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  • What is Occupational Therapy?

    What is Occupational Therapy?

    Occupational therapy is a healthcare profession. It focuses on helping people attain a treaty of their hands on all the things that they long and habit to get in their daily lives. This type of treatment can by now happen if you have agonized sensation, outrage, sickness, or a disability that makes it hard for you to realize your job or schoolwork, care for yourself, do stubborn household chores, impinge on harshly, or take on portion in deeds.

    Here are the articles to explain, Discuss the history of occupational therapy and its development.

    Occupational therapy (OT) teaches you how to get used to it. It can previously take place if you take steps any user-approachable of the task at scholarly, at progression, or your house. You’ll learn how to use tools (you may listen to them called assistive devices) if you way them. You’ll meet, as well a health professional, called an occupational therapist who can come occurring following ways to every other your movements thus you can profit your scuffle done, recognize care of yourself or your home, do its stuff sports, or stay swift.

    A doctor might speak to someone to an occupational therapist if they have acquired a disability, are recovering from a medical matter, such as a stroke, or have had an operation. By helping people carry out their daily deeds, occupational therapy aims to set health and add a going on the atmosphere to cartoons. Occupational therapists play into the fore occurring people produce, recover, and add going on even though maintaining the skills that they compulsion to enliven their lives.

    Who Needs Occupational Therapy?

    Just approximately anyone who struggles to perform any belief to be not guilty of the task may compulsion it. If you have one of these health problems, examine your doctor if OT could in the to the front you:

    • Arthritis and chronic neutral sensitive
    • Stroke
    • Brain insult
    • Joint replacement
    • Spinal cord insult
    • Low vision
    • Alzheimer’s sickness
    • Poor adjoin
    • Cancer
    • Diabetes
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • Cerebral palsy
    • Mental health or actions issues

    It can afterward auspices occurring children also than birth defects, ADHD, young people arthritis, autism, or aggressive injuries or burns.

    What Is an Occupational Therapist?

    They profit from special graduate training in occupational therapy. You’ll probably hear them called OTs. They must be licensed and tally a national test to be ascribed to practice. Some OTs go through more training in view that they can focus upon certain types of treatment, behindhand therapy, treating people bearing in mind low vision, or functioning when children or older adults.

    Occupational therapy assistants facilitate once some parts of your treatment. They don’t assess you or make your therapy try. An OT partner needs an associate’s degree. OTs and OTAs often perform considering your doctor, conscious thing therapist, psychologist, or subsidiary health professionals.

    Introduce the topic of occupational therapy and its importance in the health and well-being of individuals.

    Physiology is the study of how the body parts and living organisms work and the physical and chemical factors responsible for the origin, progression, and development of life. Physiology is a foundation for further studies in health science. Occupational therapy is a health profession that helps patients improve; their nervous system functions including motor, social, personal, academic, and vocational pursuits. Occupational therapy is professionally trained in biological, physical, medical, and behavioral science.

    Through physiology, occupational therapists have insight into and can explain the peripheral, the central, and the autonomous nervous system’s functions and structure. By knowing the normal state of the nervous system, occupational therapists can address the dysfunctions and improve their nervous system. Occupational Therapist incorporates the study of the nervous system as it relates to participation in daily life. Therefore, occupational therapists can convert basic physiology concepts to patient care.

    Occupational therapy used the knowledge of the nervous system to treat conditions related to the nervous system such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and cerebral palsy. Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the immune system produces inflammation in the central nervous system which is the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves.

    Essay Part 01;

    The damaged myelin where the protective membrane of nerve fibers is multiple sclerosis in the various central nervous systems. The T and B lymphatic cells and autoantibodies cause myelin damage, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration which make multiple sclerosis a part of the group of autoimmune diseases. The damaged myelin forms scar tissue. Since the myelin is damaged, the nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and spinal cord are distorted and produce many symptoms. An occupational therapist will offer to strengthen and stretch exercises for the upper body to improve coordination.

    Normally, people who have multiple sclerosis have spasticity, especially in lower body parts; because the nerve impulse becomes smaller as going through the nerve. If they do not do stretching exercises regularly, their legs can stiffen. Strengthening exercises improve weakened muscles in moving and walking. Parkinson’s is lacking dopamine because some nerve cells in the brain have died. Parkinson’s is a progressive deterioration in the nervous system and movement becomes slower.

    The main symptoms of Parkinson’s are tremors, slowness of movement, and rigidity which cause them involuntary shaking in their part of the body, walking slowly, taking longer to do their activities of daily life, stiff muscles, pain, and muscle cramps. Due to the message from the brain to every part of the body may not go through properly, it interrupts their activity of daily life such as bladder and bowel problems, eye problems, falls and dizziness, fatigue, freezing, pain, restless legs syndrome, skin and sweating problem, sleep problems, speech and communication problems and swallowing problem.

    Essay Part 02;

    People with Parkinson’s can experience mental health such as anxiety, dementia, depression, hallucination and delusion, and memory problems because they worry about living with the condition or because of possible changes in the brain. There is no way to improve the brain condition, so occupational therapists will help in finding easier ways to do their activities of daily life by recommending some equipment and changes their homes safer. The development of a glial scar after central nervous system injuries is prohibit axon regeneration. The major molecules in glial scar are chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, semaphorins, ephrins, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan.

    If the sulfated glycosaminoglycan, chondroitinase, and proteoglycans are lost, this can promote axon regeneration in the central nervous system. Axons that have high regenerative potential have a large number of ribosomes and other protein synthesis machinery in axons. However, the central nervous system does not transport ribosomes which decreases the capability of nerve cells to regenerate. Besides that, axons in the central nervous system need to have the right integrin and surface integrin to interact with matrix glycoprotein to perform regeneration. However, various inhibitory molecules inactivate the Alpha9 integrin and tenascin which allow them to regenerate.

    Cerebral palsy is a disorder that which caused by brain damage. This disorder can be occurred before or during a child’s birth or the first 3 to 5 years child. There is no cure for this disease, but treatments include physical and occupational therapy, speech therapy, and drugs to control seizures, relax muscle spasms and alleviate pain to overcome developmental disabilities and learn new ways to adapt to this disability.

    Essay Part 03;

    Their condition can be improved by doing surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities. To smoother their activity in daily life, equipment like wheelchairs, walkers, and communication aids also help to improve their lives. There are three types of cerebral palsy which are spastic cerebral palsy, athetoid cerebral palsy, and ataxic cerebral palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy can cause stiffness in the muscle which causes them to have walking difficulties. Athetoid cerebral palsy can lead to involuntary and uncontrolled movement. Ataxic cerebral palsy can cause imbalance and depth perception.

    For them, they have difficulty in doing activities of daily life such as bathing, dressing, feeding, mobility, grooming, and bowel. For children, occupational therapists normally will focus on playing and learning to achieve the goals settled by multiple disciplinary teams. Occupational therapy can address social, psychological, and environmental factors involved with the children. Furthermore, Occupational therapists address working on the fine motor by grasping and releasing toys, playing puzzles, sorting out shapes and numb numbers to exercising their handhandcle for developing handwriting skills.

    Occupational therapy for cerebral palsy can meet their needs by addressing hand-eye coordination to improve play skills; such as hitting a target, batting a ball, bowling, coping from a whiteboard, and others. An occupational therapist helps children with developmental learning delays in the activity of daily life such as bathing, dressing, grooming, feeding, and movement. Normally, these children are more impulsive, and aggressive, have behavior disorders, and have low confidence due to their disorder.

    Essay Part 04;

    Occupational therapists also have to teach them how to vent their stress and manage their anger. Occupational therapists will recommend they write down their feeling about dairy or participate in physical activity like sports. Due to their weak muscle tone, muscle, and motor skills, occupational therapists have to teach them to use specialized equipment such as wheelchairs, splints, and dressing devices.

    Normally, their eating utensils are modified with bigger and heavier handles; than the normal ones in the order, they can feed themselves. Their cups with special handles and plates with higher lips to keep and drink from slipping off. Clients with physical limitations can operate computers with a touch screen and voice recognition to make their work easier. Special computers can help them perform tasks that would normally be impossible for them.

    Essay Part 05;

    As nerve cells do not have centrioles to perform cell division, once the nerve cells are damaged, it is hard to recover. Dealing with a disease or disorder associated with the nervous system; there is no cure or hundred percent to recover back to normal life. However, occupational therapist will try their best in finding an easier way to perform their activity in daily life. Not only do occupational therapists ask them to do some exercises or play; but occupational therapists also have to go to their homes to have an assessment to modify their home to make their life easier.

    Normally, for those who have a disorder or disease, their parents or caregivers may experience some mental health; so occupational therapists have to improve their family members to decrease assistance; other for help with self-care, increase physical mobility, and give consultation to the family member. From the knowledge of the nervous system, occupational therapists know how to treat them to improve; their lives and prevent any accident which can make it worse.

    What is Occupational Therapy Image
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  • Case Study of Volkswagen Scandal Diesel Assignments Essay

    Case Study of Volkswagen Scandal Diesel Assignments Essay

    Volkswagen Scandal Diesel Case Study Solution with Assignments Essay; In the dynamic of the year 2015, the scandal about diesel cheating damaged the image of the Volkswagen Company. The harmful and mortal effects of nitrogen oxide; which is a pollutant found in car exhaust have led the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to tighten emission run at the forefront of the attention paid to conservation and saving the green. The dealing out agreed to pursue quick-term needs forgetting the prospects of the company. Discuss the environmental implications of the scandal.

    Here are the articles to explain, Case Study Solution for Volkswagen Scandal Diesel with Assignments Essay!

    The leadership of the company made an unchangeable gamble bearing in mind the stakeholder’s trust and resources. The Diesel emissions scandal, The cheat was in origin taking into consideration the stringent measures initiated by the EPA. These stringent events are necessary after the nitrogen gas emitted is harmful to human health and results in diseases such as asthma, premature death, bronchitis, and respiratory and cardiovascular. The Volkswagen Company’s reputation existed deeply damaged by the scandal leading to low revenue and supplementary effects including ham it taking place suites. For more reference in the version to Volkswagen as a matter and how they are roomy, let a see at our Volkswagen SWOT Analysis. Conclude with a discussion of the future of Volkswagen.

