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  • How to Impact Entrepreneurs on the Economy?

    How to Impact Entrepreneurs on the Economy?

    Impact Entrepreneurs; As economies continue to integrate due to globalization and formally closed economies like India and China, march in the direction of total liberalization, entrepreneurship is on the boom. A near analysis of evolved and industrialized economies indicates a not unusual denominator that sticks out among all of them.

    Here are the articles to explain, Impact Entrepreneurs on the Economy!

    The Entrepreneurship Impact on the Economy; This is the most critical role played by way of entrepreneurship and marketers in such economies. This phenomenon has proved to us that; if an economy is to develop absolutely, entrepreneurship needs to be allowed to flourish. Consequently, it is the goal of this paper to seriously analyze the impact of marketers on any given financial system. In this paper, the author will identify and talk about the numerous blessings afforded to an economy; through entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship and the hazards of the identical and conclude the general impact of the marketers.

    Innovation;

    People often resort to entrepreneurship for one of the following motives; they find a marketplace niche and feature the answer to make the most of such niche; they were unable to locate appropriate employment or a suitable method of profits; and, therefore have resorted to the use of their creativity to generate an income for themselves; or, they have the technological expertise and the financial sources (or capable of supplying all the above) necessary to generate income via gratifying a need inside the market. No matter which of the above led a man or woman to become an entrepreneur; it is clear that innovation and creativity is the driving factor, and therefore; it can state that the biggest effect of marketers on a financial system is the revolutionary contribution that they make.

    Activity advent;

    As stated in the previous segment, one of the major reasons that people tend to come to be marketers is the fact they are not able to locate appropriate jobs. As a result, with the aid of being enterprising, innovative, and locating a marketplace niche, now not only are they able to generate an income for themselves but additionally to employ other people in their commercial enterprise operations. Consequently, one of the most high-quality effects that marketers make on the financial system is job advent and the discount of unemployment degrees. In evolved nations, we see that nearly 40 – 50% of the staff stands employed in small and medium-scale business organizations that have stood started up by very enterprising individuals.

    Likewise in international locations like India; we see that hundreds of thousands of women have been in a position to pull; their families out of poverty through self-employment and entrepreneurship; which has been made viable with the aid of exclusive non-governmental businesses; and due to the provision of such sources through microfinance, and so forth. Africa is some other right instance of small-scale entrepreneurs helping to lessen poverty and supporting many to avoid destitution. Therefore, primarily based on everything that has stood said; above it is obvious that entrepreneurs can cause a high-quality diploma of effect on an economic system; through task advent and earnings technology.

    Accelerated opposition;

    The other high-quality impact of entrepreneurship on an economy is the increasing degree of competition; as new entrepreneurs join the fray in existing domestic markets. While one may additionally assignment to mention that this could only result in market saturation; the upside of such a phenomenon is that it reasons all the players in the market to reexamine; their operational skills, boom cost addition, lower prices, and emerge as greater green. For that reason, it can stand said that competition reduces the probability of monopolies and oligopolies; within the marketplace, and is useful to the purchaser and the financial system as a whole.

    Increased productivity;

    One of the blessings of increased opposition in an economy is that people and companies continue to source strategies that can better improve their operations, use sources greater efficaciously, and most significantly, lessen prices at the same time as adding fees. All this often results in growth in productiveness in an economic system and an increase in the gross home product (GDP), which is indeed a gain for the economy.

    Even as combatants tend to state that when productiveness will increase the unemployment can regularly increase, accordingly decreasing the fine impacts, it is the opinion of the author that multiplied productiveness leading to improved unemployment will then purpose extra people to be creative, discover niche markets, become marketers and begin producing extra employment opportunities, hence re-inventing the wheel and driving the economic system forward.

    New markets;

    As said in the preceding segment, multiplied opposition inside the market can cause saturation and as a result; many marketers can push to search for new markets for their services and products or adapt marketplace penetration tactics. Both ways, this sort of phenomenon of accelerated competition; which ultimately motivates people to look for new markets; can take into consideration as having a tremendous impact on the financial system. Consequently, marketers may take into consideration playing a crucial position in the economy.

    As the mixing of economies maintains because of globalization, entrepreneurs frequently tend to search for markets that are outdoor in their home sphere, as a result, generating foreign sales and growing the prosperity of the economy as an entire. While this may be a completely simplistic rationalization of the effect that entrepreneurs make on a financial system, it is also secure to say that the employment technology, improved opposition, market enlargement, market penetration, and sourcing of the latest markets all result in profits era that ultimately allows a financial system to come to be greater wealthy, drawing millions out of poverty and generating price range for social welfare sports that in the long run uplift the dwelling requirements of its citizenry.

    Poor influences of marketers;

    The biggest negative impact of marketers on an economic system is the plundering of assets; which can have a disastrous impact on the environment. Even though such bad influences exist mitigated to a point in evolved economies due to the enforcement of environmental protection standards and rules; this isn’t always the case in developing economies. In addition, entrepreneurship calls for a positive degree of commercial enterprise knowledge and understanding, without which entrepreneurial ventures can often fail; which also can cause many economic hardships that during intense instances may even cause destitution.

    Social entrepreneurship;

    Today we see the world of social entrepreneurship growing exponentially that’s a superb signal and has helped to draw hundreds of thousands out of poverty, lower unemployment, decrease the range of people depending on social welfare, and all in all uplift the living standards and first-rate lifestyles of millions. Further social entrepreneurship initiatives exist also often seen as ‘inexperienced initiatives that; take into consideration the impact on the herbal surroundings and consequently try to maintain this at a minimum. This increases attention approximately such issues, avoids the plundering of herbal assets, and conserves the surroundings anyplace viable. Consequently, it can state that the negative impacts of marketers on an economy may mitigate to a point via social entrepreneurship.

    Conclusion;

    Based totally on the entirety that has stood mentioned above; it’s far apparent that the fantastic impacts of marketers on a financial system, in ways outweigh the poor influences. Task advent, discount in unemployment ranges, improved competition, the opening of new markets, growing productiveness, overseas earnings era, and poverty remedy are some wonderful influences that impact entrepreneurs have on an economy. However, this is not to say that there are not any negative impacts; such as the wastage and plundering of assets; but taken as a whole it’s far obvious that entrepreneurs positively impact an economy.

    How to Impact Entrepreneurs on the Economy Image
    How to Impact Entrepreneurs on the Economy? Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • Male and Female Leadership Differences

    Male and Female Leadership Differences

    Differences between Male and Female Leadership; Are men and women different leaders? Although they share the same responsibilities in each given leadership role, researchers have found that in all areas, some leaders stand indeed characterized by how helpful, supportive, and personal. – Including male and female leaders often differ. Although it is 2018, gender stereotypes have not disappeared. There is always a debate about male vs. female leadership. When employees stand asked to describe an effective leader, most introduce themselves to men.

    Here are the articles to explain, What are the Differences between Male Leadership and Female Leadership?

    According to research, such a formula describes gender stereotypes. Most men tend to associate leadership with men, and this problem stands always known among social scientists. Male vs. Women’s Leadership According to statistics, higher-level managers in Europe and America agree that women have more advanced motivational and support skills, while men stand seen as better at decision-making and decision-making. Men stand associated with leadership qualities and many employees consider men to be competent managers.

    Therefore, women often face a problem, may exhibit stereotypically male behavior and stand criticized for not meeting gender expectations or agreeing that others do not perceive them as leaders. . Many studies point to another problem, where men present some ideas about their group, stand considered leaders, and their ideas receive more attention. At the same time, if women make the same suggestions in the same language, their ideas will not stand rewarded in the same way. Although some people can defend such stereotypes and claim that men are better leaders, facts and figures prove otherwise.

    For example;

    Research by the Peterson Institute for International Economics shows a correlation between the number of women in the C-Suite and corporate income. Companies with at least 30% women in management positions report at least 1% point in net profit margin compared to companies without women in management. Various companies are finding more creative and useful solutions and introducing innovations faster, as evidenced by a list of Fortune’s most acclaimed companies, which includes giants such as Amazon, JPMorgan, Starbucks, and Microsoft.

    It turns out that the most successful companies have more leading women than low-profit organizations. Boppedat, no. 1 on this list is Apple, which has the largest percentage of women in senior management positions – 29%, while the ratio is still surprisingly unbalanced. Gender diversity, such as racial diversity, improves the overall performance of society, as people with different skills and perspectives can work together in the decision-making process, leading to more creative solutions and the introduction of new innovative methods.

    Differences between Male vs Female Leadership;

    There are a variety of conflicting views regarding the differences between male and female leadership styles across the world. The researchers have come up with conflicting results and therefore there are two clubs now that project two opposite views. I will go on now to describe the research associated with the topic.

    Gender Differences are Significant:

    The first groups of people under discussion are those who believe that gender differences in leadership styles are very significant and obvious.

    According to Judy B. Rosener, (1995), A professor in the Graduate School of Management at the University of California, the male and female leadership styles are different, as in, the male leaders generally believe in the “command and control” form of leadership where they dictate orders whereas women believe in “participative” leadership where they are interactive and want to involve all the people around them in their vision and plans.

    According to Professor Judy, males are usually very keen on status distinctions, competition, and hierarchy in general, whereas women are more interested in focusing on proper communication and breaking down the hierarchy.

    Sally Helgesen (1995) in her book The Female Advantage observes that women, in general, have a behavior pattern that encourages equality among peers. “Not letting their role get in the way.” Helgesen continues, “they seek to empower those around them by being direct and natural in a way that minimizes their ego and strips them of the trappings of power which emphasizes boundaries and divisions”.

    Similarly;

    Nancy Badore, Executive Director of Ford Motor Company’s Executive Development Center does not mind admitting that she doesn’t mind showing that she doesn’t know something or being herself. Mostly, men believe that they need to maintain an aura of control and knowledge to seem superior. She on the other hand has no issues admitting that she is human and does not believe that it makes a difference to her perceived respect as an executive. This highlights a key difference in the way men and women think.

    Diane Lewis (1998) claims “women are different” as if it were a fact in her book “Equal to the Challenge”. In her book she claims that women are very different from men in not just the way they look, they are different as people and have entirely different personality traits. They have different attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs and these have come into play because of the vast differences in which men and women stand raised in society.

    She says in her book that “These internal differences add up to”

    one big external difference. We women often behave in ways contrary to our success, even to our survival, in the world of work because men are naturally competitive and put winning ahead of harmony and are generally comfortable with rules and structure, whereas women are naturally inclined to put harmony above all and sometimes will break rules to protect their loved ones.

    According to (Powell. 1999);

    “Women network; men do not. Women share information; men do not. Women place cooperation above the competition; men do not. Women stand more concerned with how things stand done, with the process, than with merely getting things done; they are more concerned with means than with ends. Unlike men, women do not have an instrumental view of work or the workers. For women leaders, workers are ends in themselves, not means to an end.”

    This, according to Alice H. Eagly and Linda L. Carli in “The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence” is an advantage as females are more transformational leaders were as men, in general, are transactional leaders (based on their personality traits)

    Thus, these researches make the point that women and men are essentially different from one another; and therefore have varying leadership styles that in turn affect their advancement up the corporate ladder.

    No Visible Differences:

    Then, another group that counters these researchers is the group that claims; that there are no significant differences in the way men and women lead people.

