accounting concept does not show the true value of a company’s assets. It recorded all the assets at the price at the date they are acquired. It is unrealistic fixed assets values, which mean the balance sheet value of the financial assets are differ from the true value.

Thirdly, the historical cost accounting concept is lead to the insufficient provision of depreciation. Depreciation is a mechanism of making funds for fixed assets replacement. Depreciation is charged on the original cost of the fixed assets in the historical cost accounting concept, it is not charged at the price at which the same assets are acquired. Therefore, the provision of depreciation which is charged on the original cost will not be sufficient for the replacement of the assets.

Other than that, the disadvantages of the historical cost accounting concept are unrealistic profit. Under the historical cost accounting concept, financial reporting, such as Income statements does not show the true profit of the company as the revenues of the company are recorded on current price while the expenses are recorded at historical cost. So, it will lead to an overstatement of profit during the inflation period.

What is the Importance of Conceptual Framework and Accounting Standards with Essay?

March 11, 2022
Importance and Objectives of Financial Information Essay
What is the Financial Information to Stakeholders? Definition, Importance, and Objectives Essay; It is knowledge concerning money transactions a few person or business; samples of money info are payment histories, Credit Card numbers, credit ratings by third parties, money statements, etc.

Here is the article to explain, Financial Information Definition, Importance, and Objectives Essay!

Financial information exists employed by investment corporations, creditors, lenders, associate degreed management to gauge an entity; whereas mistreatment money info the safety of the data ought to exist ensured as a result of misuse of it may happen by third parties. The finances help analyze a company’s money position and provide an image of the performance of a business.

Definition of Financial information;

Financial information contains in annual reports that the companies exist published periodically. That period stands identified as reporting period. The company obligates to provide financial information to their various stakeholders during the past reporting period. The annual report is a report the company reports their comprehensive transactions and events to publish and provide for required parties.

There are a few reasons to publish annual reports by companies generally as follows. Because companies have legal obligation between companies and the government act implemented for companies exists known as company act 2007 No 7. The company act’s sections 150, 151, 152, and 153 have mentioned the obligation to prepare financial statements, content, and form of financial statements, obligation to prepare group financial statements, and content and form of group financial statements accordingly.

Stakeholders of the company require financial information for the following reasons.
- To know how well the company is doing.
- To find the company has earned more money than they spent.
- Also, To get an idea about the strategic and tactical plans of the management.
- To provide information to make decisions who make decisions about the organization.
- Avoid dissimulations and corruptions of the organization.
Through the audit process, organizations will be able to identify weaknesses of their control of procedures and corruptions that occurred due to them. To obtain and fulfill the financial requirements from monitory markets via financial types of equipment such as shares, debentures, bank loans, etc.

Importance of Financial Information to Stakeholders;

However, financial information exists required by stakeholders of the organization. Stakeholders of the organization can divide into two. The bellow chart represents the stakeholders of the organization according to the environment they belong to. They are two types;
1. External stakeholders; Suppliers and Trade creditors, Government, Consumers, Public, and media.
2. Internal Stakeholders; Directors & Managers, Shareholders, and Employees.
The above chart shows the deviation of stakeholders of the organization and they require financial information due to various purposes.

Directors and Managers;

To make decisions about the organization at different times and different levels. Directors and managers of the organization are taking different types of decisions as follows.
- About new investment and project appreciation decisions.
- About continued and discontinued operations.
- Dividend decisions.
- Diversified business decision.
- Winding up decision.
- To establish overall objectives and periodical targets.
- To avoid dissimulations and corruption.
- Also, To establish squired systems and strengthen control of procedures.
- To increase the productivity level of the organization.
Shareholders;
- To determine whether their investment will sale, Holt or bought more shares of the organization.
- To decide the fairness of the return for their investments.
- Also, To determine the going concern of the organization.
- To obtain wide knowledge about organizational activities.
- To compare their investments and their benefits with other competitive organizations and industries.
Employees;
- To know about the stability and profitability of the employer.
- To know about remuneration, retirement benefits, and employment opportunities are in an organization
- Also, To ensure job security with the current employer.
- To ensure the fairness of the salaries and wages they obtain from the organization according to their earnings.
- To have a clear view about other operations of the organization.
Suppliers;
- To ensure their payments of supplies will receive on due.
- To ensure the stability of their customers.
- Also, To know about other products and their suppliers of the organization.
- To compare their transaction with existing and other companies
- To find other competitive suppliers and their contribution to the organization.
- They find opportunities to supply more.
Government;
- To collect accurate taxes and amounts from organizations on due dates.
- To provide government benefaction to improve their business.
- Also, To obtain financial and non-financial assistance for government development projects.
- To ensure the organizations reasonably oversee their employees.
- To ensure the organizations’ compliance with government rules, regulations, and acts established by the government.
Consumers;
- To know the cost structure of the products that the organization is producing.
- To ensure the stability of the organization.
- Also, To know about the organization’s profitability, because profitability is a shed light to know about products impossible growth, improvements, best customer service, and low price strategic implications.
- To know about CSR programs conducted by the organization.
Public;
- To be conscious about the organization’s substantial contribution to society.
- To know about the opportunities to link with the organization.
- Also, To know about CSR contribution towards the country.
- To conscious their activities which can affect to the interest of the nature and the country.
Purpose or Objectives of Financial Information;

The following Financial Information Purpose or Objectives below are;
- Financial Information is very costly data. It shows the monetary capability of individuals. So an Institution engaged in issuing loans would like to have information regarding the monthly income of persons so that they can pay the monthly installments of the loan issued. So it is used to judge the liquidity position of an individual or business.
- Big Credit rating agencies like Moody’s, S&P, etc. rely on the Financial data of companies to produce ratings. Companies engage in monetary transactions with several counterparties. So all the transactions are essential data points and need to be analyzed thoroughly to understand whether the credit quality of a company is good or bad.
- For Individuals, Credit Quality is decided by the Credit Score. So to assign credit scores, rating agencies need to study the credit history of the individuals. How much loan has an individual taken throughout their life? How fast did he repay? Was there any default in payment? So all these are financial data that are required to make an informed decision regarding the credit score of an Individual.
- Creditors take the help of the financial data of companies before giving credit. They usually have separate Teams who are engaged in studying this Information to understand whether to give credit to any particular organization or not.
Other Purpose;
- Investors, before investing in stocks of the company, extract Information by reading several Financial Statements to predict the Credit and liquidity quality of a company. This research helps investors to understand whether they should buy or short the stock.
- Information like bank transactions, Credit card usage, and several other monetary transactions are being thoroughly scrutinized by the Country’s Intelligence to track and hunt terrorist activities.
- Private equity Investors study this Information on Start-Up companies thoroughly before investing in them. They buy this information from several third-party sources, and at times they request this information directly from the Start-Ups.
- External Auditors depend highly on Financial Information obtained from several sources to review whether the company’s Financial Statements are reflecting correct information.
Importance and Objectives of Financial Information Essay
March 10, 2022