    Introduction to the Volkswagen Scandal;

    Introduce the Volkswagen scandal and its effects. Over the last few decades, there has been great concern regarding the sustainability and conservation of the environment. Environmental pollution and globalization have become the concern of most environmental protection agencies. The harmful and mortal effects of nitrogen oxide; which stands as a pollutant found in car exhaust have led the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to tighten emission control considering the attention paid to conservation and saving the green. These concerns have made the EPA constantly announce restrictions for standard emissions for all types of vehicles the sports cars, heavy-duty trucks, automobiles, and other types of cars. These stringent measures are necessary considering that nitrogen gas emitted is harmful to human health and results in diseases such as asthma, premature death, bronchitis, and respiratory and cardiovascular.

    The scandal reflects corporate misbehavior on the part of Volkswagen. The automakers manufacturing fuel-efficient diesel cars in the United States faced hardships due to these new stringent emission regulations. Volkswagen is among the automobile makers in the United States market that were new stringent regulations. However, in the year 2015, the EPA announced that Volkswagen was a diesel dupe following its strategy to deceive the emission test. Volkswagen managed to deceive the test by showing less emission in its engines than what the engine emitted in the real sense. Therefore, this essay stands aimed at analyzing the extent to which this issue of diesel dupe has ruined its reputation of Volkswagen.

    Analysis;

    In light of the discovery of the diesel dupe Volkswagen in 2015; the mechanism aimed to alter the detection of nitrogen oxide gas in Volkswagen diesel engines. The test of the emission of nitrogen oxide in the lab was thirty-five times more on the road hence endangering the lives of the people. The leadership of Volkswagen decided to take a shortcut in the production of their internationally recognized brand. This rigging scandal has had a bad reputation for Volkswagen leading to a series of consequences for its direct and indirect stakeholders.

    The impact of the Volkswagen Scandal;

    In the previous year before the rigging scandal, Volkswagen was among the leading automobile producer in the automobile industry just second after Toyota Company. However, Volkswagen’s admission of guilt in the scandal had a series of effects on it and its operations and the company. The scandal severely damaged the company’s reputation in the automobile industry. Building a reputation in the business world takes time but destroying it is often fast; therefore, this has led to the Volkswagen Company bringing in three public relations company companies to help manage the crisis from Germany, Britain, and the United States. The implications of this deceit by Volkswagen leave the company in a bad condition considering; that it has to deal with different regulations since the company is an international brand.

    The Role of the Managers;

    Good leadership has three pillars that support it which are commitment, character, and competencies. Therefore, if any of these three values is not present; then there are bound to be problems for the stakeholders, the manager, and the entire organization. In any organization, corporate social responsibility and sustainability have proven too challenging. This follows as managers exist faced with the challenge of the tradeoff between the long and short-term decisions. This tradeoff often poses decisions between the survival of the business; and its annual compensation, between long-term environmental factors and quarterly profits, and between short-term and long-term goals.

    Business schools must learn a better way to teach students about these tradeoffs and ways of handling them not ignore them. Resilience is key to financial sustainability. Therefore, business is capable of surviving natural disasters or financial crisis. Moreover, the manager’s relationship with the employees, the environment, and the community result in resilience. Therefore, it is important that businesses not work against the institutions that enable their long-term success. However, the antithesis of sustainability is what the Volkswagen Company showed in 2015 through diesel dupe.

    Others role;

    It does not make any sense for the managers of Volkswagen to create; this shortcut and be comfortable thinking it would lead to long-term success. The deception played on the consumers and the regulators compromised the long-term needs and success of the company despite achieving the short-term needs. The decision the managers made regarding the tradeoff between short and long-term existed surely misguided. Volkswagen stands as a company surrounded by competent staff and the managers exist well educated and have vast experience in the industry. Therefore, tabling an argument that there was a shortage of expertise would be wrong and misguided. The strong desire of the managers to succeed at whatever cost is what brought this predicament to the company.

    They did everything with a sense of urgency and approached the challenges faced by the company with passion and vigor. The decisions these managers made, it is a case of failure in leadership. Research has concluded that drive, temperance, courage, humanity, collaboration, humility, integrity, accountability, justice, transcendence, and judgment are all qualities of a good leader and must all work together since using overusing one trait may result in liability. These traits are essential considering they enable a leader to think things through before making a decision. Moreover, the trait of justice helps in knowing the importance of giving back to the society; that ensures the success of the business and not harming them like in the case of Volkswagen.

    Threatening People’s Health;

    In case the scandal regarding the cheat device would not occur; sixty people would have died a premature death in the United States alone by the end of 2016 due to the additional pollution the Volkswagen cars produce. The 428,000 Volkswagen and Audi diesel cars manufactured produced more nitrogen oxide gas forty times more; than the standard allowed by the Clean Air Act in the period between 2008 and 2015. Researchers have concluded that every six years the cars Volkswagen and Audi produce an excess of about 36.7 million kg of nitrogen oxide; which is very bad for the environment and the health of human beings considering diseases like cardiovascular diseases; and other respiratory diseases that exist caused by this emission.

    Moreover, the research also stated that sixty people between the age of 10-20 exist endangered by these emissions. Additionally, the effects of these emissions would result in the United States spending about $450 million on people over six years in the period between 2008 and 2015. There would be 140 premature deaths in the event Volkswagen failed to recall vehicles manufactured from 2015 onwards. Moreover, the Volkswagen diesel cars would cost about $840 million in health costs. Finally, acid rains exist caused as a result of nitrogen oxide production in the atmosphere; which leads to the destruction of property, and natural resources and badly affects the health of humans.

    Drop-in Volkswagen Sale;

    Bad reputation ruins businesses beyond recovery. Just as expected, Volkswagen faced a severe decline in revenue since the Volkswagen scandal of diesel. The scandal resulted in customers switching to its competitors disabling the sales of Volkswagen vehicles. For the first time since the year 2002, Volkswagen sales plunged throughout the world due to a bad reputation. Furthermore, the scandal affected every aspect of the Volkswagen brand considering even the share values slumped. The slump in share value started declining immediately after the scandal stood revealed resulting in a one-third drop. The decline in revenue stood expected considering no one wants to associate with a company facing a scandal and no customers would buy products that cause health problems.

    Recommendations – Lessons learned from the Volkswagen Scandal;

    The culture and structure of an organization are key to its success. The business environment is very different from the practices in the past. Employees are the engines, which move an organization; hence, failure to treat them ethically could result in grave consequences. Increasing the morale of employees is vital to the achievement of tasks and productivity in an ethical manner. There is no hierarchy in value-based practices and employees work in small groups that enhance productivity. Moreover, democracy stands promoted considering the employees report issues and concerns to their superiors resulting in high productivity within the organization.

    From the actions of Volkswagen regarding the scandal of diesel; it is evident that the company resorted to shortcuts due to the stringent measures imposed by the EPA. Therefore, it is the role of the EPA to ensure the automobile industry does adequate research and finds alternative technology; which does not affect the environment; moreover, the EPA body has the mandate to ease its stringent measures.

    Other things;

    The EPA body must ensure it offers adequate support to the automobile makers and introduces a more feasible standard to the automobile makers to avoid companies from taking such actions as Volkswagen. The value-based approach is vital in the management of employees hence it should embrace by organizations. The EPA also must provide programs, which support the endeavors of the automobile makers. Volkswagen Company can regain its reputation back but that will not be easy. The first thing the company must do is do overhaul its leadership and bring in new faces.

    Moreover, there needs to be a fresh start therefore, the person must also be new. After clearing the personnel and the leadership, there should be constant apologies to its customers. Afterward, the company needs to spend more money buying back the cars and fixing the problems to meet the standards of the EPA. The process of recovery will take time fixing the court cases and getting back in the good graces of people. However, spending time and money and ensuring no more mistakes is the only way the company will recover from this hit.

    Conclusion;

    In light of the Volkswagen scandal diesel discovery, it is clear it was an act of pure conmanship. The company decided to make profits at the cost of its customers and the environment. This scandal created a complicated situation for the stakeholders of the company. The actions of Volkswagen’s management were unethical to the business world leaving a bad name for the company. The management decided to pursue short-term needs forgetting the prospects of the company. The scandal left the company in a series of cases including a violation of the Clean Air Act and a series of international laws.

    The leadership of the company made a complete gamble with the stakeholder’s trust and resources. The company had already established itself worldwide hence such a scandal cost it a huge price considering; that it would take a long time for it to get back to its glory days. The leadership of an organization is vital as it plays a significant role within the organization; and, its decisions may make or break the organization, therefore, in this case, Volkswagen’s leadership made a grave mistake.

    Reference; It stands Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/assignments/volkswagen-case-study-2021.php?vref=1

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  • Explain Leadership in Virtual Teams at Management Essay

    Explain Leadership in Virtual Teams at Management Essay

    The idea of Virtual teams Leadership centers its attention on managing the teams, Reducing conflicts, Building trust, and cooperation within the team so that it can perform better and achieve more outcomes. In acquired literature researchers concluded different types of hypotheses which yield the required outcome from the team. Virtual Teams Leadership in Management Essay; The team’s mutual awareness can disrupt by removing the common factors like location, and culture between the team members”. The electronic interactions among team members may misunderstand and it is no surprise that team conflict is a pressing problem in virtual teams”. The studies found many types of leadership skills and approach toward team conflict to increase the trust and motivation between team members.

    Here are the articles to explain, what is Leadership in Virtual Teams at Management Essay?

    Virtual projects often include the collaboration of multiple organizations or employee-client relations through; which leaders lost the ability to influence the workers, and hence use information; and also communication tools to regain their lost influence for achieving better performance from the team. In some situations, teams will see emergent leadership skills; where the active team members will lead the teams according to the situation of the project or proposed work. There are different leadership behaviors proposed by various studies the main leadership skills exhibited by these team leaders will be transformational, transactional, and participative behaviors. Some of the studies proposed the success of the team is not only due to a team’s efforts but is collective individual influences the performance of the team. Also, The challenges of the virtual team settings can be overcome by enhancing the leader’s ability; which can achieve by the change in management principles.

    Leadership in Virtual Teams;

    A virtual team is a group of individuals who exist geographically dispersed, and cross-functional and work on highly interdependent and collaborative tasks. Virtual Team Building Activities; Leading these teams will need special leadership skills and practices, the authors like Rosen, Furst, & Blackburn did intense research and found nearly six types of leadership practices performed by virtual team leaders, which can elaborate mainly on establishing and maintaining trust through the use of communication technology, ensuring distributed diversity, managing working life cycle, monitoring teams progress, enhanced visibility, enabling virtual team members to benefit from collaborated teamwork.

    For me leading virtual teams requires all the leadership and project management skills. The communication through electronically and in person is not the same, because the authors stated that the “Synchronizing efforts of geographically, culturally and the technically diverse team does not happen magically” and they stated that it’s hard to motivate and influence people electronically”.