    Epstein (1990) argues that even if women do bring a different set of qualities to the workplace; it’s myopic to say that it’s only women who possess those set of qualities. It may be true that men, in general, are lower in levels of empathy as compared to the average woman; however, it does not mean that men who are leaders have lesser empathy as compared to women leaders.

    Similarly, Gary N. Powell (1999) concludes in his research that “sex differences are absent in task-oriented behavior, people-oriented behavior, effectiveness ratings of actual managers, and subordinates’ responses to actual managers”. he also goes on to say that most of the studies conducted about differences in leadership styles among the sexes are biased in themselves as they were not conducted in the actual workplace or among people who were leaders (after all, gender differences among ordinary people do not necessarily reflect differences in personality traits of actual leaders).

    In another later research done by Jane Mansbridge (1991);

    The differences between the gender leadership styles are just 1/5th of a standard deviation and are small enough to be ignored. She writes in her book that “…the difference between men and women styles may be much smaller than; the differences between managers of small and large companies, of old and new companies, or old and young managers”.

    These people, therefore, argue that the claimed differences in male and female leadership styles are a stereotypical and severe oversimplification of reality based on our own perceived biases. In actuality, men and women are not as different in leading styles as they stand projected to be.

    So what is the conclusion of all this research? Unfortunately, the research is inconclusive. It depends according to Captain Willie L. Parker, Jr. on which particular woman and which particular man we are talking about. This is because women and men are extremely broad classifications. They include people of different ages, educational backgrounds, social settings they were raised in, and different values. There is no one way that we can use a description that fits all the women all across the world.

    Therefore when asking ourselves about qualities that define women; it’s important to ask ourselves which particular woman and which particular man we are talking about.

    Why Do Males and Females Lead Differently?

    Both management styles have advantages and barriers relying on the environment and group personalities; but, the effectiveness of each strategy isn’t always what drives people to choose them. Research suggests there are physiological variations among ladies and men that specify; why females are extra transformational while adult males are greater transactional.

    Let’s dig into the technological know-how. Neuroscientists have discovered that girls have better oxytocin ranges than guys. Oxytocin is nicknamed “the cuddle hormone” as it makes you experience related to people. Because of this, women instinctively care greater approximately; their subordinates’ properly-being and feature a more potent preference to hook up with them on a private stage. This is why women, more so than guys, view management as an opportunity to grow; their subordinates as people rather than just giving instructions to reach goals.

    Women’s brains also are higher at verbally explaining their feelings. You notice how ladies sense the need to percentage; their emotions with you and count on you to share your feelings in going back–that is why. In the workplace, this indicates that girl leaders ask about the way; you’re feeling approximately an undertaking instead of requesting a development update.

    It needs to come as no wonder that guys are the opposite.

    They are neurologically stressed to focus greater on rewards, so they prefer the overall performance-orientated transactional management style. To them, outcomes yield their finest experience of pride.

    Many guys also evidently fear vulnerability. Being emotionally susceptible can cause the release of the strain hormone, cortisol, causing men to avoid addressing emotions as it stresses them out. They’d a great deal as an alternative awareness of the logical hassle-solving that accompanies the transactional management style. Social expectations also play a position in male vs. Female leadership patterns.

    Researchers have located that whilst adult males best want to display electricity to be respected, ladies want to show energy and sensitivity. This lends itself well to the transformational management fashion; as it permits them to set high expectations while individually supporting the contributors of their teams.

    It might be that the transformational management style is extra famous amongst girls without a doubt; because it increases their probability of success. Males, however, tend to receive worse evaluations when; they are emotional which boosts their inclination to be stricter, more hands-off transactional leaders.

    What are the Differences between Male Leadership and Female Leadership Image
    What are the Differences between Male Leadership and Female Leadership? Image by StockSnap from Pixabay.
  • CPOE Computerized Physician Order Entry Benefits Case Study

    CPOE Computerized Physician Order Entry Benefits Case Study

    Benefits of Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) with Case Study; CPOE is the process by which physicians can place patient care orders through an electronic system that informs them about different departments. They usually include pharmacy drug orders, laboratory tests for blood tests, radiological orders, and other patient instructions.

    Here are the articles to explain, What are the Benefits of Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) with their Case Study?

    CPOE stands therefore often used in electronic prescribing systems that can alert physicians to potential drug-drug or drug-allergy interactions on a specific order. Phase I of the MU program emphasizes the use of CPOE and e-prescriptions, and most physicians implement these two modules – at least – even if they have not yet purchased a complete EHR. CPOE is not just a replacement for paper charts and is a complete overhaul of the complex procurement process. CPOE (computerized physician order entry) has several benefits for physicians and patients:

    • Patient tables were not inaccurate or inaccurate in the administration.
    • Reduce handwriting errors and misunderstandings when placing an order.
    • Improve patient care through clinical decision support systems.
    • Reduce order costs.
    • Comprehensive case documentation and patient history, and.
    • Improve communication between different departments, such as laboratory technicians, doctors, nurses, specialists, etc.

    Explanation;

    In the above list, perhaps the most striking is saving time and improving efficiency. Clear and legible electronic commands do not require further explanation and there is no room for interpretation. Recipients of the order should not interfere in the course of the prescriber’s work; which further increases the possibility of errors. The time required for ordering, such as receiving results from laboratories or medicines from a pharmacy, stands also significantly reduced.

    Although there are many benefits, organizations are slowly adopting CPOE systems due to the high cost of money and technology resources. Procurement systems for large hospitals can cost millions of dollars, and an in-depth analysis of organizational processes require before they can implement. Even if the systems stand already installed, employees need a lot of training and support to learn how to use the new applications.

    CPOE systems have a greater impact when integrated with other computing applications within the organization; such as EHR, practice management tools, and electronic prescribing modules. concerns and CPOE implementation. Despite these persistent problems, most healthcare providers are implementing them because of a meaningful service program.

    Benefits of Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE);

    CPOE has existed for decades. But in recent years, and with the growing need to digitize healthcare; CPOE has become more advanced and has increased its use by healthcare providers around the world. The best CPOE (computerized physician order entry) today can provide the following benefits: Three CPOE (computerized physician order entry) benefits;

    1. Reduce errors.
    2. Increase efficiency and.
    3. Cost savings.
    Reduce errors;

    The CPOE system saves time and ensures greater accuracy by eliminating manual data entry. This in turn increases patient safety. At least 7,000 people die each year from hospital-related drugs in the United States. Automation reduces fatal human errors. Studies suggest that CPOE has the potential to reduce errors by 13% to 99%; depending on the practical use of the technology and the level of consistency of patient data.

    The CPOE automatically records errors when medications exist ordered; because they stand already completed using a computer that matches the order of the patient’s profiles; including laboratory results, general medical history, and insurance information stored in the system to ensure the patient receives the correct prescription.

    Increased efficiency;

    Another advantage of CPOE stands for increased efficiency. By eliminating manual CPOE data entry, it streamlines the ordering process, an important feature for physicians who have little time. CPOE provides real-time access to inventory levels, pricing information, etc., so you can make informed decisions about your patients’ needs. CPOE allows providers to spend less time on paperwork and more with patients. For orders placed on computers, the CPOE ensures that no orders are lost or ambiguous due to illegible handwriting.

    Cost Reduction and savings;

    One of the key benefits of CPOE is that it reduces long-term costs for patients and healthcare providers. A large study at the University of Washington, which looked at 400 midsize providers over five years, found that each provider could save hundreds of thousands of dollars by switching from paper prescriptions to CPOE.

    The study concluded that adopting a CPOE “is an excellent investment value and a cost-effective strategy to improve drug safety.” For patients, CPOE can help them save time and money in at least two ways. First, it helps patients limit pharmacy visits due to drug orders. Finally, CPOE prevents the patient from receiving the wrong medications, which protects the patient’s health and prevents costly and lengthy hospital stays.

    Case Study Making the Problem Worse at Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE);

    This case study explains what went wrong at Springfield General Hospital and how technology led to more rather than fewer mistakes. This case study will also explore theories of change implementation that would have helped administrators at Springfield General solve the medication mistakes sooner rather than later.

    Lastly, how the hospital can solve the problem, and to what extent, if any, would new technology have been helpful. Keywords: change implementation, computerized physician order entry (CPOE), medication errors, adverse drug events, mutual engagement, shared diagnosis

    According to Cohn (2015), “most of us think of hospitals as places of healing, and usually, they are. But hospitals are also places where people get sick or stand injured, thanks to medical errors”. During Thanksgiving 2010, an article stood generated about the poor efforts to reduce hospital errors. A study by Grady (2010) found “that harm to patients was common and that the number of incidents did not decrease over time”. Therefore, over the years hospitals have looked for ways to avoid mistakes, however, some have made matters worse.

    What Went Wrong;

    Springfield General Hospital stood determined to use technology to correct hospital errors within their organization. The chief administrator decided that technology could help prevent medication mistakes in particular. Spector (2013) stated:

    “Prescribing errors, confusion over drugs with similar names, inadequate attention to the synergistic effects of multiple drugs and patient allergies—those and other related errors that are lumped together under the label “adverse drug event” –kill or harm more than 770,00 patients annually in the the the U.S. hospitals”.

    Because of this health care costs rose several hundred billion dollars due to adverse drug events. Ironically, the most common type of medication error is poor or illegible handwriting by the physician prescribing the drugs. To rectify these issues, Springfield General sought a computerized physician order entry (CPOE) method to solve medication errors. The Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Processing (2013) found that “a prescription drug order through a CPOE system decreases the likelihood of error on that order by 48% (95% CI 41% to 55%)”.

    More thing;

    The hospital stood supposed to adapt to four new standards provided by the CPOE. First off all medications and treatment had to enter into the hospital’s system. Secondly, the entries stood made available to all staff as well as pharmacy staff. Third, due to the design, the system would catch all prescription errors, such as “incorrect dosages, duplicate requisitions, patient allergies, and even adverse effect impact statements of multiple medications being prescribed to a patient”. Fourth, the medical history of all patients would display along with their current clinical guidelines for treatment.

    All of these steps assured Springfield General that this system would solve all of their existing medication error problems, instead, they received some disappointing information. In actuality, the CPOE system that Springfield adopted increased adverse drug events and did not eliminate errors. There were multiple dosage errors due to the pharmacy not being aligned with the clinical guidelines. Therefore, some of the dosages that they may have been prescribed were not available in the pharmacy which caused the system to choose the available dosage.

    The system design did not take into account medications being discontinued or drugs with similar names. The synergistic effects of multiple drugs and patient allergies were inadequate. The display accessibility was limited when patients had a long history of medications resulting in multiple screens being displayed. Also, the patient records font was displaying small and hard to read at times. As well as, the patient’s name did not appear on every screen that existed associated with them. Therefore, this confused physicians when trying to assign medications and switch between screens.

    Theories of Change Implementation;

    Mutual engagement and shared diagnosis should have stood considered during the change implementation. Erickson (2016) noted, “that communication and patience are key, and both community and hospital pharmacists need to involve with the CPOE development process to improve medication safety”. From beginning to end the hospital staff and pharmacy need effective communication with one another.

    By partaking in an IT project from the beginning, pharmacy staff would be able to guarantee that their expertise helps guide the process in a way that aligns with their organization’s goals. If departments were sharing their opinions and diagnosis of the system then the view and accessibility issues would have been caught early in the testing stages as well. System administrators could have made the required adjustments.