    Challenges faced by Virtual Teams;

    The virtual teams have different and greater challenges than the traditional workplace environment; Also, The working lines will cross over geographic locations, boundaries, cultures, networks, and alliances. Since the virtual teams are very diverse, they have a very unique set of problems rather than collocated teams. “The virtual teams face the issues of trust, communication, goal alignment, shared purpose, skills, resource availability, and role clarity”. The virtual team has to overcome the following external and internal challenges.

    External factors are outside the control of a virtual team; and the team has to find a way to manage them for example, distance, time, and technology. Internal factors are those that will be within the control of a virtual team; the team can directly influence or interact with these factors like culture, trust, communication, relationship, and leadership. Leadership is the key to any virtual organization setting, the right competencies, attributes, trust and rapport, and management of virtual workers and teams. Elective leadership is the key factor that influences success in a virtual organization.

    The Maintenance of cultural identity, a brand of employment, and employee-manager satisfaction requires consistent and regular communication. Leadership skills are necessary for virtual work. According to O’Neill, Lewis, & Hambley, generally, leadership includes in virtual teams a strong focus on relationships, emotional intelligence, a track record and innovation, a focus on process and outcome, and the ability to give positive and constructive feedback. “In the virtual organizations, the role of leaders tends to shift from one of the controllers to one of coordinator or coach and organizations must promote trust and working relationships”.

    Diversified Leadership Roles in Virtual Teams;

    According to Chen, Yang, & Tsou, diversified leadership roles influences both leadership effectiveness and team trust. Some factors that influence the team’s effectiveness are team trust, propensity, and leadership effectiveness. The researchers also found that trust mediates the relationship between both leader and team effectiveness.

    Synchronous ICT ( Information and Communication Technology) tools can be different in terms of social presence and information richness and text, audio, and video-conferencing systems are classified under these tools. From e-mails, discussion forms, and bulletin boards, to workflow, scheduling, and other project management applications the ICT tools vary in wide ranges. The success of the virtual teams is a clear purpose, goals always should be measurable; an appropriate number of individuals in the team, establishment of guidelines, communication, decision making, and processes.

    The behavioral complexity theory stressed the importance of leaders in improving their team effectiveness through their diversified leadership roles. The roles of leadership categorize into three types they are, interpersonal contact, information processing, and decision making. The type of challenges such as ICT-enabled communications, cross-cultural communications, global logistical design, and technological complexity are more prevalent in virtual teams. “Diversified leadership roles, leadership effectiveness, and propensity to trust all positively influence team trust, in turn; will contribute to two types of indicators of team effectiveness, performance, and satisfaction”.

    Building Trust and Cooperation;

    Project managers are the key people for making their teams successful. When the group stood set virtually they go to face-to-face meetings using communication technology; but, these meetings will affect both cost and time for travel during the project. The researchers doubted in mind whether effective management of information and communication technology offers VT leaders to regain the lost control over influence and performance over their virtual or not. Here the researchers proposed a research model to find out how technology adaption will relate to building trust and cooperation in virtual teams.

    The descriptive findings of the study suggest that it is important to adapt to the new technology frequently; According to Thomas & Bostrom The leaders failed to recognize technology adaptation although they recognized inherent tradeoffs. Information and communication technologies usage failures will have a domino effect on productivity; this means if the leaders fail to influence the team members and lost control over management power the whole team mechanism will lose its balance.

    Other things;

    Hence leaders can affect the team’s outcomes by managing adaptions of their team information and communication technology. “Project managers doing virtual projects must look at the big picture and not micromanage”. The leader of the virtual team should ensure standards stand met; and they should intervene with the team’s activity when there is a problem, like non-compliance with standards.

    They get to know every team member and learn how to motivate them and communicate preferences. It is suggestive that the people are happier when they exist left alone to do; their work and team empowerment stood positively related to process improvement and customer satisfaction and vice versa. The project leaders first should understand clearly the project and the objectives they are working on. After that, they have to determine the essential skills required for the projects to select the subordinates. Trust stands developed through guidance, not by micromanaging.

    Leadership in Self-Managed Virtual Teams;

    In most organizations, virtual teams are typically project-based with a limited time of life span and few deliverables. These teams exist as self-managed and do not have any designated leader to lead those teams. “In this electronic context, might be better viewed as a collective effort distributed among team members characterized by the sharing and rotating of leadership roles”. Although teams typically do not have any leader assigned these teams will have external supervision. Within such teams, we can find diverse qualities of leadership behaviors exhibited by team members. The study was conducted on 22 virtual teams; which had undergraduate students from three universities, these experiments had diffusion threats and time threats to external validity.

    Because the communication exchanges among high-performance teams stand characterized by a high level of directive leadership and the behaviors exhibited among the teammate by leaders were persistent over time. For me, this research gives a better idea that the Article focused more on identifying emergent leadership behavior. It found that leadership behavior stood strongly associated with the performance of these self-managed teams.

    The author suggests that shared monitoring and concentrated producing behaviors were more likely to exhibit by high-performing teams. Subordinates exhibit leadership behaviors early in the team’s life; which are more predictive of success than those exhibited later during the process of emergence. “The two likely bi-products of the shared commitment to high-quality team outcomes are better relational development and greater trust among team members”. To ensure the self-managed teams are more successful both individual and collective leadership behaviors play a major role.

    Model of Conflict, Leadership, and Performance in Virtual Teams;

    Virtual teams are common in large organizations nowadays and more professional employees believe to work or already worked on virtual teams during their careers. These virtual teams stood dispersed geographically and culturally to facilitate the organization; with round-the-clock work and to allow qualified professionals from all over the world. These virtual teams may use for R&D, customer service, etc. Since the virtual teams have great diversity than collocated teams; these virtual teams tend to have more conflict within the team.

    This study mainly concentrates on the model of conflict, Leadership, and the performance of virtual teams with conflict. The leaders are subject to Quinn’s model of leadership and evaluated for their performance concerning conflict solving skills. The data for this study stood collected from the virtual team members employed by a major U.S telecommunication corporation and virtual team members representing five firms in Korea. The firms and their location stood chosen based on the researcher’s contacts.

    More things;

    The test measurements were based on hypotheses of different models like The monitor role and task conflict, Use of technology-mediated communication, leadership role and team conflicts, Coordinator role and process conflict, Mentor role and relational conflict, Facilitator role, and form of conflict and leadership roles and leader effectiveness, leader effectiveness, and team performance. All the teams stand subjected to participate in electronic communications like emails, group discussions, messaging, and video conferences. The team’s leaders will virtually guide the teams to resolve the conflicts between the team members.

    This research stands motivated by an interest in understanding how team leaders can effectively manage conflicts within virtual teams. Factors such as cultural diversity, geographical dispersion, few face-to-face meetings, and increased complexity gave momentum to virtual teams; and it is critical to identify the factors that contribute to virtual teams’ success. The leaders involved a more transformational, directive, and participative behaviors leadership approach had the greater team success. The internal leadership roles will improve in managing the team’s conflict and leadership; with these traits will be a better leader and the team will perform well in a virtual environment.

    Transformational and Transactional Leaders;

    Ruggieri stated that the effects of transactional and transformational leadership on groups in; which people interact virtually stood analyzed and specifically the level of satisfaction and perception of the style adopted existed evaluated. Most leaders who conduct transactional leadership will perceive the relationship as an exchange process between leader and follower. Namely, four principal factors stand categorized under transformational leadership: charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration.

    The results suggest that both transformational and transactional leadership perceived equally positive figures; Transformational leaders are intelligent and sensitive in many aspects of their leadership roles. Some of the leaders exist oriented more towards developing the relations of the subordinates rather; than focusing on the goal of the team, these exist known as charismatic leaders. They concentrate more on the future and development of the workgroup. Since these leaders involve in developing personal relations and exist future-minded; they tend to induce a more positive attitude in subordinates and motivate them toward goal achievement. Apart from being intelligent, these leaders stand stuffed with more creativity and originality.

    On the other hand;

    Some of the leaders stand more tasks oriented rather than focusing on building relations; they exist self-esteemed and authentic about the job definition. There are almost similar negative adjectives coming to these two types of leaders. The Multilevel regression analyses indicated that leaders’ mode of care reasoning was more positively related to follower reports of transformational leadership but not transactional leadership. The transformational approach had many dimensions of the leadership process. Generally, the process involves initiating, developing, and carrying out changes in the organization.

    Transformational leadership includes nourishing and empowering followers. Since transformational leaders tend to show charismatic behaviors, these leaders can become role models to their followers. Transformational leaders encourage others and celebrate their accomplishments. In the end, transformational leadership induces a positive attitude in minds of followers making them feel better overall and increasing their contributions to achieving common goals. Transformational leadership is more efficient than other types of leadership due to its authentic factors like motivation and trust, whereas other types of leadership will have some sort of inconsistency and trouble maintaining the relations with the subordinates.

    The Effects of Leadership Style and Communication Medium;

    The authors explained the process briefly with their outcomes and effects on the subordinates in the teams. Also, Leaders lead the teams virtually by using communication technology as a medium where the subordinates are geographically isolated. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the leadership and sort out the best possible approaches of the leaders to achieve success for the teams; this may include a vast variety of approaches.

    Since all the teams are handled virtually the communication between the team members will be in different kinds like text messaging, emails, video conference, teleconference, discussion, and many more. Also, This study gives a better idea of how the leaders are approaching the team members; and the type of interactions used by them to get the job done. The study stood conducted with 30 graduate and undergraduate students from the department of psychology acting as participants in six experimental conditions.

    The purpose of this study is to evaluate the leaders by conducting experiments in all possible conditions and ensure; that all the leaders are successful with the teams and typically time stands taken to complete the task on an individual basis and as a team. According to my opinion, the success of the team depends on the type of style the leader is using with the teammates and their interaction; since all the communication is virtual there are a lot of constraints taken into consideration like time, schedules, cultural and thought barriers, technical issues, and every aspect will affect the team’s performance.

    Reference; It is Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/the-virtual-team-leadership-management-essay.php?vref=1

    Explain Leadership in Virtual Teams at Management Essay Image
    Explain Leadership in Virtual Teams at Management Essay; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • Accounting Software Meaning Definition Features Classification

    Accounting Software Meaning Definition Features Classification

    Accounting software is a computer software system and its functional modules specially used for accounting and financial management, including a set of programs that direct the computer to perform accounting and management work, stored data, and related materials. For example, the accounting processing module in they not only includes the procedures and basic data (accounting subjects, vouchers, etc.) that instruct the computer to perform accounting processing but also includes relevant technical materials such as software manuals to guide users to conduct accounting. Handling operations. 

    Here is the article to explain, How to define the Accounting Software Meaning Definition Features Classification!

    Accounting software usually has the following main functions: 1. Provide data input directly for accounting and financial management; 2. Generate accounting data such as vouchers, account books, and statements; 3. Convert, output, analyze, and utilize accounting data.

    Features and Characteristics of Accounting Software;

    The features and characteristics of functional modules of the accounting software include the following parts:

    Accounting processing module;

    The accounting processing module mainly uses accounting vouchers as the original data, records, classifies, calculates, processes, and summarizes the economic contents contained in the accounting vouchers according to the accounting subjects and statistical index system, and outputs the general ledger, the detailed ledger, Journals, and other auxiliary books, vouchers, and reports.

    The accounting processing module mainly includes 1. Initial accounting (account establishment); 2. Voucher processing (input, review, summary); 3. Inquiry; 4. Reconciliation;

    The initial accounting is the process of customizing the accounting subject system, accounting voucher format, and account book system according to program requirements and internal management needs. It is equivalent to setting up a new accounting system in a manual state, which is the process of using a computer to create an account. Also, Voucher processing includes voucher input, modification, review, summary, and printing.

    The query is to set the query condition flag, to flexibly and quickly query the accounting vouchers of a certain accounting period, and also the relevant content of the sub-ledger and general ledger. For example: find accounting documents of specific content, find the balance or balance of accounting subjects, etc.

    Other things;

    Part of the reconciliation function exists automatically checked and checked by the program during the design of the accounting software, such as checking the accounts between the general ledger, the subsidiary ledger, and the journal; the other part is provided for the user to check, such as checking with the bank statement. , check with the current account, check with other auxiliary accounts, etc., and can make relevant information such as reconciliation tables.

    The checkout function stands completed by the program. Also, According to the provisions of the national accounting system, the calculation and summarization are carried out according to the classification of the accounting subjects, the loan amount and balance are settled, the current accounting is ended, and the next accounting cycle is started. The checkout also includes the carry-over of accounting information across years and special content that starts a new fiscal year. The printout function is to print accounting vouchers, account books, and other accounting information for users to use and archive.

    Report processing module;

    The report processing module prepares accounting reports according to the accounting data according to the national unified accounting system and provides financial reports to company managers and government departments. Accounting statements can stand divided into individual statements, summary statements, and consolidated statements according to the scope of their compilation.

    The report processing module includes 1. report definition; 2. report calculation; 3. report summary; 4. report query; 5. report output.

    Statement definition is the work done to establish a new reporting system based on accounting software. It mainly includes: defining the report name, describing the format of the blank form, defining the data source of the report item filling content, the report item and the operation relationship, determining the form item auditing and checking and the linking relationship between the report items, checking the formula and the summary scope of the summary report and so on.

    After the report stands defined, the required accounting report can exist calculated or summarized according to the regulations. After verification and verification, the accounting report can be printed, copied, inquired about, and output.

    Fixed assets accounting module;

    The fixed assets accounting module is mainly used for detailed accounting and management of fixed assets.

    The fixed assets accounting module includes; 1. establishing a fixed assets card; 2. establishing a fixed asset account book; 3. inputting changes in fixed assets; 4. withdrawing depreciation of fixed assets; 5. summary calculation; This module is mainly based on the provisions of the financial system to establish a fixed asset card, determine the coefficient and method of depreciation of fixed assets, enter the increase or decrease of fixed assets, and summarize and calculate the original value, accumulated depreciation and net value of fixed assets. Automatically prepare transfer entries according to the pre-design, complete the transfer records, print out the fixed asset sub-ledger and data card, and reflect the value of fixed assets in detail.

    Payroll accounting module; 

    The salary accounting module calculates the salary of the employees and also handles the salary accounting based on the original data of the individual salary of the employees.

    The salary accounting module includes 1. Designing salary items and project calculation formulas; 2. Entering basic salary data of employees; 3. Increase, decrease, change, and modification; 4. Calculation summary; 5. Query; 6. Print output.

    The payroll accounting module, firstly designs the project and project calculation formula of salary, enters the amount that should be paid, deducted, and paid by the employee according to the project, and calculate and distribute the zero and whole money of different denominations according to the user’s requirements.

    This module should have items for self-defining salary, select the classification method, flexibly revise salary items, adjust basic personal information of employees, and define salary calculation formula (such as withholding personal income tax calculation formula) for summary calculation. Automatically make transfer vouchers, fill in entries, make a salary distribution, and calculate salary and welfare fees.

    Other modules;

    Other modules mainly include inventory accounting, cost accounting system, accounts receivable accounting, sales accounting, financial analysis, and so on. According to the characteristics of the industry, there are retail invoicing accounting systems, wholesale invoicing accounting systems, and so on. According to the needs of management, there are labor, capital, and also personnel management system, state-owned asset management system, etc.

    Types or Classification of Accounting Software;

    The types and classification of the accounting software include the following parts:

    According to the scope of the application;

    General accounting software refers to them that is applicable within a certain range. It is further divided into full general and industry general accounting software.

    Fixed-point development of accounting software, also known as special-purpose accounting software; refers to them that is only applicable to the accounting business of individual units.

    According to the hardware structure;

    Single-user refers to the installation of accounting software on one or several computers, each computer runs independently, and also the generated data is only stored in this computer, and data exchange and exchange between computers cannot be performed directly shared.

    Multi-user (network) refers to the installation of accounting software on the host (server of a computer network) of a multi-user system; each terminal (workstation) in the system can run at the same time, and accountants on different terminals (workstation) can share accounting information.

    Accounting Software Meaning Definition Features Classification Image
    Accounting Software Meaning Definition Features Classification; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • Roto Rooter Plumbing Benefits Financing Reviews

    Roto Rooter Plumbing Benefits Financing Reviews

    The Reviews of Roto Rooter Plumbing Financing and what Benefits give to join? Roto-Rooter franchise could be a network of over 600 franchises everywhere on the planet. Roto-Rooter franchise provides favorable opportunities for entrepreneurs geared toward fast success. the corporate offers plumbing repair and sewer-drain cleansing services. Gap Roto-Rooter plumbing and drain cleaning franchise means beginning a business with a well-known name and impeccable name on the market. If you`d wish knowledge to start a Roto-Rooter franchise, review the necessities for a global franchise partner. All investment info, the franchise value, profit details, and royalty fees also are accessible on the website.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define the Roto Rooter Plumbing Financing, Benefits, and Reviews?

    Have you forever had a natural endowment for having the ability to use your hands? does one love the concept of having the ability to assist folks out of a troublesome spot? Then you would possibly simply be the proper candidate for a Roto-Rooter franchise! With one in every of the most effective whole recognitions accessible within the drain cleaning and plumbing business, turning into a franchisee of this organization can give you an instantaneous presence that may translate into an honest business chance.

    Roto-Rooter has been in business since 1935 and offers a national website and fee range that may facilitate anyone getting to your franchise. You’ll be an Associate in a Nursing freelance franchise that doesn’t essentially ought to have plumbing expertise to achieve success. If you’ll invest during this whole and produce quality staff; then you can show this franchising chance into one thing which will diversify your investment portfolio.

    How to open a Roto-Rooter franchise?

    The following guide and details below are;

    Ensure you have adequate capitalization.

    To open the Roto-Rooter plumbing and drain cleaning franchise, you need to have a web price of over $40,000.

    Appreciate the investment needed for a plumbing and drain services franchise.

    You will take into account, the value of apparatus and signs, the prices of licenses and permits, the value of uniforms, the value of insurance, etc.

    Evaluate your previous expertise and strengths.

    You should assess your previous business expertise before applying to become a Roto-Rooter franchise owner.

    Assess market convenience.

    You will need to appear at the market comfort for Roto-Rooter franchises; and, see if there are accessible markets in your area of interest before continuing with the franchising application.

    Submit your application.

    Your application is going to be reviewed by the Roto-Rooter franchise team; you’ll be emailed a confirmation receipt upon reception of your online application, wherever we’ll in addition offer the contact details of the franchise owner.

    Receive approval & gap your Roto-Rooter franchise.

    You will receive franchise approval once your money and background checks are completed. Approval can solely incline candidates World Health Organization to meet all the necessities of franchise house owners.

    What is the Initial needed Investment?

    To get happening your Roto-Rooter franchise, the primary startup fee that you’ll need to require into thought is the franchising fee. It’s a comparatively tiny fee of $15k which will facilitate relinquishing you the employment of the Roto-Rooter name; the remainder of the full investment depends on your workplace location, what percentage of workers you’ll like, and different overhead prices. in step with most estimates; however, the utmost total investment required to start a brand new franchise is $90k. several will get off the bottom for $40k or less.

    The primary issue that investment into this franchise needs is the investment in tools that are required to complete the duty. To liberate plumbing and resolve drain problems, a specialized set of tools is commonly needed to complete the duty. For those that are already plumbers, this very isn’t a lot of difficulties; however, it might be a deal-breaker for those that ar desire to form a basic investment and simply manage the executive finish of the business.

    For that reason, you’ll want to contemplate applying to become an Associate in Nursing freelance contractor rather than a franchisee. You won’t have any of the initial investment prices on the far side no matter what overhead you’ll have and you’ll still get the continued support that franchisees receive to induce the name recognized domestically and appointments set aside. Being Associate in Nursing IC additionally implies that you create the business selections for your larger sensible and have fewer restrictions in situ that has to be followed – excellent for the enterpriser searching for an honest investment chance.

    What quite Support does one Receive?

    Unlike different franchising opportunities, Roto-Rooter believes that you’ve already got the abilities to be within the plumbing business if you’re pondering connecting the team; there to an extent, you’ll receive facilitate in promoting your business rather than receiving coaching in specific operations or tasks; which means you’ll get facilitated within the following areas, whether or not you decide to become an Associate in the Nursing freelance contractor or a franchisee:

    • Advertising help, together with listings within the telephone book that converts into an internet listing through partner websites.
    • Telephone instrumentality and payment facilitate the monthly phone bill.
    • The rights to use the word and jingle that Roto-Rooter has advertised for over seven decades.
    • 24/7 code support.
    • A well-tried business setup.
    • Brand identity things together with automobile decals.
    • Certain items of apparatus, like cameras and water jetters.
    • A regular base of sales that will work to quickly book works for your plumbers.

    The one issue that investors face with the Roto-Rooter franchise is the population necessities for a territory. For the foremost half, contractors and franchisees won’t stand approved unless there’s a minimum population base of 200k within the space. The target population for the franchise is one million, though settlement markets stand approved sometimes; it’s typically in rural areas wherever there’s Associate in the Nursing extended territory and very little plumbing coverage.