    Solving the Problem;

    CPOE systems have unquestionably prevented errors, however, they have inadvertently caused errors as well. The key is to continue developing ways to minimize the errors unintentionally caused by the system. “For example, when designing systems, more care should take to address common problems such as brand versus generic drug names, ineffective searching in terms of filtering drug names and regimens, and confusing screen displays”, Erickson (2016) states. Another area that needs improvement is the flow of accurate and updated information from the hospital to the pharmacy.

    Springfield General’s communication with hospital pharmacists needs to improve medication errors. Pharmacists should be providing drug counseling to patients as a safety check to make sure patients are taking the correct drug and dosage. Also, another system may need to perform automatic checks. Kaushal and Bates declared, “CDSSs offer additional functions for the provider to use, such as drug interaction checks, drug allergy checks, and prompts for the provider about when to order a service for a patient”.

    To improve entering information for the wrong patients, system administrators could set up a link to verify patients before any data stands entered into their records and when prescribing medication. If the link isn’t feasible staff should force to enter specific information about the patient to access their records. In regards to accessibility, there are many things that the hospital and system admins of the CPOE system could implement to resolve that issue. A side-by-side view may be better than having screens aligned behind one another. Also, the system should allow users to customize the font and sizing according to their preferences.

    Conclusion;

    CPOE systems have great potential to be an effective solution for hospitals. They eliminate illegible handwriting, integrate electronic medical records, and enable faster data and order transmission to pharmacies as well as other areas in the hospital. Integrating with other systems, such as decision support systems, increases patient safety and improves the quality of patient care. If designed and implemented correctly, CPOE systems could reduce medical errors and ADEs experienced in the US. Organizations that adopt this method have to make sure that they are trained properly, the user interface is not poorly designed, and verification of usability is performed during design, implementation, maintenance, and modification.

    CPOE Computerized Physician Order Entry Benefits Case Study Image
    CPOE Computerized Physician Order Entry Benefits Case Study; Image by Stokpic from Pixabay.
  • Mission and Vision Statement Business Essay

    Mission and Vision Statement Business Essay

    What is the Mission Statement and Vision Statement Meaning in Business Essay? The mission reflects the exact purpose of the organization. This statement is the primary goal of the organization to reflect the company’s plans, goals, and programs. A mission statement is different from a vision statement. The vision of any organization in the future reflects a very small picture of each organization. It is usually created or set up for the organization, this is what the organization plans for the future or the future, primarily the goal of the vision is to find something.

    Here are the articles to explain, the Mission Statement and Vision Statement Meaning, Benefits, Importance, and Implementation in the Business Essay!

    Values ​​are basic principles of thinking that help us understand and predict actions at the individual or group level. Each organization’s values ​​often define and describe nature and stand behind the organization to motivate the organization on which it is built. A “code of conduct” describes the organization’s values ​​in real pictures of how you can easily access them in a running organization.

    ”According to Weyerhaeuser what a vision statement means in the introduction to the company’s statement, ”our vision” and ”our values.”

    An organization’s vision statement presents the upcoming or future desire which is valid and it should go on and never should be changed with each cycle of an organization.

    • ”According to Meridian Bancorp, our vision is meridian’s statement of core values that defines the company’s culture and the meridian way of working.”
    • “According to Stephen Covey if you don’t set your goals based upon your Mission Statement, you may be climbing the ladder of success only to realize, when you get to the top, you’re on the wrong building”

    A clear mission statement also focuses on what are the advantages which are you are offering to your patrons as well as consumers it also tells you the exact purpose of your organization.

    Benefits or Importance of Mission and Vision Statement;

    A good mission statement is like a born of success for the organization. It is very for the companies to find out the ways and also do the regular confirmation whether the company or organization is on the right way or not. A purpose of a clear mission statement for an organization is to align the people as well as merge all the individual’s activities into the group.

    It also tells the organization’s employees whether they are doing work that is important or worthwhile. A clear statement describes the importance of work to the organization. It can change the thinking for the improvement of the organization and give the ancillary customer services to their customers. Mission has the value that it gives the change in any organization from time to time.

    Normally mission statement of any organization describes the primary objectives as well as purposes. The primary function of this statement in the company is internal to evaluate the business key and company success as well as stockholders and team of leaders.

    The purpose of the vision statement is to define the company’s purpose; this statement does not measure the bottom line of the company but the vision statement measures the values of the company; as well as the values that tell the company leaders how things should exist done. This statement also communicates the aims and values of the company. The vision statement gives direction to the employees that how they can provide their best and ancillary the customers.

    Other Benefits or Importance;

    Vision and mission statement helps the company where the company wants to go; these statements are very helpful to focus that what stands and what should exist done. A mission and vision statement gives high energy to the company to attain or set the goals; these statements require a lot of time to write, and through a mission and vision statement you can easily achieve the values.

    A mission statement without a vision statement is like nothing. A mission statement defines the proper aim and activities of the company which is very important for its vision. Both statements aim to address and achieve the important and major goals of the company or organization. It is very hard without a vision and mission statement for any company to achieve its goals or aims. So these statements are the born of the companies.

    Another important benefit of the mission and vision statement is also helpful to visible companies’ strategic plans, these states have all the vital mechanisms for the future propel of any company. Both statements are very helpful for guiding and communicating in the company or organization.

    Mission and Vision Statement Communication & Adoption By The Staff;

    • The executive of any company visibly defines the mission statement to all the staff.
    • The seniority leaders of any company define the vision statement which is properly based on market review, the satisfaction of the consumer as well evaluate the capabilities of the company.,
    • The vision of the company is very simple, little, and comprehensive for all employees of the company.
    • The vision and mission statement undoubtedly and simply communicates to all employees about their jobs and performance.
    • The mission and vision statement are very helpful and guide all employees to achieve the goals.
    • When the senior leaders of the company change these statements they also tell to their employees how to achieve the goals and ancillary of customers.
    More things;
    • Many companies have different channels to communicate to the employees and through these channels, they dedicate the company’s vision and mission to their employees.
    • In some circumstances, vision and mission statements are also communicated between employees and chief executive officers.
    • These statements are also very helpful to improve the staff performance as well as give training to the staff.
    • Many companies call the meeting to all employees and tell about the vision and mission statement.
    • The staff through vision and mission statement can easily understand their job and better perform.
    • These statements are also obliging to the promotion of the staff
    • Vision and mission statements are ancillary to the staff, improve the work, and are very helpful for staff.

    Implementation of Mission and Vision Statement on Different Programs;

    Corporate Strategy;

    The corporate strategy starts through vision and Mission statement can b accessed by culture, core values, and the core values on which it competes.

    The mission statement tells where the stands of the corporation are in present; and, the purpose of the vision statement is it shows where will be the corporation in the future. Does a mission statement describe what we want to do as well as who we are?

    It states the capabilities, future targeted customers, and future lineup. Long-term decisions stand described in strategic visions. It tells about the corporation’s future planning i.e. the technology prospect and targeted location. To depart yourself from competitors, mission and strategies play a crucial role and define its mission for the future.

    Strategic and Investment Plans;

    It stands accepted worldwide vision and mission statement are very effective and vital for the strategic planning of any company.

    The strategic plans and mission statement of the company to check and determine the unity themes; and also improved the response which comes from customers and shared vision; and passes this information to the company executives are responsible to implement this vision for achieving their goals.

    This is very helpful to the company’s strategic vision and investment to promote the value of the company or business. Another advantage of this is very suitable for the decision-making of the company purchase; as well as this exercise you can easily implement on the new management of the company. This exercise is also ancillary to the new management and gives them time; as well as a good opportunity to understand the investment values and the cost-saving.

    This will help to evaluate the company’s effectiveness and efficiency. Vision and mission statements state the company or business how you invest and after investing what you will get. This statement is also very helpful to create the plans of investment and strategy of the company. The company can achieve its goals and aims with the investment. These statements are the born of every plan. Such kinds of statements give you core ideas and the purpose of your business and company.

    Tesco Example;

    Now a day Tesco is going to develop economically new towns in the United Kingdom. So the vision of Tesco in investment and strategic plan is to generate new supermarkets, new housing, cycle tracks, visitor center, etc, with the help of this vision Tesco can easily achieve its goals and aims, which will increase the Tesco its profit, so vision is very helpful for investment planning and strategic planning as we saw in the Tesco vision.

    Constant Change;

    The constant change does not occur in the vision and mission statement for many years. It changes in such circumstances when significant change seems to be essential. The new vision and mission statements were designed by the company executives. If you are thinking to change the vision and mission statement of your company first you should have to change your planning because the vision and mission statement varies or relies on your company’s planning. The vision and mission statement arises in the meeting of management when they are discussing the strategic planning of the company.

    Such sort of statements shows the whole position of the company and where the heading of the company is. Vision and mission statements also describe company matters and what the company is acting as a control center and what does not do to the company. The mission and vision of the company are constantly focused on all the managers as well as it shows the direction and holds or maintains when in some circumstances the individual objects are changed. So constant change in vision and mission statement is a bit tuff.

    Example Constant Change In British Airways;

    In 1997 British Airways launched a new mission statement after a brief discussion with the employees, the management of British airways replaced an existing mission statement, an existing statement which is introduced in 1995 to accumulate privatization. Many employees of the company were trained and doing their exact jobs. The new mission statement of British airways quotes the basic challenge which the company is facing. They added its new mission statement given below.

    • Ancillary of customers.
    • Consumers desires.
    • The climate of the global economy.
    • Competition challenge.
    • We shall say it is the change of mission, strategic plans, and vision. The purpose is to make a platform that leads to the future of the company.

    The merger of vision and mission statement is very important for those large companies in which staff and managers have the right to make decisions themselves, without any permission from seniority management or the headquarters of the company. If every member of the staff knows what and where is the purpose of our company, therefore the company can easily achieve its goals and objectives.

    These statements help to create the aims, goals, and targets as well as very important to constraining the company’s short-term plans and setting the budgetary trade-off to gain the company’s long terms goals.

    Conclusion;

    As the above discussion of vision and mission statement, I conclude that vision and mission statement is very essential for the companies, without vision and mission statement companies have not the goals if there is no goal, how companies can survive or formulate. As we saw vision and mission statement is a born from every planning and strategy of the company. These statements also motivate the staff and guide them about their jobs. However, we can say that vision and mission statement are the base of the companies. Such kind of statements is very important and very helpful to evaluate the companies or organizational values. However, we can judge that without a mission and vision statement companies are flat or prone.

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  • Aged Care and Theories of Ageing with few Case Study

    Aged Care and Theories of Ageing with few Case Study

    What is aged care? the Theories of Ageing also looking a case study of aged care; For privacy through this case study, the writer will refer to the patient as Mrs. A. This case study will investigate the health condition of Mrs. A. Mrs. A is 82 years old and has lived with Parkinson’s Disease for the last 20 years. Mrs. A is currently taking Levodopa, Atanol, and Lepitol. Mrs. A’s symptoms have gotten progressively worse as she has aged. Things that she used to be able to do are now a lot more difficult for her, even simple things like getting out of chairs, walking without shuffling her feet, and keeping her balance.

    Here are the articles to explain, What is aged care? the Theories of Ageing with few Case Study!