    What are the benefits of finance in an exceedingly Master Franchise?

    There are three distinct benefits of selecting a franchise over a written agreement relationship with Roto-Rooter.

    You have unlimited potential.

    Roto-Rooter permits you to grow your business, permitting it to multiply through a model of subfranchising. There are only a few boundaries during this master model and plenty of territories nonetheless to exist lined, thus it might be incredible thanks to growing profits exponentially.

    There is no competition.

    Roto-Rooter doesn’t place the other contractors or franchises into your territory once your business stands developed in step with the selected setup. You receive a 10-year franchise agreement along with your fees which agreement is accessible for a 10-year renewal yet.

    You can check your franchise out.

    Roto-Rooter offers a pilot operation wherever the complete variety of services is obtainable for twelve months rather than ten years. you’ll then undertake your own business throughout this era and specialize in establishing a community identity. If it doesn’t estimate, then you haven’t risked an entire ton. If it will estimate, then you’ll plan to the business model.

    The benefits of this investment are pretty clear-cut. If you’ve already got an independent industry business, you’ll add a level of status to your business that may increase your client base. The name can facilitate to line you except for differents in your space and can provide you with an immediate name that’s primarily good… though many complaints exist often found on review sites concerning other franchisees and contractors.

    As with any industry chance, there’s an Associate in Nursing inherent risk attached to this investment. Perform your due diligence and see what your community desires during this space. check out the model if you like. Become an Associate in Nursing freelance contractor if you want additional management. In the end, if your community might use an honest artisan, then it might use your new Roto-Rooter franchise.

    Roto Rooter Plumbing Benefits Financing Reviews Image
    Roto Rooter Plumbing Benefits Financing Reviews; Image by Elf-Moondance from Pixabay.
  • Object Oriented Database Features Reusability Programming

    Object Oriented Database Features Reusability Programming

    In latest years, pc software Object Oriented Database program is the single and unconvertible most vital generation in the global. Software builders have constantly tried to increase new technologies because of the developing importance of computer software. These traits, a number of them focused on a generation domain i.E. Object-oriented database gadget/programming. Metrics are hard to collect and won’t degree the supposed first-rate measures of software.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define the Features and Reusability of Object Oriented Database Programming?

    As the name shows, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs database refers to languages that use items in programming. Object-oriented programming ambitions to put into effect real-global entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, and many others in programming. The major aim of OOP is to bind together the statistics and the functions that operate on them so that no different part of the code can get entry to this data except that function.

    OOPs, Concepts:

    • Class
    • Objects
    • Data Abstraction
    • Encapsulation
    • Inheritance
    • Polymorphism
    • Dynamic Binding
    • Message Passing

    What does the meaning of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

    The following mission honestly explains the descriptions of the features and characteristics of the features of object-oriented programming. There are twelve concepts of oop which might state under. Object-orientated programming is one of the most modern and maximum effective paradigms. Furthermore, the Object-Oriented database mentions the programming method based on the gadgets, in its vicinity of just strategies and features. These gadgets are deliberate into lessons, which might permit the man or woman gadgets to the group. Modern programming languages containing Java, PHP, and C or C++ exist as object-oriented languages The “object” in an Object-Oriented Programing language discusses an instance or particular type, of magnificence.

    Every object has a structure related to other gadgets within the magnificence, but it can allocate man or woman capabilities. An item also can call a method or feature, specific to that item. Individual characters are can define as objects, in step with the item which permits them to have one-of-a-kind abilities, appearances, and skills. Also, Object-orientated database programming makes it simpler for programmers to design and organize software program packages. The critical features which might be assisting to design the item-oriented programming and layout given underneath:

    • Development over the designed programming paradigm.
    • Importance of data instead of algorithms.
    • Also, the Procedural abstraction perfects through information abstraction.
    • Data and associated techniques are unified, grouping items with no unusual attributes, operations, and semantics.

    Empirical validation is a must to verify the usefulness of a metric in practical applications.

    Software Engineering;

    Software engineering started with a humble beginning and also it has slowly come into a lifestyle. Now, software engineering is an exceptional technique for software program troubles. Most programmers/developers view software engineering as an engineering technique to grow the software program.

    Software Measurement;

    “If you may not measure it’s not Engineering community” – is a not unusual quote by the engineering community. Measurement is the premise for all technology and engineering. Good measurements are necessary for a successful technique. Software dimension remains notably much less than most desirable in phrases of dimension techniques and the volume and also reliability of published information.

    Software measurement plays an important role in finding the quality and reliability of software products. The measurement activities require appropriate tools to calculate relevant metric values. At present large number of metric tools are available for software measurement. Also, The main objective of this article is to find the reusability of interfaces in object-oriented programming.

    MEASUREMENTS AND METRICS;

    Measurement is the technology that allows the software professional to make visible progress in improving the software-related factors. Measurement is not only a performance factor that leads to behavioral changes but is used to improve the factors that are being measured. It is a clear note that measurement is necessary for the software development process to be successful.

    Traditional Metrics;

    Since 1976 traditional metrics have been used in software measures for measuring the software complexity. Nowadays, a large number of software metrics have been proposed to measure effort and quality. Also, Traditional metrics are important to measure non-object-oriented programs. Metrics are used as a controlling method in development and to measure either the process of development or various aspects of the product. Traditional metrics stand used to measure the complexity of the program and the comment percentage of the program.

    Object-Oriented Programming and Metrics;

    Object-oriented database software is a more recent and important quality software than the old-style procedural software/program. With the widespread object-oriented technology, the subject of software engineering has received much attention over the last two decades. Also, Object-oriented design and development are very important and popular concepts in today’s development environment. Object-oriented design and development require a different approach to design, implementation, and software metrics compared to a standard set of metrics.

    Metrics are essential to measuring object-oriented software programming. The development of software metrics for object-oriented technology/programming has received more attention. A large number of metrics have existed developed by researchers and numerous tools are available to help assess design quality and to collect metrics from software programs, designs, quality, maintenance, etc.

    Many object-oriented metrics proposed in the literature survey lack theoretical proof and some have not existed validated. Also, The metrics that evaluate the object-oriented programming concepts are methods, classes, coupling, and cohesion. Very few metrics exist presented for object-oriented interfaces. In this article, a measurement has existed proposed to calculate the reusability of interfaces in object-oriented programming.

    OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACES;

    The concept of an interface is old. Software engineering has been using interfaces for more than 25 years. Nowadays interfaces exist heavily used in all disciplines, especially in object-oriented programming. With interface construct, object-oriented programming features a good concept with high potential code reusability. Interfaces exist used to organize code and provide a solid boundary between the different levels of abstraction.

    It is good to use interfaces in a large type of applications because interfaces make the software/program easier to extend, modify and integrate new features. An interface is a prototype for a class. With the construct of an interface, java allows a concept of high potential for producing reusable code.

    Interfaces in object-oriented programming just contain names and signatures of methods and attributes, but no method implementations. Interfaces exist implemented by classes. The inheritance hierarchy of interfaces is independent of that of the class inheritance tree. Therefore object-oriented languages like java give a higher potential to produce reusable code than abstract classes.

    REUSABILITY;

    Reusability is always an interesting topic with shining promise. Reusable code is an effective combination of two concepts.

    1. Properly defined interface definitions, and.
    2. Efficiently defined class structure and inheritance.

    In this essay, the authors followed the first concept of reusability and measured the metric for interface reusability by giving a new formula. One benefit of defining an interface is that every class that implements an interface must be in line with the interface’s functional requirements. A large amount of code sharing occurs within each implementation class. Based on the class structure designed at the development time the implementation classes exist organized according to their interface group type and inheritance allowed to access common logic.

    Reusability is an important factor for the software community people because it is the ability to reuse several software artifacts in terms of requirements, architecture, plans, cost estimates, designs, source code, data elements, interfaces, screens, user manuals, test plans, and test cases. Software reusability is an experimental one under the impact of new tools and programming languages. The measurement of software/programs and also the software development process is much needed for software professionals attempting to improve their software process. Reusability of software increases productivity and quality and reduces the cost. So in this essay, the reusability stands measured for object-oriented programming interfaces using the new formula.

    BACKGROUND SUPPORT & PROPOSED APPROACH;

    Measurement is not just a software activity. Furthermore, A good measurement process is an effective method for demonstrating new tools and process improvements. An accurate measurement is a prerequisite process for all engineering disciplines and software engineering is not an exceptional one for calculating accurate results. There is no significant work on the design of human-computer interfaces. In literature, relatively little information has been published on metrics. Those metrics would provide limited insight into the quality and usability of the interface.

    So the proposed approach is to derive a formula for calculating the reusability of interfaces accurately. A deeper interface in the hierarchy leads to greater reusability of inherited methods. When the depth of inheritance (DIT) of an interface increases the reusability of an interface also increases. So DIT of an interface has a positive impact on the reusability of an interface. The reusability of interfaces is calculated in the following two ways:

    1. The reusability of interfaces is calculated by using the formula:

    (RI) = Total No. of links to interfaces – No. of interfaces.

    RI – Total Reusability of interface diagram.

    1. The reusability of interfaces in a diagram is calculated by using the formula:-

    Total Reusability of a diagram:

    RI = R (I1) + R (I2) +….R (In);

    R- Reusability and I1…..In are Interfaces

    In each diagram, the reusability of an interface is calculated by using the formula and all interface reusability must be added to find the total reusability of the interface diagram. Furthermore, In both ways i.e. according to formulas 1 and 2 the values are equal. This is shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3.

    EMPIRICAL STUDY;

    To validate the formula empirically three object-oriented diagrams stand used to calculate the values for the reusability of an interface for each diagram. The figure shows an object-oriented design diagram that shapes interfaces. Furthermore, The table shows the values of reusability of each interface and the total reusability of interfaces using the above formula.

    REUSABILITY OF INTERFACES FOR SHAPES

    RI = Total Reusability of a diagram

    L-I = Reusability of an interface

    I=1 since reusability is calculated for each interface. No. of interfaces = 1.

    In the above table, 1 RI is calculated by using the formula 1 and 2.

    VALUES OF INTERFACE REUSABILITY

    CONCLUSION;

    Many simplistic metrics do not capture the importance of whatever it is that it has to measure. Furthermore, many developers and software engineers are experiencing the benefits and uses of reusability in the completion of the project within the time and cost. Many other programmers and developers believe that software reuse will help in reducing costs and also provide other benefits to software development. Object-oriented programming software is more reusable than functionally decomposed software.