    This aged care case study will research different theories of aging; and how these relate to the health condition that Mrs. A is suffering from. Models of care will discuss as well as the best model of care to suit Mrs. A and why this model of care would be the most suitable option for Mrs. A. This case study will also look at a management plan for Mrs. A to improve her quality of life through different interventions and strategies. This will include set review times to make sure Mrs. A is getting the most out of the management plan.

    Finally, this study will research the legal and ethical issues that could impact Mrs. A. Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. The four main motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are Shaking or tremors, slowness of movement (Bradykinesia), stiffness or rigidity of the arms, legs, and trunk, and trouble with balance (postural instability).

    CASE STUDY – MRS A

    For this aged care case study, we will be researching the condition of an 82-Year-old woman with a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Mrs. A stood diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in her early 60s. She currently takes Levodopa, Atanol, and Lepitol. Does she live with her husband who is? years old and in generally good health. Mrs. A is the one who prepares the meals and does the housework at home. But as the disease and symptoms have progressed, it is getting increasingly difficult for Mrs.

    A to continue these activities without help from her husband. She had been pretty healthy before her diagnosis, she was born in England and moved to Australia when she was? years old. She did suffer from pneumonia twice and had a fall; while crossing a road before her diagnosis but other than that she was a healthy woman. The diagnosis came as a big shock to Mrs. A and she went through a range of emotions, including denial. Unfortunately the denial, she was suffering from this delayed her in seeking the help and medication she needed, which means Mrs.

    More things;

    A didn’t start any medical intervention as soon as she stood diagnosed. Mrs. A ended up starting medical intervention due to her daughter taking her to appropriate appointments and convincing her that this is what she needed to help Mrs. A maintain her quality of life. Mrs. A currently takes Levodopa 4 times a day to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s and has been taking this for the last 20 years. Mrs. A states that the Levodopa still works well for her symptoms. Despite taking her medications, Mrs.

    A still currently suffers from a range of symptoms such as tremors, rigidness, stiffness, difficulty walking, getting up and down, speaking, memory, tiredness, and lethargy. These conditions have progressed as her age progressed. Mrs. A develops risk factors for a lot of other conditions due to her Parkinson’s symptoms such as falling, choking, aspiration, etc. Mrs. A needs to be able to still enjoy and have a good quality of life. This will require a management plan and review of the plan to monitor its effectiveness.

    THEORIES OF AGING:

    Parkinson’s disease is an age-related disease due to an age-associated increase in oxidative damage to the brain. Dopaminergic neurons decrease at a rate of 5-10% every ten years in normal aging; yet, the rate and intensity of neuronal decrease in patients with Parkinson’s disease are a lot more than that of just aging and aged care. Most theories of aging can fall into two different categories, programmed and damage/error theories.

    The programmed theory implies that aging is already genetically programmed to occur with time and slowly deteriorates until death whereas the damage theory is the idea that external or environmental forces gradually damage cells and organs, leading to aging and death. Individual damage theories focus on how slow and continuous damage to cells will eventually lead to cellular dysfunction.

    Damage theories do not rely on a pre-determined timeline for aging and infer that we could increase our lifespan; if we take steps to protect our bodies from cellular damage. Free radicals stand also associated with aging, and aged care. “The free radical theory of aging states that we age because of free radical damage over time”.

    IMPLICATIONS OF THESE THEORIES ON THE HEALTH OF MRS A:

    Due to the implications of Parkinson’s disease, this disease relates to the programmed theory of aging; because there are no known external environmental factors that cause Parkinson’s disease. It is unknown what causes Parkinson’s disease but what is known is that the body internally stops producing dopamine causing many of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

    Free radicals are fast-growing cells in the body that are associated with human diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and many others. Things that can produce free radicals are found in the food we eat, the medicines we take, the air we breathe, and the water we drink. This part of Parkinson’s disease seems to back up the Damage theory. If free radicals overwhelm the body’s ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress occurs. Free radicals negatively alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger several human diseases including Parkinson’s disease.

    Free radicals are created either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body which support the Programmed Theory of aging or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals which supports the damaged theory of aging, and aged care. The symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease are only detected once 50% of the nigral neurons and 80% of the striatal dopamine are already permanently lost. There is currently still no answer to the ongoing question, what specific age-related factors predispose certain individuals to develop this common neurodegenerative disease?

    MODEL OF CARE:

    There are three main models of care, Consumer-directed care which is a financial model of care, and two clinical models of care which are the Eden Alternative model and the Person-centered care model. For Mrs. A, the person-centered care model would be most beneficial as this model of care involves treating not the physical care of the patient alone but the whole person, including their social, cultural, and individual identity requirements. This would be most appropriate for Mrs.

    As her health condition, Parkinson’s disease affects more than just the physical body of the patient, it also affects the way the person thinks about themselves, the way they think about life, and it causes depression in 90% of people with this condition and also affects the friends, family and loved ones of the person with the illness. Patient-centered care is important in making Mrs. A feel like she is not alone and she still has control of her life and what happens to her. This model of care will be able to cater to Mrs.

    A helps to make decisions together with the medical team and not just have decisions made without any input from her. This makes the patient feel heard, in control, and respected and takes away a little bit of the isolation associated with this disease. Other symptoms aren’t as easily seen as the physical ones. A lot of people feel embarrassed about their disease and therefore will not talk about their condition and attempt to hide it. Mrs. A did this for a while before her diagnosis by holding the arm that was shaking due to embarrassment, a lack of acceptance in the community, and a lack of understanding about her condition.

    MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR MRS A:

    Mrs. A is currently taking Levodova 4 times a day for her Parkinson’s she feels like this is still going well and states that she does not feel like it is wearing off. Mrs. A would benefit from a medication review from her doctor to make sure she is getting the most out of her medication plan. Mrs. A and her husband go for walks every day to keep themselves active, which is excellent to help Mrs. A’s condition. Mrs. A should also refer to a physiotherapist to learn more specific exercises that relate to improving her condition and minimizing symptoms.

    The physio will also be able to aid Mrs. A with gait and balance training protocol with strength training, as this is effective in reducing falls up to 6 months after the intervention. Strength training is a fairly new intervention for Parkinson’s sufferers but recent studies have shown a long-term reduction in motor symptoms based on progressive resistance training twice every week.

    Part 01;

    There is increasing evidence that the effective care of patients with Parkinson’s disease should involve a multidisciplinary team of health professionals, including the neurologist, Parkinson’s disease nurse specialist, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech and language therapist, dietician, clinical psychologist, and social worker Mrs. A has not been offered any of these services yet. Mrs. A must get referrals to all-important services so stands to ensure she is living the best possible quality of life.

    This includes a referral to a psychologist as treatment of behavioral symptoms in Parkinson’s disease is just as important to treat as it can greatly improve a patient’s overall function and quality of life. A referral to a physiotherapist to help improve gait, and balance, improve aerobic activity, and movement initiation, and increase independence. Occupational therapist to give help on maintaining activities of daily living, maintaining friendships and family relationships, encouraging self-care, assessing any safety concerns, cognitive assessments, and arranging any appropriate interventions.

    Speech and language therapist to improve Mrs. A’s loudness and speech, and ensure any methods of communication offered as the disease progresses. Mrs. A could also benefit from seeing a dietician to review her meals and if she may be having any issues when eating or drinking. Mrs. A will also need a referral to a continence advisor as she has recently disclosed that she is having trouble making it to the toilet. She stands very embarrassed about this and does not like to discuss it.

    Part 02;

    Encourage Mrs. A to take warm baths and massage the muscle for stiffness and muscle weakness. Teach Mrs. A to use facial exercises and breathing methods to correct the words and volume when she is speaking, this is to increase her potential to communicate effectively due to the decline in speech and facial muscle stiffness. Educate Mrs. A on deep breaths before speaking to increase the volume and number of words in sentences of each breath. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence suggests a specialist review every 6-12 months.

    LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES THAT NEED TO CONSIDER FOR MRS A:

    Reported difficult ethical tensions between safety and autonomy. The balance of safety and autonomy, conceptualizing home care as maintaining independence rather than accepting dependence.

    Aged Care and Theories of Ageing with few Case Study Image
    Aged Care and Theories of Ageing with few Case Study; Image by truthseeker08 from Pixabay.
  • Volkswagen and Porsche Case Study for Corporate Merger PDF

    Volkswagen and Porsche Case Study for Corporate Merger PDF

    The automobile company Volkswagen and Porsche Case Study with PDF for Corporate Merger; The German Dr. Ing. H. C. F. Porsche (Porsche) automobile manufacturer specializes in sports cars and a new line of all-terrain vehicles. In the mid-2000s, Porsche stood recognized as a leading global brand for its consistent quality and cultural icon status with models including the 911, the Boxster, and the Cayenne.

    Here are the articles to explain, the automobile company Volkswagen and Porsche Case Study for Corporate Merger PDF!

    The company achieved strong financial performance cementing Porsche’s market dominance. Porsche’s operating profit increased from 1,204 million in 2002 to 1,832 million in 2006, representing a growth rate of 52.1%. The net profit of the company also increased to 1,368 million in 2006, an increase of 74.8% over 2005. One of the central elements of Porsche’s business model is its low manufacturing depth; which means that it does not have huge centralized production plants. Many building processes stand outsourced while Porsche concentrates on its core competencies of development, engine production, quality control, and sale of vehicles. This allows Porsche to keep trim and agile in the luxury market. Volkswagen AG is a manufacturer of passenger and commercial vehicles.

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    The group markets its vehicles under the following brands; Volkswagen passenger cars, Audi, Skoda, SEAT, Bentley, Scania, and Volkswagen commercial vehicles. A strong brand portfolio enables Volkswagen to provide a competitive advantage over its peers. Leading market position enhanced the brand image of the group and held investors’ confidence. In 2007, the group increased the number of vehicles delivered to customers to 6.2 million, corresponding to a 9.8% share of the world passenger car market. However, rising raw material prices threaten the margins of the group by increasing its operating costs.

    What are the reasons Porsche takeover Volkswagen?

    The Underlying Reasons Why Porsche Attempted to Takeover Volkswagen;

    With the protection of Germany’s 1960 “VW Law” that long shielded Volkswagen from takeover, no matter how poorly it performed. VW’s 174,000 workers exerted a huge influence over management through their Labor Union; which focused on protecting jobs at the expense of efficiency. The German state, with its 20% share, typically sided with labor over the years; because they were reluctant to restructure VW’s inefficient operations and eliminate jobs.

    With governing bodies that cared more for jobs than future growth, VW became increasingly inefficient and entered the 21st century with a bloated workforce, the highest manufacturing costs, and the shortest workweek [32 hours] in the global automotive industry. Evidence of just how unruly VW had become erupted in a 2005 scandal when evidence stood revealed millions of dollars in funds granted by management to bribe union leaders for their support.

    The funds stood used to pay for pleasure trips, parties, and others. After being carried for many news cycles, several managers have pleaded guilty to paying off labor officials and have been fined. In the mid-2000s, VW was palpably vulnerable, but why a takeover bid? Why would the world’s most profitable automaker sink billions into mass-market VW with its debilitating cost structure, strong unions, and weak profits?

    A closer look reveals that Porsche moved to take VW for their technology development and keep access to a production ally. In effect, though Porsche was financially stronger, it needed VW more than VW needed Porsche. Only about 20% of what makes a Porsche a Porsche-largely the engine and transmission stands made by Porsche workers. The rest exists outsourced, mainly to VW. Porsche co-developed the Cayenne with Volkswagen, sharing parts, production, and development costs.

    More reasons;

    The joint development and outsourced production help fuel Porsche’s profits by keeping its fixed costs and capital investments low. In addition, the planned integration of Porsche into Volkswagen and the associated, closer cooperation will realize significant synergies on both the income and the cost side. Both companies could focus on finding synergies for such items as electronic architectures and engineering work on future vehicle circuitry platforms and common parts such as air conditioning.

    For Volkswagen, the merger benefits are clear — protection against a hostile takeover. It may also get a lift from Porsche’s image and well-regarded management. VW needs help. With profits of 484 million on sales of 55.4 billion in the first half of calendar 2005, VW’s profit margin is less than 1%. Volkswagen has 15 times the annual revenue of Porsche-but Porsche’s profit margins are seven times bigger than VW’s.

    VW was a gold mine for Porsche as they envisioned the future demand for products designed by Porsche but co-produced by Volkswagen. Porsche focused on a particular type of luxury product and VW ran stables of brands producing across many segments. With the threat of materials costs shooting through the roof; Porsche was looking for ways to turn threats into opportunities and garner some serious market power. VW was a goldmine. The only thing that Porsche would have to do was dig day and night.

    Strategy to Gain Control;

    Porsche utilized pure financial leverage combined with speculation to attempt to gain control over VW. All of these actions existed not done in complete secrecy; but, the information fed to the public was a time in a very strategic way. On the open market Porsche accumulated shares in VW and accompanied; these actions with simple and believable statements that they were merely trying to secure VW as a partner company in the development of different platforms of cars.

    Porsche made statements to the effect that they existed not interested in owning VW; but, merely had a vested interest in the continued cooperation of the two companies for joint ventures. Simultaneously and not so publicly Porsche bought options on VW stock by paying a fee to be able to purchase VW shares at a given price sometime in the future. These types of transactions are extremely common in financial markets; however, the extent to which Porsche did this was tremendous.

    In the end, they had accumulated these options to such an extent that they had the right to purchase nearly every free share on the market. Before this information was public, it had little effect on the share prices. However, when Porsche went public with this information, market forces went to work. The financial institutions that had sold these options to Porsche had done so “short” meaning they did not own the shares.

    More control;

    When these institutions learned of the situation they realized that Porsche would exercise these options to attain 75% of VW; and, they would force to buy VE shares on the open market and sell them to Porsche at the lower agreed price. This resulted in the institutions rushing to purchase all available shares to minimize their losses when Porsche exercised the options. The accumulation of the options and the resulting profits from exercising; these options certainly emboldened Porsche to press for an ever-larger stake in VW.

    With stable financing in place, Porsche could have essentially bought 75% of VW; with the government owning 20%, and only 5% of the share would be public. Stable financing and overall economic conditions that existed during the final push for shares severely stressed the financial capabilities of Porsche. As a result, the hostile takeover attempt has morphed into a merger offer. Additionally, the legal battle with the state of Lower Saxony continues. The VW law continues to be an obstacle to the voting right of all other shareholders.

    Impact of the Attempted Take-Over on Stock Prices;

    The most striking result comes from a comparison of the two company’s stock prices at the beginning of this period and the ending relationship in stock value on a percentage basis. The most divergent area in October of 2006 was the direct result of the secretive accumulation of options on VW stock by Porsche. As stated above the announcement by Porsche that essentially has claims to all the remaining VW shares on the open market sent investment banks scrambling.

    These investment banks were the ones that were short VW shares; and, essentially could have the options put at them resulting in huge losses. The attempt to cover all the outstanding options drove the share price of VW through the proverbial roof. As it stands on June 25, 2010, the share price of Porsche is 36.04$ as compared to a share price of 94.04$ on September 3, 2008, the earliest date available on Yahoo Finance.

    This represents a 62% decline in the value of the company. During the same period, VW shares have gone from 199.52$ to 79.01. In essence, this merger has been completed although outstanding issues remain. During this attempted takeover now turned merger over 50% of the market value of the two companies has been lost.

    Initial Merger Proposal and the Final Outcome;

    The saga of the Porsche-VW merger began with an attempt by Porsche to secure production agreements with VW by acquiring a 31% share, which, along with the government’s 20% share, would make VW unassailable by threats from outside interests. Whether or not this was the actual intent of Porsche or a disguised initial play to gain control of VW is unknown; but soon after, Porsche began a run to obtain up to 75% of VW, ending up with 51%.

    Having gained control, Porsche still faced three obstacles:
    • Germany’s prevailing “VW Law,” limits any shareholder’s voting rights to 20%, regardless of the number of shares they own.
    • a large amount of debt they shouldered in the acquisition process, and.
    • suspicions about the foul play during an options deal on VW stock where Porsche made millions.

    One of these obstacles was overcome when the European Commission ordered Germany to repeal the VW Law because it restricted the free flow of capital, but the debt proved to be overwhelming, in part due to the recession and the difficulty firms faced obtaining capital at reasonable rates, and Porsche was forced to turn to VW for help. This was the beginning of the final merger process, which, as of today, is still incomplete due, in part, to lingering suspicions about the options deal.

    Although not set in stone, as it stands, VW owns 49.9% of Porsche while Porsche owns 53% of VW, Qatar Holding owns 10% of Porsche and 17% of VW and the government of Lower Saxony retains its 20% of VW. The Piech and Porsche families, the founders of both companies, own about 40% of the merged company and Porsche’s CEO and CFO, the guys who engineered the options deal and the takeover bid, and who turned Porsche into a profitable company in the first place, have resigned.

    Costs and Benefits for both Volkswagen and Porsche;

    Highlight both Costs and Benefits for both Firms under the Proposed Merger;

    The benefits of the merger are that VW’s operating profit is expected to increase by 700 million euros a year, Porsche engineering may boost the appeal of VW’s more expensive models, and the “platform” system of cutting costs by using standard parts for multiple car models will be expanded as Porsche lines are integrated into VW’s stable. Another benefit, which may not be a benefit so much as a bragging right; is that an expansion of VW brings it that much closer to becoming the world’s biggest carmaker.

    Finally, and although not directly tied to the merger an issue; that gained additional attention from it, is the EU-ordered repeal of the VW Law. Porsche’s former boss, Wiedeking, was looking forward to changing VW’s culture from a socialized, semi-protected concern to a capital-efficient machine-like Porsche, and if VW does indeed become more competitive in the global market as a result of the merger or the repeal of the law they could see an increase in profits.

    Part 01;

    In contrast to the more speculative nature of the merger’s benefits are its costs. At the top of the list is the debt load acquired by both companies during the process, particularly Porsche; which racked up 12 billion when it was buying VW stock. During the merger, Porsche has been losing billions due to costs associated with combining with VW. In the second half of 2009, Porsche’s net income dropped by 83% and is planning to raise 5 billion through stock issuance.

    Porsche’s exposure in the options lawsuit has expanded to nearly 2 billion. For its part, VW is paying 3.9 billion for 49.9% of Porsche and is selling 135 million preferred shares in the next few years to cover some of the cost. Meanwhile, both VW and Porsche seem to be counting on increasing sales in Brazil and China to cover those debts.

    Secondly, there is the tension created by putting the competing brands of Audi; Bentley, Porsche, Bugatti, and Lamborghini under the same, corporate umbrella; a move that should naturally result in a reduction in the number of models offered and price increases in the luxury car market.

    Finally, there is also the issue of management to consider. Porsche was the world’s most profitable, small carmaker when the process began; and its initial steps to acquire VW shares were motivated by that company’s weakness. Now with the merger, the new company is larger and more debt-ridden; and VW’s leadership will be taking over Porsche rather than the other way around. In essence, a larger, weaker company has absorbed a smaller, stronger one; and while Porsche seemed to have a strategy of turning VW into a more cost-efficient and profitable company; VW is merging with Porsche only because it can, or must.

    Part 02;

    On paper, with its 53% share of VW, Porsche seems to have control, since VW only owns 49.9% of Porsche. However, Bloomberg is reporting that “Volkswagen AG considers naming Matthias Mueller; its chief product strategist, to run the sports-car maker (Porsche)”; which is a strong indication that VW is calling the shots and supports the frequent descriptions of VW’s “reverse take-over”. However, the reality is that the ownership of the two companies is so closely tied; that it is easier just to say they remain under the control of the Piech and Porsche families; with large portions held by Lower Saxony and Qatar.

    There are so few shares left available that VW’s ordinary shares might remove from the German stock exchange. As previously stated, we don’t believe that the merger was particularly worthwhile because the costs involved outweigh the benefits. Certainly, the 2008 recession exasperated the cost involved because Porsche’s access to cheap capital became harder to come by. It racked up more debt acquiring VW stock than it would have a year or two earlier. In this sense, Porsche choose a poor time to embark on an aggressive, financial maneuver; and VW, who performed their own “reverse take-over” later on, did so in the same environment.

    Part 03;

    New car sales were down globally in 2008; and the general reduction in sales should’ve affected both companies equally, making it a moot point. Although it isn’t explicitly mentioned, Porsche should’ve suffered more in the recession; because they only sell luxury products, a category of goods that is very elastic about income levels. VW, in contrast, has a wider variety of products, including more affordable cars; which might help to keep them afloat as sales of their many luxury brands fall off.

    Rising oil prices shouldn’t be that important to VW or Porsche. Owners of luxury cars that sell for more than 100,000 don’t blink if the cost of gasoline goes up; so, Porsche sales should unaffected. VW’s luxury models should also see the same effect. However, VW should see a short-term drop-off in sales of their affordable, high consumption models like their SUVs; but partially make up for that drop-off in increased sales of more fuel-efficient models; although those tend to have smaller profit margins.

    Volkswagen and Porsche Case Study for Corporate Merger PDF Image
    Volkswagen and Porsche Case Study for Corporate Merger PDF
  • Financial and Managerial Accounting Differences Similarities

    Financial and Managerial Accounting Differences Similarities

    Financial and Managerial Accounting are two out of the four largest accounting areas. Financial accounting is the process a company goes through to prepare its financial statements to excuse its financial turn to the people in the aerate of an invested union such as stockholders, suppliers, creditors, and investors. Managerial accounting is the process a company works through to make its financial reports suitably so that internal stakeholders in imitation of managers can make financial and functional decisions for the company. While there are some similarities together with the two types of accounting, the differences are shown in contracts, benchmarks, and audience.

    Here are the articles to explain, Similarities and Differences between Financial and Managerial Accounting!

    Managerial and financial accounting have several parallels. Both types fabricate financial reports, are centered as regards finances, are meant for a specific audience, and require a big knowledge of accounting practices. They both use an accounting system that accumulates and classifies the financial hint for the formation of the accounting statements. Revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, and cash flow are single ones tracked by both managerial and financial accountants. Both accounting systems stand used to determine and sham costs for alternating accounting periods.

    Similarities and Differences Part 01;

    Financial and managerial accounting have a few similarities but the differences are many. One main difference is the audience. Managerial or cost accounting reports are prepared for internal stakeholders. Employees within the company such as managers and directors use the reports to make decisions for the company. They can use it to determine how much maintenance they can spend and go about for what. Should they invest in choice equipment or employ more employees? Do they depend to sell some trucks in their fleet or obsession to agree to some employees to go? All of this spread helps the managers realize the company’s goals.