    Software reuse increases the production and quality of software and also reduces software development costs and time. Reusability is an attribute of software quality. By measuring reusability we can measure software quality. The authors have proposed a new metric to measure the reusability of interfaces in object-oriented programming. As software is existing developed, it is very good and important to keep an eye on the various parameters. The authors used three UML object-oriented diagrams to validate the formula. Hence, this approach is an eye-opener to measuring the reusability of the interface diagram.

    Object Oriented Database Features Reusability Programming Image
    Object Oriented Database Features Reusability Programming; Image by Innova Labs from Pixabay.
  • Advantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)

    Advantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)

    What are the advantages and disadvantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? IT outsourcing entails attracting a 3rd-party celebration enterprise to perform sure tech-based tasks that would in any other case executed onshore. Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) is the exercise of using external resources by subcontracting a few or all of the statistics era (IT) functions required by using an enterprise. These features can include infrastructure, software development, directing method, upkeep, walking the provider table, and different functions.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define the advantages and disadvantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    What are the advantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? Outsourcing has existed confirmed to enhance IT integration and offer a lot greater blessings. Let’s dive into the advantages of statistics era outsourcing and the services you can outsource from an outside supplier.

    Reduced value;

    The recruitment and training procedure in your IT workforce can be very high-priced. Not to mention, there are overhead charges that you may now not be capable of estimating successfully at the hiring level. Outsourcing lets you focus your human resources wherein you need them and while you need them most.

    The reduced fee is at the pinnacle of the fundamental motives why businesses outsource IT capabilities. It opens doors to low-priced exertions costs, inexpensive infrastructure, and tax blessings replying to your area.

    Access to global expertise;

    There is probably an absence of assets to your united states of America foundation, however, they may be in abundance someplace else. Global IT outsourcing lets companies discover assets and the proper people in exclusive components of the arena. Offshore outsourcing permits you to reach trained specialists that you can’t discover or are too expensive locally.

    Time financial savings;

    When you group up with a reputable outsourcing seller, your in-house personnel don’t have to do the legwork of your IT features—which could soak up an excessive amount of time without work in their unique duties. Your service provider will deal with that for you.

    By liberating your employees of IT duties that aren’t part of their task description, they could use their strength as an alternative to enhance their understanding. If you have got more time to spend on your middle operations, the advantage of outsourcing IT offerings will also grow exponentially.

    Ability to upscale fast;

    IT outsourcing lessons, if no longer gets rid of, the need to spend money on in-house information and on-website infrastructure. Especially for startups and small agencies, this may help awareness of manpower and assets to attain business dreams.

    Uninterrupted workflow;

    Outsourcing your IT builds a tremendous degree of consistency to your enterprise. There’s no need to worry approximately seeking out replacements whilst your builders depart. Your outsourcing companion will assign duties to an outsourced team of specialists with consistent availability. Your enterprise won’t leave out any sale possibilities and also feature smoother operations.

    What are the disadvantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? Disadvantages to IT outsourcing consist of:

    Language limitations;

    Often, IT outsourcing organizations operate in the diffusion of nations. Furthermore, Language limitations could make a working court hard; while a clear clarification of trouble or answer requires, each worker and vendor are laid low with unclear conversation.

    Time region differences;

    Different time zones add every other barrier to communique and coordination; however, they may additionally affect how speedy the IT outsourcing companion can reply to outages or capability cyberattacks if group participants aren’t constantly available to mitigate threats.

    Decreased great;

    Unless an enterprise invests quite a little time in screening capability IT outsourcing companies, IT service nice may work down. Not all outsourcing events offer wonderful services and also being trapped in a cycle of purchasing insufficient work wastes money and time.

    Compliance threats;

    A business’s compliance stance depends on its third events as properly; every single supplier it works with could make a commercial enterprise non-compliant if it breaks any part of the GDPR or different regulations.

    Security;

    Exposing any internal structures or information to 0.33 parties poses a danger. If any of their networks or devices exist misconfigured or unsecured, the enterprise working with them endanger as well.

    To lower the possibilities of finding their commercial enterprise in a terrible outsourcing situation, establishments should cautiously vet capacity IT companies, inclusive of getting to know their history with other customers and giving them 1/3-party celebration hazard and compliance tests.

    Benefits from Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO);

    Offshore outsourcing holds greater blessings than dangers with:

    • IT outsourcing to India helps to leverage immensely clever, professional, and dedicated assets at decreased labor.
    • Also, Opportunity to amplify carrier stages beyond every day.
    • 24/7 Productivity has given rise to the “worldwide shipping device” where improvement, especially, might be accomplished across the clock or “overnight” in a collaborative model.
    • Furthermore, the Choice of accepted providers indicates that nice practices are applied which should bring about accelerated greatly of service.
    • Best-of-breed technology followed by using high-quality practices has to decrease the latency on time-to-market.

    The futures of Information Technology (IT) Outsourcing;

    • With the right crew of experts, IT systems innovate how individuals and groups operate.
    • Software applications have become greater correct and also updated to help guide groups to deliver terrific customer service. Database and content control systems improve the security of client facts.
    • It has been very obtrusive that for many years, the development of technology has equipped all industries. Although they provide an insurmountable amount of assistance in handing over purchaser answers, this technology can be a first-rate fee.
    • But with the help of facts technology outsourcing, agencies can effortlessly attain opportunities for better staffing, faster upscaling, and smarter pricing.
    • Also, In a swiftly evolving market, the future of data era outsourcing can most effectively get higher.
    What are the advantages and disadvantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) Image
    What are the advantages and disadvantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) will continue to have a major impact on all organizations and could over time more and more grow to be a crucial part of the organization’s strategy. Various elements within the metamorphosis of ITO might exist blanketed however now not always special.

    Here is the article to explains, How to define Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    ITO has to grow to be an international phenomenon. Globalization with a few distinct drivers in technology evolution has reshaped the marketplace and given an upward thrust to the arrival of the digital age. A sustainable competitive enterprise method will want to embody this opportunity and will want to are seeking enablers to exploit it. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? IT, by the internet and broadband communications, particularly, allows an organization to fulfill this need. Further lower prices of communication, the boom in broadband capability, and web collaborations boost the technique.

    What does the meaning of Information technology (IT) outsourcing?

    Information technology (IT) outsourcing is an organizational approach of hiring 1/3-party service vendors to address the IT-associated methods of your organization. Its features encompass software improvement, infrastructure answers, technical customer support guides, and facts analytics. Most companies outsource these obligations to lessen fees, access to higher skills and simplify upscaling. IT outsourcing is the usage of external carrier vendors to successfully supply IT-enabled enterprise strategies, utility offerings, and infrastructure answers for business outcomes.

    Outsourcing, which also includes software services, software programs as a service, and cloud-enabled outsourcing, allows clients to develop the proper sourcing techniques and vision, pick out the right IT service carriers, shape the first-class possible contracts, and govern deals for sustainable win-win relationships with outside companies. Outsourcing can enable firms to lessen costs, accelerate time to market, and take benefit of outside know-how, assets, and/or intellectual property.

    Definitions of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO);

    Outsourcing has variously existed defined by scholars in the Information Systems (IS) literature as follows:

    1. “The significant contribution of external suppliers in the physical and/or human resources associated with the entire or specific component of the IT infrastructure in the user organization”.
    2. “Outsourcing occurs when third-party vendors are responsible for managing the Information Technology components on behalf of their clients. IT Outsourcing means handing over the management of some or all of an organization’s information technology (IT), systems (IS), and related services to a third party”.
    3. “…business practice in which a company contracts all or part of its information systems operations to one or more outside information service suppliers”
    4. “Outsourcing is the handover of an activity to an external supplier. It is an alternative to internal production”
    5. “IS sourcing” is the organizational arrangement instituted for obtaining IS services and the management of resources and activities required for producing these services.

    Therefore outsourcing involves the transfer of the responsibility for carrying out an activity (previously carried on internally) to an external service provider against agreed service levels at an agreed charge.

    Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) History;

    ITO has received great attention from scholars and researchers since the mid-1990. But, it’s been around for a while as per the examples below:

    • 1963 – Electronic Data Systems (EDS under Ross Perot) signs an agreement with Blue Cross for the handling of its data processing services.
    • In the mid-1980s – EDS signed contracts with Continental Airlines, First City Bank, and Enron.
    • 1989 – Kodak outsources its IS function to IBM, DEC & Businessland (“Kodak Effect”) being the most notable example.
    • More recent developments (Kern and Willcocks 2000, Ross and Westerman 2004, Kishore 2003, Kaiser 2004, Lander 2004, IBM 2004, Smith and McKeen 2004), suggest motivation is more strategic to improve the business’ competitive advantage.
    • It’s clear that ITO is not quite a new phenomenon but is increasingly more prominent in this era where it is prevalent in almost every facet of the business. The industry evolved from a monolithic mainframe to pervasive computing.
    • A survey of the London Stock Exchange FTSE Index over three years found a generally positive relationship between high levels of outsourcing and enhanced stock market performance.
    Reasons for outsourcing;

    Organizations adopt ITO for various reasons. The ever-dynamic evolution within the IT sector grants great opportunities to businesses. The following reasons were invariably most common as per numerous surveys done and researched globally:

    Cost reduction;

    This has been the foremost reason to outsource as senior executives only view the IT function as a non-core activity and a necessary cost to minimize. Economic pressures are also external factors that lead to the advent of ITO. Lacity and Willcocks explain that cost savings are no longer a major reason for outsourcing.

    Focus on core competency;

    Business deems IT as a cost center and excludes it from their core strategy. With increased shareholder demands organizations feel they need to refocus on broader business issues other than technology. Organizations place more focus on their “core competency” business.

    Access to specialist expertise and technology;

    Highly skilled labor comes at a cost and also technology is also not readily available. ITO is not only for cost savings but as a tool for utilizing state-of-the-art expertise and technology through their service providers.

    However, of late, companies with strong IT capabilities, such as IBM, Microsoft, and SUN, are also outsourcing some of their IT functions to concentrate on their core responsibilities and reduce costs to economies of scale.

    Decision Making;

    In the past, organizations used frameworks and models as guidelines for assessing their current state and determining future strategic actions. More organizations are considering ITO as part of their strategic thinking. Organizations use ITO as a method to reduce costs and achieve efficiency and flexibility. But, many don’t realize the benefits due to bad decision-making.

    ITO decision-making is a process and requires scrutiny before the existing finalize. ITO decision-making process addresses a wide range of issues, such as economic (eg., financial feasibility), technological, and political. This process starts with an in-house assessment of the IT capabilities which should highlight management activities that can potentially outsource.

    SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threats) analysis could use to substantiate the need to whether ITO can use to negate those threats and weaknesses or whether it is necessary to explore ITO. The facts gathered should include a baseline and evaluation of the current environment. Which should exist made available for executive management approval.

    Knowledge within the strategic decision at this higher level can thus be descriptive (know-what), procedural (know-how), or reasoning (know-why). Case studies within surveys conducted by M.C.Lacity, L.P.Willcocks, and D.F.Feeny published in the Sloan Management Review summarize the ITO process. The abovementioned reasons were most common in their samples.

    Scope of sourcing;

    Sourcing exists often referred to in IT literature as outsourcing. The research delineates four categories of sourcing:

    • Total outsourcing is where all IT activities including assets and management become the responsibility of a third-party vendor.
    • Total insourcing refers to the in-house management of IT activities where external or internal staff stands used with the buying in of the vendor resources to meet a temporary need. Vendor resources exist only used to supplement the internally managed teams.
    • Selective sourcing locates selected IT activities to vendors. While the customer remained responsible for delivering the result and will exist held accountable.
    • De facto insourcing uses internal IT departments to provide products and services that arise from historical precedent. Rather than from a reasoned evaluation of the IT service market.
    Considerations of sourcing;

    A critical review of the above categories found that the all-or-nothing approach ( total outsourcing) characterized by long-term (5 years or more) deals can lead to trouble after a few years as exemplified in the case studies due to:

    • Senior Management approach ITO like any other make-or-buy decision. Where ubiquitous IT applications across business functions complicate matters.
    • Lost alignment between business and IT strategies.
    • Failed promises to access new technologies.
    • Processing power cost depreciates at an average of 20 percent annually due to the IT capabilities evolvement.
    • And contractual costs soared greater than market prices.
    • Termination of such contracts was found to be prohibitively expensive.
    • The research found that those who approach ITO in all-or-nothing terms either incur great risks or forego the potential benefits of selective sourcing.
    Categories Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO);

    Reasons for ITO can be categorized as two-dimensional and based on:

    • Purchasing style refers to contracts to either be once-off or an expectation of business for many years.
    • Purchasing focus refers to companies buying resources from vendors. Such as hardware, etc, and managing the delivery of IT themselves or vendors manage the IT activity and the organization expects the specified results.
    • The result is four distinct categories will be representative of whether ITO is required as the figures represent. The figure also represents a decision matrix for business and a guide for an effective strategy.
    • A decision in selecting what can be outsourced usually distinguishes between the contribution that IT makes to the business operations and its impact on competitive advantage.
    • ITO was primarily domestic but has now evolved due to globalization and can also be categorized now by the variance of service provider distance. The same reasons apply globally to ITO.
    • On-shoring refers to the outsourcing vendor located in the same country as the customer.
    • Near-shoring refers to the outsourcing vendor located geographically close but not in the same country.
    • Off-shoring refers to the outsourcing vendor located offshore and possibly on a different continent and time zone.

    How to Managing Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)?

    Once the scope and type have been identified. The vendor selection process will exist initiated by soliciting via Request for Proposal (RFP). Not all service providers are equal as all offer different types of services:

    • IS consultancies/solutions providers – services in all IS functions
    • Systems houses – system integration
    • Hardware vendors – hardware platform
    • Ex-IS departments – industry-specific sourcing
    • Development houses – develop software
    • Generic outsourcers – manage functions, especially infrastructure
    What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) Image
    What is the Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)? Image by fancycrave1 from Pixabay.
  • Enterprise Wide System Computing Background Significances

    Enterprise Wide System Computing Background Significances

    Background and Significances of Enterprise Wide System Computing; Current breakthroughs in information technology have enabled the worldwide usage of distributed computing systems, leading to decentralize management of information. This has been supported by and has become inflamed great competition in business through faster and more precise data storage and retrieval and information processing. Several organizations have accomplished high efficiency, comprising ease of use and lesser costs in operations by adopting a client/server computing structure.

    Here is the article to explain, How to define Enterprise Wide System Computing with Background and Significances!

    Furthermore, system integration and interoperability issues are being intensified as institutions and organizations are moving from mainframe-based processes toward an open, distributed computing environment, and this situation is pressing corporations into an accelerated construction of extensive distributed systems for operational use. Technological transformations are at this point are happening and accelerating very fast that it may increase the computational power just same as the creation of desktop and personal computers did. Soon a lot of demanding computer applications will no longer be executed mainly on supercomputers and singular workstations relying on local data sources.

    Alternatively enterprise-wide systems, and eventually nationwide systems will be used that include workstations, vector supercomputers, and parallel supercomputers linked by a local and wide-area network. With this technology, users will be displayed with the illusion of a singular and highly powerful computer, rather than a collection of moderate machines. The system will program the application components on processors, administer data transfer, and it provides communication and synchronization to dramatically enhance application performance.

    Barriers;

    Furthermore, barriers between computers will exist concealed; similarly accompanied by the location of data as well as the drawback of processors. To demonstrate the theory of an enterprise-wide system, first think about the workstation or personal computer on a table. It can run the applications by a ratio that is generally a function of its expense; manipulate local data kept on a local disk, and perform printouts on local printers. Sharing of resources among other users is minimal and also hard. If the workstation stands joined to a local area network, not only the resources of the workstation are available; but so with the network file and printer stands made available to users and shared. This enables expensive equipment such as hard disks and printers to share and permits data to share between users on the Local area network.

    With these types of system structures, processing resources can divide and share in a method by remote login to another machine. To understand an enterprise-wide system, a lot of systems under a bigger organization; such as a company, or academic institution connected; so they will become additionally powerful resources such as parallel machines and vector supercomputers. Still, connection solely does not construct an enterprise-wide system. To transform a collection of devices with machines into an enterprise-wide system requires software that can perform sharing resources; such as processor cycles and databases similarly as easy as sharing files and printers on a Local area network.

    Background Of Enterprise Wide system Computing;

    The enterprise-wide computing environment is distinct from conventional host-centric information technology environments that support traditional types of information systems. In a host-centric computer surrounding and environment; for example, a mainframe, each information system, and the application deal with its corresponding technical responsibilities independent of the other groups. The group’s productions stand worked together. However, there is an intense level of independence as well as separation among the groups. In the host-centric environment, the operating system along with application software work by processing system resource applications between the software layers in a hierarchical method.

    This allows the application’s group to construct programs and transport the source program to the production environment for collection; while not corrupting different application software products. In the situation of an interruption, the program stands backed out of the production surroundings; and the clients carry on their regular roles using an earlier version of the program. Application computer programmers exist in a somewhat isolated world and system management is not an interest. This is a usual support approach for an organization that used this traditional system and software approach. Host-centric computing environments developed for the time when hierarchical organizations were the pattern. As an outcome, the information technology fields of this period existed hierarchically structured.

    Backgrounds 01;

    Furthermore, at that time information technology existed designed, and deployed to support hierarchical organizational structures. Meanwhile, in the enterprise-wide computing environment, enterprise-wide client/server information systems existed developed to fit different organizational structures; for example, flat and matrix, which differs from the traditional where it only fixed with the hierarchical organization structure. Client/server application provides the versatility and diversity required to support these various organizational structures. Client/server technologies allow software systems to converse with each other through a network.

    The systems connect clients and servers through a network that supports distributed computing, diagnosis, and presentation, given a common approach for distributing computer authorization within organizations. A client is a program that attaches to a system to request resources, and a server is a program that runs on a device listening on a designated part of the network wait for different programs to connect to it. Client/server information systems can operate separately in standalone networks or moreover, regularly as a portion of an enterprise-wide network.

    Backgrounds 02;

    In this scenario, a client/server computing structure provides for the network connection of any computer or server to any other computer; allowing desktops to connect to a network and access various servers or other system resources easily. In comparison, host-centric traditional information systems run in a standalone environment. Client/server technology divided the information system into three layers. The first layer, the presentation layer, is the portion of the information systems that the customer views.

    For example, a website downloaded from www.dell.com presents text, pictures, video, etc. By this level, the customer inserts buying information into the dell server. The second layer is the operation layer where the algorithms execute and also the general data manipulation takes place. At the dell server, the customer’s data exists processed. For example, credit card confirmation and a total exist decided derived from the number of items bought. In the third layer, the data layer, information exists kept and fetched from the dell databases. The three layers exist in host-centric traditional information, however, execute on a particular computer.

    The Significances Of Enterprise Wide system Computing;

    The arrangement of business strategies for an organization’s information technology is a repetitive subject in an information system scope and has appeared obviously in the latest surveys of critical concerns for information system management. Present-day corporate downsizing patterns have had the effect of flattening organization structures. Conversion of information systems has gone along with this organizational flattening.

    Various architectures have advanced during the transition from the monolithic centralized systems of the previous to the decentralized, distributed, client/server, and network-based computing architectures of the present day. Despite their diversities, many of these architectures share an important attribute allocation of processing jobs or data through various computing platforms. On simple occasions, this might require saving data or applications on a local area network server and retrieving it using a personal computer.

    Further complicated situations, is when encountering partitioning of databases and application programs, data migration, multiphase database updates, and many more. The common thread in these scenarios is the use of enterprise-wide computing to accomplish a single task. The speedy enterprise-wide computing growth during the 1990s has transformed the information system roles; and its management in many institutions as well as organizations.

    Significances 01;

    The attributes of this transformation frequently comprise a downsizing of systems apart from mainframe environments to smaller platforms, paired with network-based access to information management. In different situations, it has been an increase in the dimension and sophistication of end-user-developed systems; or the upscaling of departmental or local area network-based computing, alongside local area networks; that have become the repositories for mission-critical corporate information.

    Computing difficulties that once stood allocated to mainframe computers exist now regularly allocated to desktop computing platforms. Cost performance ratios keep on improving dramatically over reasonably short periods. The arrival of the Internet and the Web offer exceptional chances as well as demanding management problems. In the middle of an expanding set of technology alternatives, information system managers must; however, encounter basic inquiries about the character of underlying technology infrastructures; and the application of rapidly changing technologies to business decision making.

    The term “enterprise-wide computing architecture” stands being used to define the set of computing platforms in addition to the data networking facilities to support an organization’s information needs. Once upon a time fairly well-balanced in nature, architectures are at this point subject to frequent alteration as organizations attempt to achieve the best fit technology to their organizations. Given the expanding set of technological alternatives; this has got turn out to be no longer an easy task to achieve. It has become an important concern for information system managers since dependence on information technology increased.