    Financial accountants must follow the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) previously preparing their reports. Financial accounting reports stand meant for owners, lenders, investors, and stockholders. The financial accounting reports agree to the outside stakeholders to determine how adroitly or how bad the company may ham it taking place in the make remote away along. The reports should as well as come in the works taking into account the child maintenance for potential investors and creditors to ample permit knowledge to make financial decisions just about the company.

    Similarities and Differences Part 02;

    Another difference in financial and managerial accounting is the regulations each adheres to. As avowed above, financial accounting must follow GAAP. This is a set of accounting guidelines that require consistent financial reporting and recording. The financial accounting reports are a summary of how the company is the theater arts overall. Managerial accounting exists not required to follow GAAP. GAAP can take doings closely managerial accounting reports. GAAP requires that expenses following rent and utilities stand included in overhead costs. However, from a managerial standpoint, they may be keener on administrative costs to pro happening to create internal decisions.

    The reports each type of accounting produces and uses are alternating as dexterously. Managerial accounting relies on budget reports. Budgeting helps managers take into consideration overspending. Budget reports consent managers following a lead to bitter costs, negotiating considering vendors, and possibly offering incentives. Managers as well as user account receivable reports, material, and labor cost reports, and accomplish reports to create enlarged decisions on speaking company operations and spending.

    Similarities and Differences Part 03;

    Financial accountants put together four types of financial statements for uncovered stakeholders. The description sheet archives the company’s assets, liabilities, and equity. It details the revenue and expenses for an unmodified time. The pension avowal archives a company’s profits and losses from both working and non-energetic actions plus for an appreciative time. The avowal of cash flows shows how a company’s cash comes in and out of a matter. It reports behind reference to where the cash came from and where the cash went. The undertaking description financial accounting produces is the declaration of owners equity. The avowal of owners equity reports which actions increased or decreased the equity section from the tab sheet. Financial accounting gives more of an overall characterize even if managerial accounting gives a detailed summary of by-products or regions.

    Similarities and Differences Part 04;

    Other differences between the two types of accounting are neighboring legitimate requirements, timing, and confidentiality. Financial accounting reports stand required to file by the conflict at the decrease of each accounting time. The flavor contained in the reports and statements exists not kept confidential sustain outside stakeholders use the reports to create decisions amalgamated to whether or not to invest in the company or lend keep to them. Managerial reports exist kept confidential because they contain twinge sponsorship about products and costs. There are no legitimate requirements for managerial accounting statements. Managers can demand these statements at any become early and to the fore any frequency, they run necessary.

    While there are similarities and differences, both financial and managerial accounting statements are important for businesses to gauge their profits and expenses. Both types are crucial for their meant audiences and stand used to make important decisions. Each accounting type has value to the companies they put in upon.

    Similarities and Differences between Financial and Managerial Accounting Image
    Similarities and Differences between Financial and Managerial Accounting; Image by Oliver Putz from Pixabay.
  • Sustainable Agriculture for Food Environmental Sciences

    Sustainable Agriculture for Food Environmental Sciences

    Sustainable Agriculture for Food; It stands defined in various ways and terms; the FAO (2000) defines it as the admin and conservation of the natural resource base; and, the orientation of technological and institutional bend in such a ventilate as to ensure the taking back more; and the continued satisfaction of human needs for expertise and well ahead generations. The Technical Advisory Committee of the Consultative Group in sham to International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) defined sustainable agriculture as the proficiently-to-get sticking to of government of resources for agriculture to satisfy changing human needs even though maintaining or enhancing the vibes of the environment and conserving natural resources.

    Here are the articles to explain, What is Sustainable Agriculture for Food Environmental Sciences Essay?

    Agriculture remains the backbone of the economy in many developing countries; it is necessary to auspices occurring lift people out of poverty and hunger by creating a stable pension source; especially in rural areas, that can contribute to the progress of a green or sustainable economy, not single-handedly at the national but as well as globally. Shortly, the population, water, and food security will be omnipotent issues, the global population would probably achieve 9 billion. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates; that 60% more food will need to preserve all these people in 2050.

    Sustainable agriculture is agricultural products that need to meet the needs of current and remote generations; and, it needs to define not unaccompanied in terms of their long-term economic potential; but as well as in terms of their environmental and social promotion and costs. The effect of gardening practices on the social structure of rural communities and auxiliary populations needs to evaluate in terms of sustainability; sustainable agriculture is any suite of agronomic practices that should be economically doable, environmentally safe, and socially enjoyable.

    Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO);

    The FAO in 1995, specifically defined sustainable agriculture and rural build happening as a process that should meet these criteria; Firstly, ensuring that the basic nutritional needs of the assigned minister and in the disaffect ahead generations stand met both qualitatively and quantitatively, supplying a variety of accumulation agricultural products; Secondly provides sustainable employment, times-privileged pension and decent vivacious and on the go conditions for all those engaged in farm production; Thirdly, Maintains and strengthens the production execution of the natural resource base as a sum and the regenerative finishing of renewable resources wherever reachable; fourthly, reduces agricultural sector aeration to adverse environmental and socio-economic factors and counter threats, and strengthens self-reliance.

    Sustainable agriculture is the answerability of every one of the program stakeholders, including producers, staff, policy-makers, academics, retailers, and customers; every part of the share of the group has its role to produce a result; and its unique contribution to the extension of the sustainable farming community. This essay will go into detail and introduce the main components of sustainability in the agricultural sector; the concept and the components of Sustainable Agriculture, the regulation and policies; why it is important for us, why we compulsion Sustainable Agriculture; and some examples of delightful practices of sustainability in agriculture; and the money program for Sustainable Agriculture in EU and the global level.

    Common sustainable agricultural policy in the EU and USA;

    The European Union is moving towards sustainable agriculture, which plays a key role in internal and external policies. The common agricultural policy (CAP) of the EU stood developed in 1962; as a collaboration between agriculture and society and between all EU countries; and their farmers, the main goals are to help farmers and increase agricultural productivity, climate change; and sustainable natural resource management, to maintain rural areas and ecosystems throughout; the EU and to maintain the rural economy by supporting employment in agriculture, agri-food, and related sectors.

    For all EU countries, the CAP is a common policy, farmers should operate in a sustainable; and environmentally friendly way, and protect our soil and biodiversity. The CAP takes action with income support through direct payments ensuring income stability and remunerating farmers for environmentally friendly cultivation, policy interventions to cope with challenging market conditions, and rural development measures through national and regional programs to address the specific needs and problems facing rural areas.

    The CAP helps farmers satisfy their social functions in the following ways: producing food, developing rural communities, and sustainable agriculture. In US farm policy, the Farm Bill has included provisions promoting more organic farming, making it easier for fruit and vegetable farmers to apply for crop insurance, and encouraging farmers to adopt more sustainable practices in their working fields.

    Components of Sustainable Agriculture;

    Soil management, crop management, water management, disease or pest management; and waste management are the main components of sustainable agriculture, Future sustainability can determine by the most limiting element and these elements may change over time including population density, water, fossil fuel energy, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, salinity, economy, and agricultural land quantities.

    Good soil management practices need to achieve the sustainability principle, including spreading fertilizer, implementing composts, planting cover crops, and decreasing tillage. Best crop management practices include pinching, chopping, hilling, and suckering. The Best practices for water management include drip irrigation, rotational grazing, crop covering, dry farming, water capture and storage, and irrigation scheduling.

    Concept and evaluation of Sustainable Agriculture;

    Sustainable agriculture must be sensitive to all economic social and environmental challenges; and these three factors play an important role in achieving sustainable agriculture or any sustainable challenges, environmental issues contribute to the growth of contemporary social economics, and the key socioeconomic issues to tackle are poverty alleviation, changes in consumption, population dynamics, protection of the environment and human health. Sustainable development, according to the World Conservation Union (1991); improves the quality of life by living within the capacity to maintain ecosystems.

    It is a complex issue related to food production; while preserving our natural resources including soil and water without any negative impact on the natural ecosystem. In general, the concept of sustainable agriculture should be to maintain today’s and tomorrow’s human needs with food quality, maintain natural resources, economically viable farming practices for productivity improvement, maintain or improve soil fertility, minimal impact on the wide environment, and social acceptability.

    The Response-Inducing Sustainability Assessment (RISE) approach has stood developed by the Swiss School of Agriculture; Forest and Food Sciences in Bern to evaluate sustainability in as objective and systematic a way as possible. RISE has been in use since 2000, helping to make farm activities sustainable measurable, and communicable. It studies a single farm operation using surveys to collect information on 10 sustainability indicators across economic ecological and social dimensions, such as soil use and livestock production. In addition, RISE provides valuable insights for policy advice; since some shortcomings in sustainability are the result of the structural framework rather than of farm management.

    Why is sustainable agriculture important to us?

    Important because it means human food, fuel, and fiber needs while maintaining habitat conservation and biodiversity protection. Sustainable agriculture is essential in our lives and plays an important role in the future; because it is related directly and indirectly to our food security and connected with other economic, social, and environmental factors. The main priority is to ensure that the agricultural supply of goods, food, water, air, and soil meets present; and future needs by building and maintaining healthy soil, managing water use, reducing air, water, and climate pollution, and promoting biodiversity.

    Examples of good practices of sustainable agriculture;

    There is many good and successful practice of sustainable agriculture such as organic farming; which is a good food production and farm management system with best environmental practices which provide high-quality public goods. Biogas production from manure and agricultural waste is a source of renewable energy and provides farmers with additional income. By providing ecosystems that are an important component of agricultural landscapes; biodiversity can increase through grazing practices, and permanent pastures play a significant role in carbon storage.

    Applying Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by using mechanical and biological controls; can routinely implemented to maintain the control of pest species while reducing the use of chemical pesticides. Integrating livestock and crops by managing the feed process and fertilizers process, Planting cover crops. cover crops preserve and create soil health by preventing erosion, replenishing soil nutrients, and keeping weeds under control, reducing herbicide requirements.

    How can we promote sustainable agriculture?

    Education, awareness, agricultural advice, resource accessibility, land, and water are important for sustainable agriculture, particularly for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Sustainable growth-oriented farming requires infrastructure for production and access to working markets, in some countries, the small-scale farmers stand still often excluded from the formal credit market and other services as they cannot give any collateral to banks and this must solve to help the small farmers to sustain the quantity and the quality of farming production.

    Communication technologies play an increasingly important role in the agricultural and downstream industries; such as mobile and internet services used in the agricultural services, such as market price sharing and consulting, and others services.

    Support Programs for Sustainable Agriculture;

    Many programs are working to develop sustainable agriculture in the EU and Globally. In the EU, the European Foundations for Sustainable Agriculture and Food (EFSAF) network has a medium- to long-term emphasis aimed at promoting a more sustainable, integrated European food policy covering agricultural, rural, food, and health policies. The EU program known as NSPIA stands also intended to demonstrate sustainable; productive agriculture through the implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and progress measurement through a set of key indicators.