    Significances 02;

    Regardless of this issue, efficient strategies for specifying an enterprise-wide computing architecture are however lacking. Architectures are the appearance of an organization’s overall information system approach. Technological integration is growing viewed as a way to support the overall strategic goals of a business. Appropriate architectures of enterprise-wide computing enable organizations to meet current information needs; and, to successfully adopt brand new information processing paradigms in a cost-effective method.

    The advantages of coordinated architectures comprise minimization of unacceptable redundancy of system components, appropriate measurement of information processing roles to platforms, significant allocation of computing resources to organization locations; as well as the capability to share information resources among organizational bodies at a manageable expense. The idea behind enterprise-wide computing includes the capability to centrally control; and, manage numerous software distributions across a huge number of clients’ workstations.

    Administering over one hundred applications across more than one thousand desktops in the enterprise-wide environment can turn out to be an ominous assignment and a nightmare. But, finding and making use of the proper tools for this task can be the single most important goal to obtain. While IT organizations resume growing, so does the need for simplified management tools that can contribute to greater functionality. When the total of workstations and software applications exist taken care of in the desktop environments and carry on to grow from day to day; the organization must sequentially analyze the tools with which these environments administer.

    Enterprise Wide System Computing Background Significances Image
    Enterprise Wide System Computing Background Significances; Image by Goumbik from Pixabay.
  • What does means Hacking and its Effect on Society?

    What does means Hacking and its Effect on Society?

    Hacking is just like cancer that has very risky effects on society. Today in this modern world, where measures have been taken to improve the security level in the distributed systems hackers have found a way to crack into systems and take away information. In this paper, I will explain to you a few aspects of hacking that have caused its existence and a few techniques through which we can minimize this.

    What are the different issues and motivations that arise in a person opts for hacking? Is money, thrill or something to break the rules inspires the hacker to indulge in such acts are discussed in this paper. This paper also gives you the insight to consider how important the network security plays in avoid hackers to steal away very confidential information. Measures are to be taken to remove these possibilities.

    In recent years we have seen a drastic change in the field of IT, where electronic commerce, email, online shopping, online banking, information bank of numerous data, and software development has improved leaps and bounds. As the technology has increased to new heights the hackers have found a way to get easy money. They find ways to get into government confidential files, and personal banking details, steal away their money from the banks, and implant a Trojan or virus into different computers to make them vulnerable to work. In this paper, I have thrown some light on hackers’ skills, their perspectives, and their targets.

    Introduction;

    Hacking according to the oxford dictionary means to “gain unauthorized access (to data in a computer)”. Banks defines hacking as “something that boring mainframe computer operators did to improve performance and battle boredom.”. Here a bank focuses on boredom as the reason for hacking. Darlington believes hacking is not limited to accessing data or information but also includes an attack on the privacy of all people. Almost all different opinions agree on the illegality of hacking.

    On the other hand, the word hacker is the agent of hack or hacking and it was defined as a person who enjoys accessing files whether for fun, imposing power, or the interest related to the accessed files or data according to Taylor. While Marotta has a negative view of the hacker as a data lord, a barbarian who takes what he wants. Himanen defines a hacker as any person who performs illegal actions whether they were related to a computer or not which means the usage of a device apart from its functionality. Seems hacking according to Himanen is related to any illegal or unauthorized activity.

    Clear from the definitions mentioned above that there is a controversy that encounters the judgment and definition of hacking, controversy aroused because it’s hard to decide exactly what the aim is behind hacking or how to know the mentality of the hacker. That’s why the ethics and motivation of hackers should be paid attention to and discussed then understanding the hacker will be much easier.

    Who is the hacker?

    According to Taylor, Hacker can be anyone who knows things; he can be a graduate or a computer professional working at a multinational company. He can be one amongst us. A is part of the society, a computer professional who wants to use technology for his benefit. Hackers are experts and professional people who first enjoy the technology and through research and development, they gain more interest you never know when this curiosity about technology changes into crime. People must realize that the technology is good lest it is used for the country’s benefit, but it has an adverse effect when things turn upside down, that the hackers learn this technique to gain profits for themselves through illegal ways. Levy described hackers regarding their history; she divided the life history of hackers into three generations: the first generation of hacking was made of experts in computer programming who never stopped improving their skills then misuse them, the second generation was made of computer hardware developers who found hacking and accessing data and information for free as an appealing idea while the third generation included developers of games architecture. And I think the fourth generation of developers are those who know about computers and have just enough knowledge about computer programming.

    Pipkin’s classification of hackers depends on the functionality, in other words, the classification depends on the way the hacker interacts with what is being hacked. Hackers were classified into three different types; the first type is called In-house hacker. An in-house hacker who works inside the company knows the system security and has access to all the features. His motivation for hacking might be because he wasn’t recognized as a potential candidate for promotion or because he was betrayed by his colleagues. The second type of hacker is a super hacker who doesn’t interact with the system, but remotely monitors all the movements of the data transactions that are going on, and depending on the situation and the amount of money that is being transferred he then changes that transaction into his account. And finally, comes the professional hacker, he is very strong and capable of getting any type of data from anywhere, he can manipulate things and change them to his benefit, programming Trojans and software that gets installed on the system through the hidden window and then sits on the system.

    Motivations after Hacking;

    Hacker’s psychology and the fuel that encourages him/her to perform such illegal activities, also because hackers view about what they are doing is far different from our views as victims Furnell Pipkin, in his paper Halting the hacker, says “the challenging part of the hacker’s personality as the biggest motivation; this means that the hacker feels the joy and excitement when hacking systems that are provided with the almost perfect security tools”. One of the main reasons for hacking is excitement where hackers find adrenalin rush to break the law, to find easy access to earn money by hacking crucial information of the customers by creating unreal shopping websites and obtaining payment details, credit card details.

    Furnell judged hackers “depending on the harm they cause whatever was their motivation because hacking is a disease and should be removed so that the effect of hacker attacks will be minimized”. The motivations behind hacking are an issue that is discussed heavily due to the importance of understanding the

    An ethical hacker attempts to duplicate the intent and actions of malicious hackers without causing harm. Ethical hackers conduct penetration tests to determine what an attacker can find out about an information system, whether a hacker can gain and maintain access to the system, and whether the hacker’s tracks can be successfully covered without being detected. The ethical hacker operates with the permission and knowledge of the organization they are trying to defend and tries to find weaknesses in the information system that can be exploited.

    In some cases, to test the effectiveness of their information system security team, an organization will not inform their team of the ethical hacker’s activities. This situation is referred to as operating in a double-blind environment. To operate effectively, the ethical hacker must be informed of the assets that should be protected, potential threat sources, and the extent to which the organization will support the ethical hacker’s efforts.

    Hacker and Ethical Hacker Characteristics and Operation;

    Hackers can be categorized into the three general classes black hats, gray hats, and white hats. A black hat hacker or cracker has the necessary computing expertise to carry out harmful attacks on information systems. A gray hat is a hacker with a split personality. At times, this individual will not break the law and might help to defend a network. At other times, the gray hat hacker reverts to black hat activities. The white hat individual usually has exceptional computer skills and uses his or her abilities to increase the security posture of information systems and defend them from malicious attacks. This individual might be an information security consultant or security analyst.

    Entities that perform ethical hacking functions for organizations usually fall into one of three categories: white hats, former black hats, and independent consulting organizations. The white hat ethical hacker has the appropriate computer skills and understanding of the black hat hacker mentality and methods. This person might be an independent consultant hired to perform ethical hacking activities. The former black hat hacker is, we might hope, reformed and brings actual black hat experience to his or her work. There is a concern about this individual in that you can never be certain that he or she will not revert to their former malicious activities. The third category of an ethical hacker is taken by consulting companies that perform a variety of services for organizations including accounting, auditing, and information system security.

    Related Types of Computer Crime and attack;

    Different kind of hacking attacks is considered computer crimes. The following is the list of crimes that are committed frequently:

    Password Hacking; Hackers find a way to illegally hack into the passwords of users of the federal bureaus, and banks to gain benefits from them.

    Network intrusions; Malicious Trojan, worms, and viruses to gain access to the information systems.

    Cheat; Illegal use of people’s identities such as credit card details.

    Software piracy; Illegal copying and use of the software.

    Viruses; Viruses, Trojan horses, and worms cause the computers to become more vulnerable and susceptible to hardware damage.

    IP address spoofing; Disguising the IP address and using that to gain illegal access to countries’ most confidential files.

    Money Laundering; Illegally acquiring funds through the manipulation and falsification of financial statements and illegal transactions.

    Data-modification; The modifying all the data.

    Smuggling of files; Gain illegal access to confidential files including bodies like military/government networks, communication systems, power grids, and the financial community

    Pipkin lists several hacking attacks that are most commonly used in braking systems and cause disruption and damage to services. These attacks can be summarized as follows:

    Software piracy is a criminal offense. Many hackers have indulged in making copies of software and selling them to gain profits on their own. The companies who develop this software will have to bear all the losses only because of someone who is illegally misusing the software. Stealing confidential files through illegal access to the company’s most confidential files. Hackers have many such motives, a few of them like denial of services to the user and making hardware conflict, making unwanted popup, causing trouble, terrorism.

    Taylor listed the main characteristics of hacking attacks in three points:

    Simplicity: means that the attack should be simple in appearance but the effects are impressive and the results will be as pleasing to the hacker as what he planned. It means that do your job smartly and easily.

    Mastery: the methods used in hacking contain sophisticated knowledge which is difficult for anyone to understand. The reason behind mastery is to make sure that the hacker is the only one who can solve the problem being caused.

    Illicitness: means that the act is against all rules and laws.

    Conclusion;

    Earlier hackers were considered to be genius because they helped in many ways in the development of computers and internet technology as such, but in this modern world where the personal benefit has played major importance in one’s life, people are often attracted to things they can do and gain through illegal entry into people privacy and using for their benefits.

    Different motivations and opinions have been discussed in this paper, but if we consider them as a person they are a live example of genius because of their abilities to do the unbelievable and unachievable by getting more involved in the programming and understanding the loopholes in the security systems. I think because of these, scientists and researchers have spent lots of technology to improve the security of the system and make them more secure so that no illegal access can be gained.

    In my view understanding the different perspectives of a hacker, we can develop a much more secure and much more sophisticated environment and provide a safer world for transactions and online shopping. The bad things of them should be taken into good only to benefit our country and its progress.

    What does means Hacking and its Effect on Society Image
    What does means Hacking and its Effect on Society? Image by TheDigitalWay from Pixabay.