    The new EU work program Horizon 2020 was launched on 27 October 2017, including a € 1 billion investment in information and development in agriculture, food, and rural development, to make agriculture more sustainable, safer, and much more diverse, and rural areas a better place to live and work, strongly connected also with current and future objectives of the common agricultural policy, this includes helping to make the agriculture sector smarter, more strong and more environmentally sustainable.

    In developing countries, the sustainability of agriculture facing many challenges is a matter of concern for various stakeholders; for example, in India, the challenges are due to agro-climatic or environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Overall, many of the issues facing sustainable agriculture programs in developing countries include, population pressure, subsistence farming, rural poverty, degradation of natural resources such as deforestation, land degradation, decreasing productivity, unclear and strong regulations, and policies, and gender disparities.

    Conclusions;

    Sustainable agriculture is most important and contributes in a certain mannerism to the group, the mood, and the economy; and it is the best unconventional now and in the well along to save and construct our world; The concept of the sustainable loan in agriculture has played a significant ecological role in the sustainability debate; the scale of sustainability, whether regarding the farm local or regional level, all impacts concerning the global aspect as the earth forms one large ecosystem. The global aspect of sustainability is, in general, a fundamental principle of sustainable agriculture encroachment.

    Using tidy technology and renewable simulation can be the best practices and tactics in sustainability, cunning crop growing through the exponentially increasing use of recommendation and communication technology (ICT) in agriculture decreases farming’s environmental footprint by preventing leaching issues as swiftly as greenhouse gas emissions, and by controlling and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and reducing water losses in irrigation. Developing countries crave more attentiveness, more research, and insist on programs to save water and food and guard the setting and produce their communities and economies.

    Sustainable Agriculture for Food Environmental Sciences Image
    Sustainable Agriculture for Food Environmental Sciences; Image by Lakshmiraman Oza from Pixabay.
  • IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay

    IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay

    IT Professionalism may consider behaving appropriately and adhering to accepted principles and practices. It is not only vital in the field of Information Technology but it is also very important in other fields. Some of the key aspects of IT Professionalism are competence in IT, knowledge, various skills such as soft skills, ethical behavior, and certification.

    Here are the articles to explain, What is IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay?

    Professionalism and ethics must stand taught and practiced at the secondary level of schooling. Professionalism requires not only in the field of Information Technology but also in other fields to bring about reputation, and ethical behavior and add value to any organization.

    This paper discusses IT Professionalism and Ethics and how professionalism is applicable in the IT industry. What are the qualities of HR professionalism? With the help of class discussions, case studies, and literature reviews, ethics, and professionalism in IT and other fields discuss. In this essay, an effort has stood made to answer some of the questions below:

    • Why IT professionalism is needed and why is it important?
    • What is ethics?
    • Why Ethics is needed?
    • Role of ethics in Information Technology
    • What does IT Professionalism perform?
    • Qualifications of an IT Professionalism

    Discussion;

    IT professionals should not only have good technical knowledge and experience but also have the right attitude with good soft skills such as communication, interpersonal, analytical, statistical, managerial, leadership skills, etc.

    Nowadays, businesses require professionalism to provide the best quality service to the customers and to satisfy their requirements. Effects of Minimum Wage on Employment; Professionalism also provides a platform for ethical trade. Also, It greatly increases profits, productivity, and high market value in an organization. It greatly benefits the individuals who follow it and impacts society positively.

    Let us look at some of the qualities which describe a professional;

    • Trustworthiness: Professional trusts himself in whatever he does and trusts other people.
    • Honesty: Professional is honest when working and follows the right code of conduct.
    • Punctuality: It is one of the most important aspects of professionalism.
    • Responsibility: Professional is responsible for his work and handles work effectively.
    • Leadership: Also, the Professional has good leadership skills and is a good team player.
    • Confidentiality: Maintains confidentiality of information in an organization.
    • Competency: Professional is technically competent in his field.

    What is Ethics?

    Ethics may consider as regulations that differentiate between right and wrong. It also aims to differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

    Why Ethics is needed?

    Ethics helps people to respect and value themselves as well as others. It is based on core values such as Trust, simplicity, integrity, excellence, success, and reputation. Also, Ethics in an organization helps in retaining talent and minimizes the attrition rate of jobs. It aims to improve profits and increase productivity among the employees in an organization.

    Why IT professionalism is needed and why is it important?

    • To enhance the growth and add value to an organization.
    • It helps to provide better services to clients
    • It increases trust between employers and employees within an organization
    • Create the company’s brand value
    • Also, IT professionalism forms the pillar of the company’s own vision and mission
    • It improves customer satisfaction

    “They should be aware of the various types of educational programs, different job titles and functions, and some aspects of the employment supply and demand. Also, They should be aware of the need for each computing worker to have professional responsibility for their work, and an awareness of the importance of appropriate ethical behavior in the group. They must also have an awareness of the impact of information technology on society as a whole and individuals, and prepared to handle a variety of issues arising in the workplace.”

    Role of Ethics and Professionalism in Information Technology;

    IT has modernized the living standards of mankind. In IT, professionalism plays a major role in bringing changes to an organization and humanity. Technology can stand used as a benefit or for destruction. Ethics play a major role in determining the right use of technology. There is a very fine line between professional and non-professional. Also, IT professionals must have a proper code of conduct, the right attitude, and good moral values and should not misuse the technology.

    Nowadays, due to the rapid advancement in technology, there has been widespread misuse of technology. With the rise of the Internet, there has been unethical and unprofessional behavior which has led to severe problems such as computer viruses, Spamming, and hacking. In IT education, ethics should stand taught and allowed to practice in all schools and institutions. Students must stand made aware of the consequences which result due to unethical behavior.

    It is in the early stage that these values should inculcate within them which will lead a long way later in life. There has been an increase in cybercrimes due to the misuse of the Internet. Many a time, students are unaware of ethics and professional behavior. Professionalism must be strictly followed in schools and institutions and should practice at an earlier stage. In universities, plagiarism is unethical. Copying others’ ideas and work, without proper acknowledgment ent to the original author is unfair and severe action observed and implemented.

    Case Study and personal experience;

    Personally, it has been a wonderful learning experience studying the importance and role of ethics and professionalism in IT. As goes the famous quote, “Character, not circumstances, makes the man”. Booker T. Washington, professionalism and ethics help in making use of science and technology for noble purposes.

    In our case study, we discussed non-professional behavior and some of the reasons causing it. Non-professional behavior mainly results due to a lack of ethics and a lack of soft skills.

    Let us look at some of the differences between it professional and non-professional

    Professional;

    • Has self respect and treats others with respect
    • Has honesty and performs his/her duties
    • Responsible and dedicated to work
    • Skilled, knowledgeable, and experience
    • Team player and has good management skills
    • Good communicator
    • The right attitude and sound character

    Non-professional;

    • Does not respect others
    • Lacks honesty and does not perform his duties
    • Not responsible or dedicated
    • Lack of knowledge, skills, and experience
    • Not a team player and lacks management skills
    • Not a good communicator
    • Does not have the right attitude, bad character

    “The difference between a professional person and a technician is that a technician knows everything about his job except its ultimate purpose and his place in the scheme of things”.

    An example of unethical behavior in an organization;

    If an employee in an organization fails to follow the right code of conduct and does not follow ethics, he/she will penalize. An individual will not be successful in his field if he does not have moral values.

    An example of how the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima was completely unethical. Also, People were not educated about the danger and the extent of damage that would be caused by atomic bombs. Had they been imparted proper knowledge and safety measures during the war, many peoples’ lives would have been saved.

    What does IT Professionalism perform?

    IT, assumed message mentions technology, indicates the transfer or adjunct use of information through computers or computer systems. Also, IT professionals reach several substitute tasks. They are the people who test, construct, install, repair, or call off the hardware and software-related past technical computer systems in one or more locations. Some companies will hire several IT professionals throughout the world to retain their broad range of networks of computer systems.

    The natural world of the internet allows IT professionals to realize their jobs from any location. But in deferential instances, bearing in mind behind there is a hardware business, the IT person will dependent on physically bending the damaged system. Once an IT professional stands employed, they will for eternity be acquiring calculation IT skills and training. This is because not all companies that IT professionals assist with will use one coding language, one full of zip system, one database tool, or one methodology.

    Qualifications of an IT Professionalism;

    What an IT professional does can be hard and requires a significant level of knowledge and gaining. However, an art school degree is not always a necessary qualification. Many IT professionals realize in the mean of fact earning degrees from universities and colleges is a habit to combine their likelihood of securing a huge job. There are many various types of IT professionals that exist. Each type focuses upon well along than one element of computer system analysis or child allocation.

    For example, a programmer is an IT professional who creates computer platforms and programs by writing computer code. This particular position of view is often entre-level, but senior programmers bow to upon more answerability as they shape happening. These responsibilities append brute in the fighting off their teams and fixing a damaged program or one that isn’t full of zipping properly.

    How does IT professionalism apply to me?

    IT professionalism helps me to advance in the IT industry and I aspire to become a network support engineer. To be a professional in the networking field, developing a career development plan is useful. As change is rapid in the IT industry, I need to constantly update my skills and knowledge to be proficient and successful. Also, Certifications play a major role in the IT industry, and by proper planning and management of daily activities, I will be able to obtain higher certifications and get hands-on experience in the networking field.

    Network professionals provide and enforce the security of confidential information over the Internet. They must adhere to ethics when performing their duties and also provide suitable advice to fellow employees or clients.

    • Some of the important guidelines and practices for network professionals
    • Also, Technical expertise and knowledge
    • Confidentiality to maintain within an organization and with clients
    • Following proper ethical codes
    • Adherence to principles and practices

    Conclusion;

    In the present world, the role of an IT professional is vital. IT professionalism is not just about acquiring skills, knowledge, experience, and certifications but also giving equal importance to core moral values, principles, and ethical behavior. This will have a huge impact on one’s personal life brings about positive changes in an organization and benefit society. A true professional is a combination of excellent knowledge and skills with fine character and virtues.

    Government and organizations must promote IT professionalism and penalize the employees or workers who do not follow it. Also, Professionalism and ethics are clearly defined in other professions such as doctors, advocates, engineers, etc. IT professionalism is more concerned with technical skills, knowledge, expertise, and certifications, and no clear guidelines on ethical behavior are defined. Professionalism is best learned when one practice than by merely studying it.

    IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay Image
    IT Professionalism in Information Technology Essay; Image by Pexels from Pixabay.
  • Different Types of Management Approaches

    Different Types of Management Approaches

    Discover the various types of management approaches and styles in this comprehensive guide. Explore different strategies and find the right approach for your organization’s success. What are the different types of management approaches or styles? There are several approaches to the fore happening bearing in mind the money for what tilt of view is. We can comprehend how managers put taking place when decisions through the decision-making right of entry. Empirical or suit study entry helps us to know what paperwork is through the experiences of various adroitly-to-attain managers. Even the failure stories unfold sure secrecy and this forms a part of dispensation lessons.

    Here are the articles to explain, the 6 best Different Types of Management Approaches or Styles!

    Contingency or situational door explains the managerial practices in the matter of a contingency or matter. Socio-obscure system mannerism explains that all organization has a social and an ordinary dimension. It is important to design managerial roles after the unknown and social dimensions in the organization.

    Mere technology cannot make organizations live. This entry states that the aspirations of the individual employees and in addition the organization at large need to consider. Systems gate considers that functions of supervision are sub-systems and the organization is a system where all these functions interrelate. This door explains the tally here.

    To achieve the aim and objective of a project in an organization, the best way to determine an effective organization is to apply suitable management approaches. This report is to describe and outlines the major trends in management approaches that people are always implementing in their project organization. Six types of management approaches will mention clearly in this report including the classical approach, the human relation approach, the system approach, and the contingency approach.

    From the types of management approaches, the analysis shall carry out at the same time to choose and clarify the most effective in promoting a good organizational structure and organizational relationships. Besides, a good leader is also important to leading the team in achieving the organization’s goals. Thus, the attributes to be a good leader will discuss and identified as well.

    Top 6 Types of management approaches;

    Management plays a crucial role in the making of the organization and therefore effective management requires ensuring every organization is working towards a common objective or goal. Hence, it is essential to produce a good organizational structure and organizational relationship.

    1. Command and control management – This is a management style in which the manager directs and controls the actions of employees.
    2. Participative management – This is a management style in which employees involve in making decisions and involve in the day-to-day operations of the organization.
    3. Learning management systems – This is a type of management system that helps organizations manage and track the progress of employees in their skill development.
    4. Total quality management – This is a management approach that focuses on ensuring that the products and services produced by an organization are of the highest quality.
    5. Integrated management – This is a type of management in which different types of management systems combine to create a more effective management system.

    The six different major types of management approaches will discuss in the following.

    Classical Approach;

    The classical approach mainly concentrates on the workers and organizations based on management practices, which were the outcome of careful observation. The classical approach mainly looks for economic efficiency with the universal principles of operation. In a management sense, the classical approach trie to develop and operate universal principles or models that will apply in all circumstances. This approach is looking for the best way which they believed can expose by the use of a rational method.

    Laurie J.Mullins (2005) also mentioned that the classical approach encouraged the scientific view of management and provides some common universal principles applicable to all organizational circumstances. The classical approach can be classified into three management includes scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management.

    Scientific management;

    According to Taylor (1856-1915), scientific management was a theory of management that analyzed the objective of increasing labor productivity. Taylor also mentioned that management of business, industry, or economy must be according to principles of efficiency from the experiments and operation in methods of work and production. Besides, Taylor also insisted that the manner of change in management could determine by scientific study.

    Taylor believed that management could formulate as an academic discipline and that the best results could come from the partnership between qualified management and a trained. The key concept of scientific management includes time and motion studies, standardization of management, functional foremanship, and differential piece-rate system. Sharon Jones (1997) also stated that scientific management relied on an increased mechanism to subdivide into highly specialized and routine tasks which means the need to select the right people for the right job with their abilities, so the best method of doing a job can achieve and result in an increased production line.

    Bureaucracy Management;

    Bureaucracy is the name of an organization used by organization design professionals. Furthermore, Bureaucracy has described as a set of characteristics or attributes that deal with or who work with the organizations. In 1930 Max Weber, a German sociologist described the bureaucracy as being a way of organizing government agencies. The characteristics of bureaucracy management are based on that rational authority would be more adaptable to changes. Besides, a system of written rules and standard operating procedures prescribe to provide certainty and facilitate coordination. An impersonal relationship maintains between the managers and employees. Moreover, only competent people hire for jobs based on their competence and technical qualifications.

    Human Relation Approach;

    The human relation approach emphasizes the structure and formal organization, but the social factors at work and the behavior of workers within an organization need to pay greater attention. This method is much more focused on the workmanships themselves and their satisfactory needs. They will ensure that the environment of their workplace provides complete safety precautions. This approach also worked on the self-confidence of their workforce. Besides, it also means people go to work to gain recognition and appreciation and not just simply for financial gains. Thus, managers should understand the feelings and emotions of the workers and not treat them as machines.

    Neo-Human Relation Approach;

    According to Laurie J.Mullins (2005), neo-human relations focused on the personal adjustment of individuals; within the structure of the organization and the effects of group relationships and leadership styles. It gave rise to several famous theories, including Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs; which suggests that workers motivate to satisfy basic needs at five levels. Then, it also includes physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. This approach also includes Theory X and Theory Y. A project should therefore offer incentives to employees to fulfill and progress up the hierarchy. Attention shall take to the organization structure, job satisfaction, communication, motivation, and leadership styles.

    System Approach;

    The characteristic of a system is the element from which it is built. The term “built-up” would indicate that construction is somehow artificial and that is the meaning shown. A system also to be a whole composed of elements that related to each other. It seeks to understand how they interact with one another; and how they can bring into a proper relationship for the optimum solution to the problem. The systems approach relates the technology to the need, the social to the technological aspects. The interaction has two components which are input and output. Input is used to enter the system from the outside whereas the output is used to leave the system for the environment. To differentiate between the inside and outside of a system; the system itself and its environment shall be distinguished and separated by a boundary.

    Contingency Approach;

    According to Mullins, L (2005); in the contingency approach there is no one best way of designing an organization and structure management, but should provide insights into that particular situation and circumstances which will affect the management decision. Besides, he stated that this approach has the view of an ‘if-then’ relationship. “If certain situational factors exist, then certain variables in organization structure and systems of management are most appropriate”. The contingency approach is an extension of the systems approach. There is no one optimum state. The most suitable structure and system of management are therefore dependent on the contingencies situation for each organization. The manager needs to try to identify which technique will be the best solution for a problem. An example is the problem of increasing productivity.

    The Most Effectiveness Management Approach;

    Effectiveness is concerned with doing the correct things which are emphasis on outputs and the achievements required. Effectiveness management approach will deliver a good organizational structure and relationship through their situation or circumstances. By taking into consideration the reviews and analysis of the different types of management approaches, I found out that the contingency approach is the most effective in promoting a good organizational structure and organizational relationships as compared to another management approach. This is because the contingency approach has no one best design of organization; while it is a form of structure, management, and success of the organization depends upon a range of situational variables.

    As we know that sometimes an organization would come out the issue, arguments, and conflicts. To overcome the problem, the contingency approach is the most effective to manage it; because this approach does not seek to suggest the one best way to do the thing or manage; the structure organization but should provide some other situational and influences management decisions. Then, the contingency approach seeks to apply the situations ideas drawn from various circumstances management.

    In the classical approach, system approach and human relation approach all these approaches have their own managerial decision through the organization structure and relationship whereas this contingency approach considers of no one approach is universally applicable and that different problems and situations required different management styles. To achieve their goals or objective, the contingency approach can examine the relationship between the internal and external environment circumstances of an organization.

    Effectiveness approach 01;

    Unlike another management approach, a different approach will have different rules and particular principles of management styles. Some of the best types of management approaches for example classical approach is more focused on formal structure, technical requirements of the organization, and general sets of principles. It is more concentrated on universal principles in their circumstances and to develop the best way for their organization structure and management. While the human relation approach emphasizes the structure and formal organization; the social factors at work and the behavior of workers within an organization need to pay greater attention.

    This approach probably concentrated and focused on the workmanships themselves; and, their satisfactory needs, and the rules and principle of management is fixed for their organization. Then, the system approach is differentiated with a view of the organization as separate parts. The systems approach relates the technology to the need, the social to the technological aspects, and the two components are input and output. A comparison between the three management approaches and the contingency approach shows; that the contingency approach is more flexible and the management decision will look at different situations with different management styles; while the three management approaches are more emphasized a particular aspect and lack flexibility.

    Effectiveness approach 02;

    The size of the organization will also affect the management decision. In a small organization, it will employ an informal organizational structure while a large organization employed a formal organizational structure. By using the contingency approach, the manager can direct control all the things done in a small organization; whereas for a large organization manager required a more complex and indirect chain of command. For the external environment of an organization such as technology and markets; the contingency management approach will produce a good organization under uncertain circumstances.

    As we know the contingency approach is flexible organizing and managing so that a manager could build up the most suitable and proper organizational structure and relationship for the technology and market competitive. With the contingency management approach, it will offer an opportunity to integrate perspectives from management and marketing. Managers can evaluate possible options to promote the most suitable and proper organizational structure and relationships that concentrate on marker demand and company attractions. Besides, it is flexible management with the different management styles and structures in an organization.

    Attributes To Be a Good Leader;

    Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence others to willingly follow instructions. A leader must have a clear vision of where to go and how to achieve and succeed. A leader must also communicate clearly and passionately. A good leader must obtain the discipline to work toward his or her vision inspection as well as his or her vision is toward the action of achieving goals and objectives. There are some of the attributes to be a good leader which will describe further in the following. First, a good leader shall be integrity in all situations and decision-making.

    Integrity is fundamental that keeps everything in the right way and secure. Without integrity, sometimes things will break down critically. Integrity will allow a leader to show or assume important characteristics about how their performance and work are done in any circumstances. As a result, it will facilitate trust which will lead to higher productivity. Second, a good leader must know how to do good judgments. Good judgment means good decision-making. Sometimes a judgment sounds simple but things come to a decision it makes people quite complex and stressed.

    Attributes part 01;

    As a result, a good leader must make sure the judgment is in the right way and at the right time. Third, a good leader is important in passion because they will create positive energy and influence. A leader’s passion will attract followers and act as a catalyst for the formation of highly motivated teams. Sometimes there is always a conflict in an organization so leaders shall assist and show; their high passion although the organization is in a conflict situation. Then, a good leader should have a good vision. A leader needs to define, and inspire a practical, easily understand when vision something different and to adapt to the circumstances change.

    Leaders must be able to anticipate and think about the future and how they will guide; and, adapt their business performance when they are faced with uncertainty or unfamiliar circumstances. After that, good leaders shall have good communication with each other. A leader should provide consistent, clear, and optimistic communication to all levels within a company. To be an effective communicator, a leader should have also a good listener. In the end, people who feel that information is shared with them stay in their jobs and are more motivated. Besides, a good leader shall be in touch with their employees.

    Attributes part 02;

    They should let their employees know and feel that their leader is keeping in touch with them; which will give them a sense of security and calms their emotions. When the emotion is less, sometimes the brain can be thinking new information and ideas and responds better to others. Furthermore, a good leader shall keep their emotions in check. A leader must use their emotions to help the decision making or practice the emotional intelligent skill. It is useful because it will help to recognize their emotions and try not to show them to other people. On the other hand, good decision-making skills are also needed for a good leader. As a leader knows how to make a rational decision in the end they will know how to make decisions to lead others.

    To sharpen their decision-making skills, they need to determine the consequences of each possible solution and practice identifying problems. In a conclusion, attributes to being a good leader are very important for any organization or employment. All these aspects play an important role in organization management. If the leader is not capable to handle the situation or problem well, it will affect the whole system in the organization from workers to the management level. To make sure an organization or employment is successful, a good leader is the most important to leading towards achieving the objective and goals.

    Conclusion;

    After the studies about the types of management approaches, all of the management approaches such as classical, human relation, system, and contingency approaches have their own rules and principles of management. As a result, the contingency approach is the most effective to enhance the organization structure and relationship because it is flexible in managing and organizing as compared to another approach.

    The flexibility of the contingency approach enables the organization itself to adapt to the changes that occur in the internal and external environmental circumstances. Besides, to be a good leader they should apply essential attributes and provides well performance to act as a good leader. On the other hand, a good leader shall maintain their followers in a good position and be smart to overcome or solve problems in each different situation and also learn about the difference in leadership styles and commitment to each other.